$212; Kirk Ho., $2), a manufacturing city with 21,009 inhab., at the confluence of the Muskingum River and the Licking River. We cross the former river by a bridge 170 yds. long. At (494 M.) Newark (820 ft.; Warden, $2), an industrial place with 14,270 inhab., we cross the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis R. R. (see p. 264). Our line runs to the N.W. to (556 M.) Mansfield (see p. 263) and (582 M.) Chicago Junction, where it forks, the left branch leading to Chicago, the right to Sandusky (p. 269). The stations beyond this point are unimportant. 670 M. Defiance; 823 M. Miller's. 853 M. Chicago (Monroe St. Station), see p. 279.

46. From Buffalo to Chicago.

a. Viâ Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad.

540 M. RAILWAY in 14-20 hrs. (fare $14; sleeper or parlor-car $3). This line skirts the S. shore of Lake Erie. From New York to Chicago by this route, see p. 47 d.

Buffalo, see R. 39. The first important station is (40 M.) Dunkirk, where connection is made with the Erie R. R. (comp. p. 306). Pleasant views of Lake Erie to the right. 49 M. Brocton Junction (for Chautauqua, etc.), see p. 278. At (68 M.) State Line we pass into Pennsylvania. 88 M. Erie (Reed Ho., $2-3; Moore, $2; Ellsworth; Massasauga Point, on the lake), a lake shipping-port with a good harbour (enclosed by Presque Isle) and 40,464 inhab., occupies the site of a French fort built in 1749 and was the headquarters of Commodore Perry when he defeated the Anglo-Canadian fleet in 1813. It contains some handsome buildings. It is the junction of lines to Philadelphia (see p. 210), Pittsburg (see p. 240), etc. 103 M. Girard (p. 243). Beyond (108 M.) Springfield we enter Ohio (the 'Buck-eye State', so-called from the buckeye-tree, Esculus flava or glabra). 129 M. Ashtabula is the junction of a line to Oil City, Pittsburg, etc. 155 M. Painesville is also the junction of a line to Pittsburg.

183 M. Cleveland. Railway Stations. Union Depot (Pl. C, 1, 2), at the foot of Bank St.; Erie Depot (Pl. C, 2), near the Viaduct; New York, Chicago, & St. Louis Railroad (Pl. E, 3), Broadway; Cleveland & Canton Railroad (Pl. D, 2), Ontario St.; Valiey Railway (Pl. C, 2), S. Water St.

Hotels. HOLLENDEN (Pl. a; D, 2), Superior St., cor. of Bond St., a large house, Amer. plan $3-5, R. on Europ. plan from $1; *STILLMAN (Pl. b; D, 2), pleasantly situated in Euclid Ave., good cuisine, $31/2-5; WEDDELL (Pl. c; C, 2), Superior St., commercial, $3-5; FOREST CITY (Pl. d; C, 2), Monument Park, $21/2-3; KENNARD (Pl. e; C, 2), $3; AMERICAN (Pl. f; C, 2), $2-21/2; PENCE, $2.

Restaurants. *Hollenden, see above; Lennox, Euclid Ave. and Erie St.; De Klyn, Heyse & Weissgerber, Euclid Ave.; Stranahan, in the Arcade. Tramways traverse the chief streets in all directions. Cab from station to hotel, each pers. 50c., incl. baggage; per hour, $12; other fares in proportion; 50 per cent. more after 11 p.m.

Places of Amusement. Opera House (Pl. D, 2), Euclid Ave.; Music Hall (Pl. D, 2; 5000 seats); Lyceum Theatre (Pl. C, 2); Star Theatre (Pl. D, 2); Cleveland Theatre (Pl. C, 2).

Post Office (Pl. D, 2), East Public Sq.

Cleveland (580 ft. above the sea), the second city of Ohio, with (1890) 261,353 inhab., lies on the S. shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the small Cuyahoga River, and, with its broad and wellpaved streets, its green lawns and squares, and its numerous trees ('Forest City'), makes a favourable impression on the visitor. Its important iron and steel works produce goods to the annual value of $36,000,000; it is the seat of the Standard Oil Co.; and it carries on a very extensive trade through its excellent harbour. Most of its factories are tucked away in the river-valley below the level of the plateau on which the city lies, or are in West Cleveland and along the river-front.

Cleveland was founded in 1796, but did not begin to grow with any rapidity until the completion of the Ohio Canal, connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio (1834). Its pop. in 1830 was 1000, in 1860 it was 43,417, and in 1880 it was 160,142. In the decade 1880-90 it increased by 60 per cent. Cleveland is one of the chief ship-building cities in the United States, building vessels of 71,322 tons in 1859 and 1890. The value of its manufactures in 1890 was $105,500,000 (21,100,0007.); 50,000 hands were employed.

The chief business-street is SUPERIOR STREET (Pl. C-F, 2, 1), a really fine and wide thoroughfare, the W. end of which is lined with substantial business blocks, such as the Perry-Payne Building (Nos. 103-109). A little farther on the street expands into *Monumental Park or the Public Square (Pl. C, D, 2), containing monuments of Commodore Perry (p. 267) and Gen. Moses Cleaveland (17541806), founder and godfather of the city. At the N.E. corner of the square stands the Post Office and Custom House (Pl. D, 2), and at the N. W. corner is the Old Court House (Pl C, 2). On the N. side of the square, at the corner of Ontario St., is the handsome building of the Society for Savings (Pl. C, 2), established in 1849 and now containing upwards of 20 million dollars (four millions sterling). There are no stock-holders, the entire profits going to the 45,000 depositors (*View from the top of the building). In Superior St., just beyond the Post Office, is Case Hall (Pl. D, 2), with a library of 30,000 vols., and next to it is the massive City Hall (Pl. D, 2).

*Euclid Avenue (Pl. D-G, 2, 1), which begins at the S.E. angle of the Public Square, is at its E. end also an important artery of business and farther out becomes one of the most beautiful residencestreets in America, with each of its handsome houses surrounded by pleasant grounds and shady trees. To the left is the *Arcade (Pl. D, 2), 400 ft. long, 180 ft. wide, and 144 ft. high, with a fine five-balconied interior, running through to Superior St. Near Erie St. is the Public Library (70,000 vols.), and at the corner is the Lennox Building (Pl. D, 2). Farther on are several fine churches. About 41/2 M. from the square (street-car), Euclid Ave. reaches the beautiful Wade Park, opposite which are the buildings of the Western Reserve University (Adelbert College and Cleveland Medical College) and the Case School of Applied Sciences. About 11/2 M. farther on the avenue ends at Lake View Cemetery, containing the handsome *Garfield Memorial (adm. 10 c.; erected in 1890 at

a cost of $130,000), the top of which (165 ft. high) affords a splendid *View of the city and its environs.

Prospect Street (Pl. D-G, 2), which runs parallel to Euclid Ave. on the S., is little inferior to it in beauty. At the corner of Erie St. is the handsome building of the Young Men's Christian Association (Pl. D, 2). Another favourite resort is *Gordon's Park, to the N.E. of the city, on the lake, open to the public on Tues. and Sat. The huge new Market (Pl. D, 2), in Ontario St., is one of the largest and finest in the country.

Cleveland is connected with West Cleveland, on the other side of the Cuyahoga Valley, by an enormous *Viaduct (Pl. C, 2), 1070 ft. long, completed in 1878 at a cost of $2,200,000 (440,000.) and deservedly regarded as a wonderful feat of engineering. The main portion of the viaduct is of stone, but the central part is of iron lattice-work and swings open to allow the passage of vessels. The View of the manufacturing quarters in the valley from this viaduct is very imposing, especially at night. There are three other similar viaducts at different parts of the city (see Pl. D, 2; F, 3).

Driving parties may cross the Viaduct and follow Lakeside Ave. and Detroit St. to (8M.) Rocky River, a favourite supper resort in summer.

A visit may also be paid to the great OIL DISTRICT at the S. end of Wilson Ave. (comp. Pl. G, 5), where the enormous tanks and refining works of the Standard Oil Co. are situated.

The huge ORE DOCKS of the N. Y. P. & O. R. R., on the W. side of the city, sometimes contain 2,000,000 tons. The HARBOUR (Pl. A, B, 1, 2) and BREAKWATER (2 M. long) also repay inspection.

Cleveland is, naturally, an important RAILWAY CENTRE, from which lines radiate, more or less directly. to Pittsburg (p. 240), Marietta, Columbus (p. 264), Cincinnati (p. 307), Toledo (see below), Chicago (p. 279), etc. STEAMERS ply to all important points on the Great Lakes.

At (209 M.) Elyria the line forks, the branches reuniting at Millbury (see below). The chief station on the right branch is (243 M.) Sandusky (West Ho., Sloane Ho., $2-3), with a good harbour and a large trade in fish and fruit (see p. 275). Pop. 18,471.

The left or inland line runs viâ (218M.) Oberlin (with a college open to both sexes, white or coloured; 1200 students) and (239 M.) Norwalk. 288 M. Millbury.

296 M. Toledo (Boody Ho., $ 21/2-4; Madison, Jefferson, Burnett, $2-21/2), a city and important railway-centre on the Maumee River, 6 M. from Lake Erie, with 81,434 inhab., has a large trade in grain, coal, iron-ore, and timber, and numerous manufactures (value in 1890, $15,000,000). Among the handsomest of its buildings are the Public Library (35,000 vols.), the Soldiers' Memorial, and the Toledo Club House. One of its newspapers is named the Toledo Blade. Many pleasant excursions may be made on the Maumee River. FROM TOLEDO TO DETROIT, 65 M., railway in 2-3 hrs. The chief stations are (25 M.) Monroe and (44 M.) Trenton. 65 M. Detroit, see p. 271.

Beyond Toledo the line forks, the branches rejoining each other at Elkhart (see below). The 'Air Line' (followed by through-trains) enters Indiana (the 'Hoosier State') at (337 M.) Archibald and runs through that state to (429 M.) Elkhart. The 'Old Line' enters Michi