more) is laid out as a garden (concerts in summer) and commands an excellent *View of the city (*Restaurant on the 12th floor). Adjacent is the Post Office (Pl. B, C, 2), in a Romanesque style.

We may now follow 3rd St. to the W. to HENNEPIN AVENUE (Pl. A-C, 1-3) and turn to the left. To the left, at the corner of N. 5th St., is the imposing Lumber Exchange (Pl. B, 2). To the right are the West Hotel (Pl. a; A, B, 2) and the Masonic Temple (Pl. A, 3). Farther on, at the corner of 10th St., is the *Public Library and Art Gallery (Pl. A, 3), a handsome Romanesque structure, with an ornate façade.

The Library (50,000 vols.) and Reading Rooms (open 8.30 a.m.-10 p.m.) are on the first floor. Upstairs is the Art Gallery (8.30-12 & 1-6, also on Frid. 7.30-10 p.m.; Sun., 2-10), containing pictures, casts, bric-a-brac, etc. Among the pictures belonging to the Gallery is De Neuville's 'Storming of Tell el-Kebir'. On the second floor are the collection of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. The building also includes a

School of Art.

Adjoining the Public Library is the First Baptist Church (Pl.A, 4). The *Unitarian Church (Pl. A, 3), at the corner of Mary Place and 8th St., is also a fine building.

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At the other end of Hennepin Ave. are the City Hall (Pl. B, 2), the Market (Pl. B, C, 1, 2), and the Union Depot (Pl. C, 1). The bridge at its foot leads to the pleasant Nicollet Island (Pl. C, 1). Among other prominent buildings in the business-quarter are the new Court House (Pl. C, 3; in progress), 5th St. and Third Ave.; the New York Life Insurance Building (Pl. B, 3), 5th St. and Second Ave., with an elaborate interior (containing a double spiral staircase inspired by the rood-screen of St. Etienne du Mont in Paris); the Bank of Commerce; the Globe Building (Pl. B, 2); and the Chamber of Commerce (Pl. C, 3), 3rd St. and Fourth Ave.

The Flour Mills of Minneapolis, perhaps its most characteristic sight, are congregated on the banks of the Mississippi, near St. Anthony's Falls (Pl. D, 2; p. 293); and no one should leave the city without a visit to them. Previous application will generally secure admission to any of the larger mills. The 'roller' or Hungarian system is used here to the exclusion of the mill-stone.

Little is now to be seen of the Falls, which are 'cribbed, cabined, and confined' by dams, retaining walls, and a huge wooden apron'. Among the largest mills are those of the Washburn-Crosby Co., on the right bank, with a capacity of. 9500 barrels a day. The Pillsbury A Mill (office in the Guarantee Loan Building), on the left bank, with a capacity of 7000 barrels, is the largest single mill in the world. Comp. p. 293. The Grain Elevators, with a capacity of 162 million bushels, are also interesting. The Union Elevator alone has a capacity of 22 million bushels.

A visit should also be paid to the Lumber Mills, the operations of which are of an extremely interesting nature. Most of them are on the river, above the town.

The mill of the Bovey De Laittre Lumber Co., 3 M. above the city (Camden Place electric tramway), is a good specimen of a modern mill, cutting 25-30 million feet of timber yearly. The logs, each provided with its owner's mark, are floated down the river and guided as far as possible

into their proper 'booms'. A certain mixture of logs is, however, inevitable; and this is adjusted by a sort of clearing-house arrangement by a class of State officials named 'scalers', who charge the stray logs against the yards they are found in. The logs are drawn up an inclined plane into the mill by an endless chain with large hooks, passed under the 'gangue' saw, and sawn into planks before they are well out of the water. Among the various improvements in machinery, with the object of minimizing the waste of sawdust, are the wonderfully delicate band-saws.

The University of Minnesota lies on the left bank of the river, between Eleventh and Eighteenth Avenues, S.E. It possesses various well-equipped buildings (*View from tower of main building) and is attended by about 1000 students (both sexes).

Among the finest residence-streets are Summit Avenue (to the S.W.), Linden Avenue, and Harmon Place.

Minneapolis is adjoined on the S.W. by several little lakes (Lake Calhoun, Lake Harriet, etc.), in connection with which a fine system of Parks and Boulevards has been constructed, affording opportunity for numerous pleasant drives. - About 5 M. to the S. (reached by C. M. & St. P. R. R. or by electric cars), in a pretty glen preserved as a town-park, are the graceful Falls of the Minnehaha, 50 ft. high, immortalized by Longfellow and only wanting a little more water to be one of the most picturesque cascades in the country. The smaller fall below has been nicknamed the Minnegiggle. On the opposite side of the creek is the Minnesota Soldiers' Home (fine grounds). About 2 M. below the falls is Fort Snelling (p. 293).

The most delightful resort near Minneapolis or St. Paul is *Lake Minnetonka (920 ft. above the sea), which lies about 10 M. to the S.W. of the former city and is easily reached from either by railway. The lake is singularly irregular in outline, and with a total length of 12-15 M. has a shore-line of perhaps 150 M. It is surrounded with low wooded hills, and affords good boating and fishing. Steamers ply regularly between all the chief points. The most frequented resorts are the *Hotel St. Louis ($3-4), on the S. shore, reached direct by the C. M. & St. P. R. R. and also by the Minn. & St. L. R. R.; the Hotel Lafayette ($3-5), on the N. shore, reached by the G. N. R. R.; and the Lake Park Hotel ($311⁄2). There are also small hotels and boarding-houses at Excelsior, Wayzata (p. 299; the nearest point to Minneapolis and the starting-place of the lakesteamers), and other points. The Upper Lake is wilder and less accessible than the Lower Lake, but has simple hotel and boarding-house accommodation. The Minnehaha (see above) flows out of Lake Minnetonka.

This

FROM MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL TO SAULT-STE-MARIE, 494 M., M. St. P., & S. Ste. M. Railway in 18-19 hrs. (fare $16.20; sleeper $ 2.50). line runs to the N.W. through Wisconsin and Michigan. Stations unimportant. 494 M. Sault-Ste-Marie, see p. 298.

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52. From St. Paul to Duluth.

152 M. ST. PAUL & DULUTH R. R. in 5-7 hrs. (fare $4.30). Other routes are the Great Northern and the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, & Omaha Railways.

St. Paul, see p. 291. The district traversed is comparatively uninteresting and most of the stations are unimportant. At first we traverse fields of Indian corn and afterwards tracts of unreclaimed forest. Soon after leaving St. Paul we pass between (12 M.) White Bear Lake (r.) and (13 M.) Bald Eagle Lake (1.), two favourite summer-resorts of the citizens of St. Paul (good hotels).

152 M. Duluth (610 ft.; Spalding Hotel, $3-5; St. Louis, $2-3; Windsor, Merchants, $2), ambitiously termed the 'Zenith City of the

296 Route 53.

ASHLAND.

Superior

Unsalted Seas', is finely situated on a bay at the W. end of Lake at the mouth of the St. Louis River, and contained 33,115 inhab in 1590. In 1860 Duluth contained only 70 white inhabitants, its promise of future greatness to its situation at the head of the and even in 1880 it had only 3470; it owes its rapid increase and with the rich agricultural states of the West. It possesses a large navigation of the Great Lakes and its extensive railway connections harbour, entered by a short canal and lined with docks and warehouses, and carries on a very large trade in grain.

It is estimated that the annual receipts of wheat at Duluth amount to 30 million bushels, and its elevators have a capacity of 12 million bushels. About 2000 vessels enter and clear its harbour annually, bringing coal and

taking away flour and iron ore.

The lumber trade is also important.

A great part of Duluth is well and substantially built. Among the most prominent buildings are the Schools, the Lyceum Theatre, the Board of Trade, the Exchange, and St. Luke's Hospital.

The Boulevard Drive, on the terrace at the back of the town (an old beach-line of Lake Superior), 4-500 ft. above the lake, affords splendid views of the town and lake.

About 100 M. to the N. of Duluth (reached by the Duluth & Iron Range R. R.) are the extensive iron deposits of the Vermilion and Mesabi Ranges, which produced about 1,000,000 tons of ore in 1891.

53. From Duluth to Sault-Ste-Marie.

a. By Railway.

410 M. DULUTH, SOUTH SHORE, & ATLANTIC RAILWAY in 17 hrs. (fare $15; sleeper $2.50).

Duluth, see p. 295. We cross a drawbridge, with St. Louis Bay, into which the St. Louis flows, to the right, and Duluth Harbour to the left, and enter Wisconsin (p. 287). 4 M. West Superior, with grainelevators and ship-building yards, including those of the 'whaleback' steel ships, one of which carried its cargo from Duluth to Liverpool in 1891; 8 M. Superior (11,983 inhab., incl. W. Superior). Our line runs to the E., a little to the S. of Lake Superior (p. 297).

44 M. Iron River. 65 M. Mason (965 ft.) is the junction of a line to (22 M.) Ashland (Chequamegon, $3; 9956 inhab.), the shipping-port for the rich hematite Bessemer ore of the Gogebic Range (1,200,000 tons yearly). Beyond (98 M.) Saxon we pass from Wisconsin to Michigan (p. 269). 123 M. Thomaston. Lake Gogebic (1330 ft.) lies to the right, 15 M. farther on. 186 M. Sidnaw. 209 M. Nestoria (1650 ft.) is the junction of a line to (48 M.) Houghton, giving access to the valuable copper mines of Keewenaw. 217 M. Michigamme (1585 ft.), with the lake of that name to the right. The numerous mineral trains we meet bear witness to the richness of the ironyielding land we are traversing. Our line now descends rapidly to the level of the lake. 240 M. Ishpeming (11,197 inhab.) and (243 M.) Negaunee (1440 ft.; 6078 inhab.) are two prosperous places, with Jorge iron-mines. Gold is also profitably mined near Ishpeming.

255 M. Marquette (650 ft.; Mesnard Ho., $21/2-4; Clifton, $2-211⁄2), named from Père Marquette, the French missionary and explorer, is a flourishing city of 9093 inhab., situated on Iron Bay, on the S. shore of Lake Superior, and forming the chief outlet for the great iron district of Michigan. The huge iron docks and wharves are seen to the left. The train now commands glimpses of Lake Superior from time to time, but beyond (285 M.) Au Train runs more inland, through a heavily timbered region affording no views. 363 M. Soo Junction, for a line to (43 M.) St. Ignace (p. 273). As we approach Sault-Ste-Marie we skirt the St. Mary's River (left), connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron.

410 M. Sault-Ste-Marie, see p. 298.

b. By Steamer.

436 M. STEAMER of the Lake Michigan & Lake Superior Transportation Co. or of the Lake Superior Transit Co. in two days (fare $13, including berth and meals) The steamers usually leave Duluth at 9p.m. Regulations similar to those mentioned at p. 275. Comp. Baedeker's Canada.

Lake Superior (600 ft. above the sea) is the largest body of fresh water on the globe, being 360 M. long, and 140 M. wide at its widest part, with an area of about 32,000 sq. M. The mean depth is about 900 ft. The lake receives the waters of 200 streams and contains numerous islands, chiefly near its E. and W. ends. Its coast-line (ca. 1500 M.) is irregular and generally rock-bound, some of its cliffs and mountains being very picturesque. The water is clear and very cold even at midsummer. Lake Superior whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis) are excellent, and other varieties of fish are also abundant.

Duluth, see p. 295. The steamer steers towards the E. and early in the morning threads its way among the picturesque Apostle Islands (ca. 25 in all), which lie near the coast. The first stop is at —

80 M. (7 hrs.) Bayfield (Island View Ho., $21/2), a seasideresort, connected by railway and small steamer with Ashland (p. 296). About 50 M. farther on Porcupine Mt. (2025 ft.) rises conspicuously, and 20 M. beyond it lies the village of Ontonagon. The steamers are saved the long detour round Keewenaw Point by passing through Portage Lake (20 M. long, 1/2-2 M. wide) and the ship-canal in connection with it. The second stop is made here, at

200 M. (19 hrs.) Houghton (Douglass House, $211⁄2), a village of 2062 inhab. in a rich copper district (comp. p. 296). On emerging from the Portage Entry, as this passage is named, the steamer crosses Keewenaw Bay and steers S. E. by E., passing Point Abbaye, the Huron Islands, Big Bay Point, and Granite Island.

280 M. (37 hrs.) Marquette, see above.

About 4 hrs. (45 M.) after leaving Marquette the steamer passes Grand Island and then, if the weather permits, approaches as near shore as possible to afford a view of what is considered the finest piece of scenery on the trip, the so-called *Pictured Rocks.

These rocks are a series of sandstone bluffs, 300 ft. high, extending along the shore of Lake Superior for a distance of 5 M. and worn by frost and storm into the most fantastic and romantic forms. They owe their name to the vivid hues red, blue, yellow, green, brown, and gray with which they are stained. Cascades fall over the rocks at intervals. Among the chief points (named from W. to E.) are Miner's Castle, Sail Rock (like a sloop in full sail), the Grand Portal, and the Chapel. Those who wish to examine the Pictured Rocks satisfactorily should disembark at Marquette, proceed thence by railway to Munising, and there hire a small boat. This is the heart of the Hiawatha country, and Munising occupies the site of the 'Wigwam of Nokomis'.

About 20 M. farther on the steamer passes Point au Sable (lighthouse), 60 M. beyond which it rounds Whitefish Point (lighthouse) and steers to the S.W. across Whitefish Bay towards the mouth of the St. Mary's River. This river or strait, which connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron (comp. p. 276), is about 70 M. long and has several islands and lake-like expansions. In entering it we pass through Waiska Bay, with Point Iroquois to the right (U. S.) and Gros Gap to the left (Canada). The St. Mary Rapids are avoided by a ship-canal, adjoining which lies the town of Sault-Ste-Marie, generally pronounced 'Soo St. Mary' (see below).

The old St. Mary's or Soo Ship Canal was constructed by the State of Michigan in 1853-5 and was 1800 yds. long, 100 ft. wide, and 12ft. deep, with two locks, each 350 ft. long. The present canal, constructed by the U. S. Government, is 2330 yds. long, 108 ft. wide at its narrowest part (the movable dam), and 16 ft. deep. The lock is 515 ft. long, 80 ft. wide, and 391/2 ft. deep. It has a lift of 18 ft., can hold two large lake-steamers, and takes 11 min. to fill. Two minutes are required to open or close the lockgates. The total cost of the canal enlargement was $2,150,000 (430,000 7.). A new lock now in construction on the site of the two old locks of 1855 will be still larger than the present one, having a length of 800 ft., a breadth of 100 ft., and a depth of 431/4 ft. The estimated cost of this new lock and the accompanying enlargement of the canal is $4,740,000 (958,000 7.). A Ship Canal is now also being constructed on the Canadian side of the river.

The annual tonnage of the vessels passing through the Soo Canal is greater than that passing through the Suez Canal. In 1890 the canal was passed by 10,557 vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 8,454,433 (Suez Canal in the same year, 6,890,096 tons). The value of the freight carried was $102,214,848 (20,442,9707).

Sault-Ste-Marie (615 ft.; Iroquois, $2-3; Chippewa, $21/2-3; Michigan Exchange, $21/2), a thriving little city with 5760 inhab., originated in a French mission established here in 1641. Its position on the Soo Canal and at the convergence of several railways gives it a considerable commercial importance. To the E. lies Fort Brady, a U. S. military post. The St. Mary's River is crossed here by the fine bridge of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Frequent steam-ferries cross to the Canadian Sault-Ste-Marie (International Hotel), which lags behind its American namesake in size and life.

One of the things to 'do' at the Soo is to shoot the Rapids in a canoe guided by an Indian, an exciting but reasonably safe experience (enquire at hotels). There is good trout-fishing above the Rapids and in the neighbouring streams, and the Indians catch whitefish with scoop nets below the Rapids. The island of Mackinac (p. 273) is easily reached from the Soo. From Sault-Ste-Marie to Buffalo by steamer, see R. 46e.