b. Viâ Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad.

844 M. RAILWAY in 24-25 hrs. (fare $21.25; sleeper $4). The F.F.V. (Fast Flying Virginian) Vestibule Limited Train on this route leaves New York at 5 p.m. (no extra charge).

From New York to (90 M.) Philadelphia (Pennsylvania R. R.), see p. 208; thence to (186 M.) Baltimore (Penna. R. R.), see p. 244; thence to (246 M.) Washington (Baltimore & Potomac R. R.), see p. 251. From Washington the line follows the tracks of the Richmond & Danville R. R. (see R. 70) to (331 M.) Orange.

At (340 M.) Gordonsville (500 ft.) we are joined by the line from Richmond and Old Point Comfort.

359 M. Charlottesville (450 ft.; Parrott's, Wright's, $2-21/2; Rail. Restaurant), a town of 5591 inhab., on Moore's Creek, is of interest as the home of Jefferson and the site of the University of Virginia.

The University of Virginia, founded in 1819, mainly through the exertions of Thomas Jefferson, lies 11/2 M. to the W. of the town (streetcar 5c) and is attended by 4-500 students. The original buildings erected from Jefferson's designs and under his supervision consist mainly of parallel ranges of one-story dormitories, the inner rows bordering a treeshaded campus, at one end of which stands the Rotunda (view from roof). The new buildings include the Lewis Brooks Museum of Natural History (8-6: with a fac imile of the mammoth) and a good Observatory.

Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), is finely situated on a view-commanding hill, 21/2 M. to the SE. of Charlottesville, and is an interesting example of the architecture of the period (visitors not admitted to the interior; adm. to grounds 25 c.). The great statesman is buried in a small private graveyard adjoining the road leading to the house. A visit may be paid to the interesting cellars of the Monticello Wine Co., where various good wines are produced from the grapes of the vicinity. From Charlottesville to Lynchburg and the South, see R. 70 a.

Our line now runs towards the W. and begins to ascend among the Blue Ridge Mts. 384 M. Afton (1405 ft.; Afton Ho., $2), pleasantly situated near the top of the ridge (tunnel) and affording fine views of the Piedmont Valley. At (387 M.) Basic City (Brandon, $21/2-4) we cross the Norfolk & Western R. R. (see p. 339). 380 M. Staunton (1385 ft.; Virginia Ho., $21/2), an industrial town with 6975 inhab. and several large educational institutions, lies on the plateau between the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny Mts. It is the junction of a line to (36 M.) Lexington. – North Mt. (2075 ft.) rises to the right near (408 M.) Swoope's (1645 ft.). 432 M. Goshen (1410 ft.) is the junction of a branch-line to the (9 M.) Rockbridge Alum Springs (2000 ft.; Grand, Brooke, Central, $2-3). 440 M. Millboro (1680 ft.) is the station for Millboro Springs, Bath Alum Springs, etc. 457 M. Clifton Forge (1050ft.; Rail. Restaurant), on the Jackson River, is the junction of the James River Branch of the C. & O. R. R. We now change from Eastern to Central time. From (469 M.) Covington (1425 ft.) a new branch-line runs to Healing, Hot, and (23 M.) Warm Springs.

These thermal springs, situated in a mountain-girt valley 2000-2500 ft. above sea-level, are used both for drinking and bathing and are efficacious in gout, rheumatism, liver and cutaneous complaints, dyspepsia, scrofula, etc. All are provided with ample hotel and cottage accommodation, the

transient rates being about $2-3 a day (cheaper by the week or longer). The Hot Springs have a temperature of 78-110° Fahr., the Warm Springs of 98°, and the Healing Springs of 84°. The scenery in the neighbourhood is picturesque, and numerous pleasant excursions can be made.

At (486 M.) Allegheny (2070 ft.), on the crest of the Allegheny Mts., we thread a tunnel 1600 yds. long. Coaches run hence to (9 M.) Sweet Chalybeate Springs and (10 M.) Sweet Springs (2000 ft.; Hotel, $21/2), one of the oldest and most popular of Virginian resorts (water good for dyspepsia, dysentery, etc.).

491 M. White Sulphur Springs (1920 ft.; *Grand Central Hotel, $3-4 per day, $21 per week, $75 per month; numerous boardinghouses and cottages), the largest and most fashionable of the Virginian spas, is finely situated in the heart of the Alleghenies and is visited annually by thousands of guests.

For nearly a century the Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs have been the typical resort of the wealth and aristocracy of the South; and the pictures of Southern life, beauty, and fashion still seen here will be found of great interest by the European or Northern visitor.

The temperature of the water is 62° and its chief ingredients are nitrogen, oxygen, carbonic acid, hydro-sulphuric acid, sulphates of lime and magnesia, and carbonate of lime. It is used both internally and externally, and is eflicacious in dyspepsia, liver complaints, nervous affections, gout, rheumatism, skin diseases, asthma, etc. Mud baths are also used. The spring yields 30 gallons per minute. Large swimming-baths.

Among the most prominent of the mountains enclosing the valley are Kate's Mt. (3500 ft), 1 M. to the S.; Greenbrier (3500 ft.), 1 M. to the W., and the White Rock, 3 M. to the S.W.

The train now descends the valley of the Greenbrier. Coaches run from (508 M.) Fort Spring (1625 ft.; Inn) to (14 M.) Salt Sulphur Springs (Hotel, $211⁄2), and from (525 M.) Lowell (1510ft.) to (20 M.) Red Sulphur Springs (Hotel), resembling the Eaux Bonnes of the Pyrenees (54° Fahr.). Beyond (537 M.) Hinton (1375 ft.) we follow the New River, with its romantic falls. 558 M. Quinnimont (1195 ft.); 588 M. Hawk's Nest (830 ft.; Hotel), opposite a huge cliff 1200 ft. high; 597 M. Kanawha Falls (670 ft.), with a pretty waterfall on the Kanawha River, formed by the confluence (2 M. above) of the New River and the Gauley.

The train now leaves the picturesque scenery and reaches a more open district. Numerous coal-mines. To the right flows the Kanawha. 623 M. Charleston (600 ft.; St. Albert, $2), the capital of West Virginia, a city of 2287 inhab., with a new State House. At (678 M.) Guyandotte (560 ft.) we reach the Ohio River. 683 M. Huntington (Rail. Restaurant). At (693 M.) Catlettsburg (545 ft.) we cross the Big Sandy and enter Kentucky (the 'Blue Grass State'). The train now follows the left bank of the Ohio all the way to Cincinnati. 703 M. Ironton (10,930 inhab.), on the Ohio (right) bank of the river; 781 M. Maysville; 789 M. South Ripley; 843 M. Covington (p. 304). The train now crosses the Ohio to

844 M. Cincinnati (Central Union Station; see p. 307).

BAEDEKER'S United States.

20

c. Viâ Cleveland.

866 M. RAILWAY in 24-30 hrs. (fare $21.25; sleeper $5). N. Y. C. R. R. to (440 M.) Buffalo; Lake Shore R. R. thence to (623 M.) Cleveland; and Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, & St. Louis Ry. thence to (866 M.) Cincinnati. Buffalo may also be reached by the routes mentioned at pp. 195, 198. Through sleeping-cars on the express trains.

From New York to (440 M.) Buffalo, see R. 28a; from Buffalo to (623 M.) Cleveland, see R. 46 a.

From Cleveland the railway runs towards the S. W. Neither the country traversed nor the stations passed are of special interest. 698 M. Crestline (p.263); 703 M. Galion (p. 306); 737 M. Delaware (925 ft.). 761 M. Columbus, see p. 264. 808 M. Springfield (990 ft.; Arcade, $21/2), a manufacturing city (agricultural machinery, etc.) of 31,895 inhab., with fine water-power furnished by the Lagonda Creek and Mad River. It has a large trade in farm products.

810 M. Dayton (745 ft.; Beckel Ho., $21/2-3), a city of 61,220 inhab., lies at the confluence of the Mad River with the Great Miami and manufactures machinery, flour, paper, etc., to the value (1890) of $22,500,000. On a hill 2 M. to the W. is the Central National Soldiers' Home, with 5000 inmates.

866 M. Cincinnati, see p. 307.

d. Via Baltimore & Ohio Railroad.

780 M. B. & O. RAILROAD in 25 hrs. (fare $21.50; sleeper $5). From New York to (226 M.) Washington, see R. 42b; thence to (480 M.) Grafton, see R. 45.

From Grafton the line runs to the W. through a somewhat uninteresting district, with petroleum wells and coal-mines. 502 M. Clarksburg, on the Monongahela. 584 M. Parkersburg (615 ft.; Blennerhassett, $21/2), a petroleum-trading city, with 8408 inhab., at

the confluence of the Kanawha and Ohio. The train crosses the latter river by a fine bridge and enters Ohio. We now pass from Eastern to Central time (p. xviii). 585 M. Belpré. - 621 M. Athens (655 ft.), on the Hocking, with 2620 inhab. and Ohio University. In the neighbourhood are several Indian mounds. 681 M. Chillicothe (635 ft.), a city of 11,288 inhab., with considerable manufactures, is the centre of a rich agricultural district. 738 M. Blanchester. 780 M. Cincinnati (Central Union Station), see p. 307.

e. Viâ Erie Railway.

862 M. RAILWAY in 26-33 hrs. (fare $21-25; sleeper $5). Through-cars. From New York to (718 M.) Marion Junction, see R. 47 e. From this point the line follows much the same route as the C. C. C. & St. L. Railway (R. 58 c). 767 M. Urbana (1030 ft.), an industrial city with 6510 inhab, and a Swedenborgian College. 782 M. Springfield (see above); 803 M. Dayton (see above); 837 M. Hamilton (p. 303). 862 M. Cincinnati, see p. 307.

59. Cincinnati.

Railway Stations. Central Union Station (Pl. D, 5), Central Ave. & 3rd St., used by the C. C. C. & St. L., the B. & O., Kentucky Central, and other lines; Pan Handle Depot (Pl. F, 4), Pearl & Butler Sts., for the Pennsylvania lines, etc.; Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Dayton Depot (Pl. C, 4, 5), 6th St.; Chesapeake & Ohio Station (Pl. D, 5), 4th St.,_ near Smith St.; Cincinnati, Lebanon, & Northern (Pl. E, 3), Court St. and Broadway. Omnibuses and Cabs meet the principal trains (to the hotels, 50 c. each).

Hotels. GRAND HOTEL (Pl. a; D, 4,5), Central Ave., cor. 4th St., $21/2-5, R. from $1; *ST. NICHOLAS (Pl. b; D, 4), Race St., cor. 4th St., R. from $112; ST. CLAIR (Pl. c; C, 4), Mound St., cor. 6th St., $3-4; BURNET HO. (Pl. d; D, 4), Vine St., cor. 3rd St., $3-5; GIBSON HO. (Pl. e; D, E, 4), Walnut St., near 4th St., $3-4; EMERY (Pl. f; D, 4), $3-4, R. from $1; PALACE (Pl. g; D, 4), $2-212; THE STAG, 170 Vine St. (for men), R. from 75c.

Restaurants. *St. Nicholas Hotel, see above; Hotel Emery, see above (moderate prices); Brock, Mound St.; Hunt, 5th St.; Women's Exchange, cor. Race & George St.; Glencairn, in the Chamber of Commerce (luncheons); Vienna Bakery, Race St., cor. 7th St. (cheap). Beer Gardens, in the German style (concerts in summer), on the hills round the city, at the top of the inclined planes (see below).

Tramways (electric, cable, and horse) traverse all the chief streets and cross to Covington and Newport (p. 309). -Cabs: per drive, each pers. 25-50 c.; with two horses, 1-2 pers. $ 1, each addit. pers. 50 c.; per hr. $2, each addit. hr. $ 11/2; heavy luggage extra. Ferries to Covington from the foot of Central Ave.; to Ludlow, from foot of 5th St. Four Inclined Planes (imilar to those at Pittsburg, p. 240) ascend to the tops of the surrounding bills (fare 5c.): (1). Mount Adams & Eden Park (Pl. E, 4); (2). Mt. Auburn (Pl. D, 2, 3); (3). Cincinnati & Clifton (Pl. D, 2); (4). Price's Hill (Pl. A, 4). Comp. pp. 308, 309. Steamers ply to the chief ports on the Ohio and Mississippi.

Theatres. Grand Opera Ho. (Pl. D, 4), Vine St.; Walnut St. Theatre, Walnut St., between 6th and 7th Sts.; Robinson's Opera Ho. (Pl. D, 4), cor. Plum & 9th Sts.; Heuck's (Pl. D, 3), 437 Vine St.; Vine St. Opera Ho.; Havlin's Theatre; Fountain Square Theatre, Lodge Str., adjoining Fountain Sq. Some of these are open on Sunday. Zoological Gardens, see p. 309.

Post Office (Pl. E, 4), 5th St. (6 a.m.-10 p.m.).

Cincinnati (430-550 ft. above the sea), the chief city of Ohio, the ninth in the United States, and one of the most important manufacturing and commercial centres of the Middle West, is finely situated on two terraces rising from the right (N.) bank of the Ohio and is surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills 400-500 ft. high. It has a frontage of 10-12 M. on the river. The main portion of the city is regularly laid out and its streets are well paved. The best residential quarters are on the surrounding highlands. In 1890 Cincinnati contained 296,908 inhab., of whom about a third were of German origin. These Germans reside mainly to the N. of the Miami Canal, and their district is known as 'Over the Rhine'. On the opposite bank of the Ohio, in Kentucky, lie the cities of Covington and Newport (p. 309), connected with Cincinnati by five fine bridges.

Cincinnati was settled in 1788 and named in honour of the Society of the Cincinnati (officers of the Army of the Revolution). Mounds containing relics seem to indicate that part of the site was occupied in prehistoric times. By the beginning of this cent. it contained about 7-800 inhab., and in 1814 it received its city charter. Its growth dates mainly

from the construction of the Miami Canal (1830) and the advent of the railway system (1840). In 1850 it contained 115,436 inhab., in 1870 it had 216,239 and in 1880 it had 255,708.

Industry and Trade. The value of Cincinnati's manufactures in 1890 was $181,500,000 (36,300,0007.), produced by 92,000 hands. The staple articles include iron, machinery, carriages, boots and shoes, school-books, clothing, harness, furniture, pottery, beer, and whiskey. Pork-packing is also extensively carried on. Its trade, carried on by river and rail, is also very important.

*FOUNTAIN SQUARE (Pl. D, E, 4), an expansion of 5th Street, may, perhaps, be called the business-centre of the city and from it start many of the tramway-lines. In the middle of the square stands the Tyler-Davidson Fountain, one of the most successful works of art in the United States, erected in 1871. It was designed by August von Kreling and cast at the Royal Bronze Foundry at Munich. To the N., at the corner of 5th St. and Walnut St., is the U. S. Government Building (Pl. E, 4), accommodating the Post Office, Custom House, and U. S. Law Courts.

By following 5th St. to the W. and turning to the left down Vine St. we pass the entrance to the Emery Arcade (Pl. D, 4) and reach, at the corner of the busy 4th Street, the Chamber of Commerce (Pl. D, 4), designed by H. H. Richardson (p. xci) and perhaps the finest building in the city.

Following 4th St. towards the W., we soon reach Plum Street (Pl.D, 4, 5), which we may follow to the right (N.) to St. Paul's Church (Pl. D, 4; Epis.), at the corner of 7th St.; the R. C. Cathedral of St. Peter (Pl. D, 4), at the corner of 8th St. (with a Murillo and other pictures); and the Hebrew Temple (Pl. D, 4), opposite the last. In 8th St., a little to the S., is the new *City Hall (Pl. D, 4), a large and handsome red building in a Romanesque style, with a lofty tower (*View). A little to the E., in Vine St., between 6th & 7th Sts., is the Public Library (Pl. D, 4; 190,000 vols.).

To the N. of this point, 'over the Rhine' (see p. 307), is WASHINGTON SQUARE (Pl. D, 3), with the Springer Music Hall and the Exposition Building.

Among other buildings may be mentioned the County Court House (Pl. E, 4), the University of Cincinnati (Pl. D, 2; 120 students), St. Xavier's College (Pl. E, 4), the Oddfellows' Hall, the Cincinnati Hospital (Pl. D, 3, 4), and the huge Workhouse (Colerain Road).

The chief park of Cincinnati is Eden Park (Pl. E, F, 2, 3), 216 acres in extent, which lies on the hills to E. and affords fine views of the city and river (band on Sun.). It contains the Art Museum (see p. 309) and the main reservoir of the City Water-works.

We may reach the park by the light-green electric cars from Fountain Sq., which are elevated bodily by the inclined plane railway at Highland House (Pl. E, 3, 4; *View) and run through the park, past the door of the Art Museum (through-fare 5 c.) [Near the heod of the inclined is the Rookwood Pottery (see p. 309; visitors admitted).] Or we may take the Walnut Hills cable-car to the Eden Park Entrance, 5 min. from the Art Museum. Elsinore, a towered gateway standing in a curiously isolated position, a