was really delivered'. The President, when requested to say a few words by way of dedication, drew from his pocket a crumpled piece of paper, on which he had written some notes, and thus he spoke:

'Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honoured dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain-that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.'

From the cemetery the Lutheran seminary is seen a mile across the valley, the most conspicuous landmark of the Confederate line. Culp's Hill is to the S.E., strewn with boulders and timber-covered, the trees still showing marks of the fighting. The Emmettsburg road goes down the valley, gradually diverging from the Union line and crossing the fields that were the battle-ground on the 2nd and 3rd days. Many monuments line the road, some of great merit, and it leads to the 'Peach Orchard', where the line bends sharply back. Peach-trees are constantly replanted here as the old ones fall. The 'wheat-field' alongside is now a meadow; and beyond we go down among the crags and boulders of the 'Devil's Den', a ravine through which flows a stream coming from the orchard and wheat-field and separating them from the rocky Round Tops', the beetling sandstone crags of 'Little Round Top' rising high above the ravine. The sloping fields along the stream above the Den are known as the 'Valley of Death'. Many monuments among these rocks have been made with the boulders that are so numerous. 'Big Round Top' beyond is mounted by a toilsome path, and an Observatory on the summit gives a good view over the surrounding country and almost the entire battlefield. The summit, more than 3 M. to the S. of Gettysburg, has tall timber, preserved as in the battle. Cannon surmount the 'Round Tops' representing the batteries there during the battle. To the W., across the valley, is the long fringe of timber that masked the Confederate position on Seminary Ridge. A picnic ground has been located alongside the 'Round Tops', with access by railway; and large parties frequently visit this spot during the tourist-season. The lines of breastworks are retained, and not far away is the 'Bloody Angle', upon the lower ground, where the stone walls are preserved and the little umbrella shaped grove of trees. The 20th Massachusetts Regiment have brought hither a huge conglomerate boulder from their New England home and set it up as their monument. Their colonel, Paul Revere, was killed in the battle. Crossing the valley, the tourist returns to the N. along the Confederate line, where, however, there was no fighting until the scene of the first day's conflict is reached, to the W. of Gettysburg. Here a plain granite stone marks where Reynolds fell, just within a grove of trees. Reynolds, from his untimely death, is regarded as the Northern hero of the battle, as Armistead was the Southern. Near by the 'Massachusetts Colour-bearer' holds aloft the flag of the 13th Mass. Regiment, standing upon a slope alongside the railway, this striking monument marking the spot where he fell at the opening of the battle.

39. Pittsburg.*

Hotels. MONONGAHELA (Pl. a; C, 3), pleasantly situated at the river-end of Smithfield St., well spoken of, $3-6; ANDERSON (Pl. b; C, 3), centrally situated but somewhat noisy, $35; *DUQUESNE (Pl. c; C, 3), Smithfield St., R. from $112; SCHLOSSER (Pl. d; C, 3), R. from $1; CENTRAL (Pl. e; C, 3); ST. CHARLES (Pl. f; C, 3), SEVENTH AVENUE (Pl. g; D, 3), $2-3.

Restaurants. *Hotel Duquesne, Hotel Schlosser (see above); Hagan, 607 Smithfield St.; Newell, 99 Fifth Ave.; Reineman, 505 Wood St., for men. Railway Stations. The chief are the Union Depot (Pl. D, 3), of the P. R. R., for trains to Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, New York, etc., and the Monongahela Station (Pl. C, 4), for the B. & Ö. lines.

Tramways (electric, cable, and horse) run through the chief streets and to the suburbs. Inclined Railways (10 in all), a characteristic feature of Pittsburg, lead to various points on the enclosing hills

Post Office (Pl. C, 3), Smithfield St., cor. 4th Ave.

Pittsburg (745 ft.), the second city of Pennsylvania and one of the chief industrial centres of the United States, occupies the tongue of land between the Monongahela and the Allegheny, which here unite to form the Ohio, and also a strip of land on the S. side of the Monongahela. The sister city of Allegheny lies on the N. bank of the Allegheny and extends down to the Ohio. Pop. (1890) of Pittsburg 238,617, of Allegheny City 105,387. For all practical purposes the two cities may be regarded as one (like Manchester and Salford), though they have separate municipal governments. The point of the tongue is quite flat, and also the immediate river - banks; but the tongue rises rapidly towards its root, and there are only narrow strips of level ground between the rivers and the abrupt heights on the S. side of the Monongahela and the N. side of the Allegheny. The residential quarters are mainly on the highlands of Pittsburg to the E. and those of Allegheny to the N. The rest of the delta and the river-banks are given over to manufacturing and are generally covered with a pall of dense black smoke. The two cities are substantially built, and the rivers are crossed by numerous bridges.

Pittsburg occupies the site of the French Fort Duquesne, erected in 1754 and abandoned on the advance of Gen. Forbes in 1758. Its place was taken by the English Fort Pitt (see p. 242), and the laying out of the town of Pittsburg may be dated from about 1765. Its early importance was due to its trade with the Indians, and its commercial advantages are still conspicuous; but the great basis of the prosperity of the 'Iron City' has been the fact that it stands in the centre of one of the richest coal districts in the globe, the four counties immediately adjoining Pittsburg yielding 20,600,000 tons of coal in 1889. Pittsburg also stands in the centre of the chief natural gas district (see p. 241), and the use of this as fuel gave a great impetus to its manufacturing industry, though it is now mainly used for domestic purposes. The iron ore, of which Pittsburg furnaces and mills used 2,500,000 tons in 1892, comes chiefly from Lake Superior (pp. 296, 297). The Pennsylvania, New York, W. Virginia, and E. Ohia oil-fields lie mainly in the basin of the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers to the N.E., S., and S.W. of Pittsburg and in 1891 yielded 37,423,347 barrels of petroleum. The staple manufactures of Pittsburg are iron, steel, and glass (comp. pp. 241, 242).

Pittsburg itself keeps Eastern Time, but trains starting here for the W. do so on Central Time (see p. xviii). Thus a train timed to start for Chicago at 11 p.m. starts at midnight by the clocks in the hotels.