of (1890) 13,055, which is increased fivefold to tenfold in summer. It is also frequented as a winter-resort. The beach is one of the finest in America, and 50,000 people have bathed here in one day (bath, with dress, 25 c.). It is bordered by a Board Walk, 24 ft. wide and 4 M. long, and there are three Piers, 600-1000 ft. long.

Among the favourite EXCURSIONS are the Beach Drive, 10 M.; to South Atlantic City, with an Elephant like that at Coney Island (p. 55), 5 M.; to (7 M.) Longport (Aberdeen Hotel), near the S. end of the island, by road or railway; to Brigantine Beach (Hotel) and Peter's Beach (Hotel), by boat; and to Barnegat Bay (p. 224). Absecon Lighthouse (160 ft. high) is open to visitors, 9-12. - Boating and Sailing are carried on mainly in the Inlet, at the upper end of the island (sail-boat $5 10 per day; sailing excursions, 25 c. each). Fishing and Wild-fowl Shooting are other attractions.

g. From Philadelphia to Cape May City.

82 M. WEST JERSEY RAILROAD in 21/4-3 hrs. (fare $21/2). The trains start from Camden (ferry from Philadelphia, see p. 210). — STEAMERS also ply in summer down Delaware Bay to Cape May (6 hrs.; return-fare $1).

From Philadelphia to (30 M.) Newfield, see R. 33 f. Our line here diverges to the right. 34 M. Vineland, see p. 225. From (61 M.) Sea Isle Junction a branch line runs to (5 M.) Sea Isle City and (16 M.) Ocean City, two small sea-bathing resorts.

81 M. Cape May City. - Hotels. LAFAYETTE, $3-5; STOCKTON HOUSE (1200 beds), CONGRESS HALL (1000 beds), $3-4; COLUMBIA; ARLINGTON, CHALFONTE, WINDSOR, $21/2-4, etc. Boarding Houses $10-20 a week.

Cape May City, at the extreme S. point of Cape May, the E. arm of Delaware Bay, a village with 2136 inhab., a popular sea-bathing resort of the Philadelphians and also frequented to some extent by Southerners and Westerners, is a somewhat more fashionable edition of Atlantic City (see above). Its beach, 5 M. long, is hard and smooth, and the surf-bathing is excellent. The Esplanade, skirting the sea-front, is most thronged between 11 and 1 and between 5 and 8. Excursions may be made to Cape May Point, Cold Spring, Sewell's Point, along the beach, etc. The cape is named after a Dutch navigator, Carolis Jacobsen Mey, who visited Delaware Bay in 1623. For farther details, see Kobbe's 'New Jersey Coast and Pines'.

34. From Philadelphia to Buffalo.

418 M. PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAILROAD SYSTEM (Lehigh Valley Division) in 11-132 hrs. (fare $10).

Another through-route from Philadelphia to Buffalo (422 M. in 15-19 hrs. ; fare as above) is by the PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD to (301 M.) Emporium and thence by the BUFFALO, NEW YORK, AND PHILADELPHIA RAILROAD to (121 M.) Buffalo. As far as Emporium this route is described in R. 36; the remaining portion calls for no special description.

Philadelphia, see p. 210. The train traverses the N. part of the city and passes several suburban stations. 41/3 M. Wayne Junction (p. 210); 9 M. Ogontz, with a large girls' school. Beyond (33 M.) Sellersville we penetrate the Landis Hills by a tunnel, 1/2 M. long.

56 M. Bethlehem (Fountain Hill Ho.; Eagle, $21/2-3; Sun, a relic of last century, $2), a thriving town of 17,064 inhab. (incl.

South Bethlehem), lies on the Lehigh, a small stream which joins the Delaware, 12 M. lower down. It is noted as the chief American centre of the Moravian Brothers, who settled here under Count Zinzendorf in 1740-41. Many of the old Moravian schools and other buildings are still extant; more recent institutions are the Lehigh University (above the town; 420 students) and Bishopsthorpe, a girls' school. The chief industries are the making of brass, zinc, and iron.

Easton (Paxinosa Inn, $4; United States Ho., $21/2-3), at the Forks of the Delaware, 12 M. to the N.E. of Bethlehem, an industrial town of 14,481 inhab., is the site of Lafayette College, a well-known institution (3-400 students), founded in 1826. It is an important railway-centre (p. 196).

The train now ascends the *Lehigh Valley, with the tortuous stream to the right. Numerous iron-works are passed. 62 M. Allentown (Allen, American Ho,, $ 2-3), an iron and silk making town with 25,228 inhabitants. 64 M. Catasauqua ; 65 M. Hokendaugua ; 66 M. Coplay, all with iron-works, blast-furnaces, and heaps of slag. The iron-works now disappear for a time and the scenery improves. 77 M. Slatington is the outlet for the most extensive slate-quarries in America. About 2 M. farther on we penetrate the Blue Mts. by the *Lehigh Water Gap, in which two railways, the river, and a canal are compressed between the perpendicular cliffs of a narrow gorge. Beyond this point the valley expands somewhat, and the ironworks re-appear at (85 M.) Parryville. At (89 M.) Packerton are

the workshops of the Lehigh Valley R.R. and huge scales in which cars of coal are weighed while in motion. A little farther on the valley contracts and our line crosses to the N. bank of the river.

90 M. Mauch Chunk (530 ft.; Mansion Ho., American, $21/2312), a small town with 4000 inhab., picturesquely situated on a rocky shelf on the brink of the river, in one of the narrowest parts of the valley, with mountains towering overhead, is visited annually by thousands of travellers. It has but two streets, one running along the river and the other extending at right angles to it up a cleft in the mountains; while the slope is so abrupt that the man who enters his front-door on the street-level may step into his back-yard from the second story window. The Bear Mt. (Indian, Mauch Chunk) from which it takes its name rises to a height of 700 ft. immediately above the town. Mauch Chunk lies in the midst of a rich coal-district, and an immense traffic in coals is carried on by the railways and canals.

The chief lion of Mauch Chunk is the *Switchback or Gravity Railroad, originally built in 1827 to bring the coals out from the mines to the river, but now used by pleasure-seekers only (round trip in 1/2 hr., fare 75 c.; omn. to foot of railway 25c.). The train is first drawn by a powerful stationary engine to (1/2 M.) the top of Mt. Pisgah (1500 ft.; view), whence it descends by gravity to (61/2 M) the foot of Mt. Jefferson (1660 ft. ; *View). It is drawn up another inclined plane (gradient 1: 41/2) on this hill, and then runs on a level to (1 M.) Summit Hill (1485 ft.), a mining village with 2816 inhab., frequented by summer-visitors. One of the points of interest here is a Burning Mine, which has been smouldering for 60 years. The descent to Upper Mauch Chunk, near our starting-place, a distance of 9 M., is made by gravity in 25 minutes. - Good views are also obtained from Prospect Rock and Flag-staff Peak (950 ft.).

Beyond Mauch Chunk the railway continues to follow the narrow winding gorge of the river. — 92 M. *Glen Onoko (Hotel Wahnetah, $21/2-3), a beautiful little glen, traversed by a stream forming a series of falls. At (115 M.) White Haven (1140 ft.) we

leave the river and ascend the mountains to the left. 126 M. Glen Summit (1730 ft.; Hotel, $3, meal-station), on the watershed between the Delaware and the Susquehanna, commands a distant view of the main ridge of the Alleghenies (W.). We now descend rapidly into the Wyoming Valley (see below), a beautiful *View of which, with the Susquehanna River, is suddenly disclosed to the right. 144 M. Wilkesbarré (550 ft.; Wyoming Valley Hotel, $2-3; Exchange, Luzerne, $2), the chief town in the Wyoming Valley, on the E. bank of the Susquehanna, contains 37,718 inhab., who owe their prosperity to the rich coal-mines of the district. It is connected by a bridge with Kingston (2381 inhab.) on the opposite bank.

The Valley of Wyoming (a corruption of the Indian Maughwauwama or 'large plains'), the name given to this expansion of the Susquehanna Valley, is about 20 M. long and 3-4 M. wide and is inclosed by two parallel ranges of hills, 800-1000 ft. high. The Susquehanna (broad and shallow river'), which has a total length of 400 M. from Otsego Lake (see p. 158) to Chesapeake Bay, enters the valley through the Lackawannock Gap and leaves it through the narrow Nanticoke Gap. Within the valley its course is generally placid, but it forms two sets of rapids (the Wyoming and Nanticoke Falls) and receives several tributaries from the mountains. Numerous coal pits, culm-heaps, and smoking chimneys testify to the prevailing industry of the valley. A good "View of the valley is obtained from Prospect Rock (750 ft.), 2 M. from Wilkesbarré. Campbell's Ledge, on the E. side of the Lackawannock Gap, is also a good point of view. -A steamer descends the Susquehanna from Wilkesbarré to (8 M.) Nanticoke.

The name of the valley is widely known from the harrowing incidents narrated by Campbell in his 'Gertrude of Wyoming'. In June, 1778, a force of British troops and Indians entered the valley and defeated the settlers in a battle fought on July 3rd. The battle was followed by an atrocious massacre, in which the British officers were unable to set any bounds to the butchery of their savage allies, who, it is estimated, slew 300 men, women, and children. Fort Forty, the scene of the battle, 4 M. above Kingston (see above), is marked by an Obelisk, 60 ft. high; and about 3 M. farther up is Queen Esther's Rock, where the half-breed queen of the Senecas tomahawked 14 defenceless prisoners.

The train now ascends along the E. bank of the Susquehanna. The Wyoming Monument (see above) is seen across the river to the left. 153 M. Pittston (570 ft.), with 10,302 inhab., lies near the point where the Lackawanna pours into the Susquehanna. Above rises Campbell's Ledge (see above). — A line leads hence to the N. E. to Scranton (p. 197) and Carbondale.

Beyond Pittston the scenery is less interesting. At (236 M.) Athens we cross the Chemung River. Beyond (238 M.) Sayre Junction (for lines to Auburn, Owego, Elmira, etc.) we cross the Erie R. R. (R. 28 d). At (253 M.) Van Etten the line forks, the left branch running to Geneva (see below) viâ Watkins (p. 191) and Seneca Lake (p. 191), while that traversed by most through - trains runs to the N. to (274 M.) Ithaca (p. 190) and skirts the W. side of Cayuga Lake (p. 190). 297 M. Hayt's Corners. - - 315 M. Geneva,

see p. 190.

330 M. Manchester; 349 M. Rochester Junction, for

(13 M.) Rochester (p. 191). At (378 M.) Niagara Junction the branch for Niagara Falls (p. 199) diverges to the right. 380 M. Batavia (p. 192); 413 M. East Buffalo (p. 199).

418 M. Buffalo, see p. 192.

35. From Philadelphia to Reading and Williamsport.

198 M. PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILROAD in 6-10 hrs. (fare $5.78). The PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD (Broad St. Station) is also available, the trains following nearly the same route (fare as above). Both lines traverse the Schuylkill Valley and connect the great anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania with the ocean.

-

Philadelphia, see p. 210. The train crosses the Schuylkill (p. 211), touches the N. end of Fairmount Park (p. 220), and ascends the right bank of the river, parallel with the Schuylkill Valley Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad on the opposite bank. The valley is thickly populated and presents a scene of busy industry, with its numerous factories and mills. 17 M. Bridgeport lies opposite Norristown (Windsor Ho., $2), a thriving manufacturing city (19,791 inhab.). ·231/2 M. Valley Forge, the headquarters of Washington and the American army during the trying winter of 1777-78. The farm-house in which Washington had his quarters is still preserved (to the left of the railway). Beyond (271/2 M.) Phoenixville, at the foot of Black Rock, with 8514 inhab. and the huge Phoenix Iron and Steel Works, we thread a tunnel nearly 1/2 M. long. Our train then crosses the river, changing sides with the Pennsylvania line. We are now in the district of the so-called 'Pennsylvania Dutch', a hard-working race of Teutonic origin, who speak a curious dialect compounded of German, Dutch, and English. Near (40 M.) Pottstown, another busy iron-making place (13,205 inhab.), we cross the Manatawny by a long bridge.

58 M. Reading (270 ft.; Mansion Ho.; American, $211⁄2), a busy manufacturing city with 58,661 inhab., lies on a comparatively level plateau hemmed in by Penn's Mt. on the E. and Neversink Mt. on the S. The Court House is a handsome building, with a portico borne by six columns of the old red sandstone found in the adjacent mountains. The chief industry is iron-making, and the shops of the Reading Railway give employment to about 3000 men.

The White Spot, on Penn's Mt., 1000 ft. above the river, is a favourite resort commanding a fine view. It is a remnant of Potsdam sandstone lying unconformably on Laurentian rock. - Reading is an important railway-centre, lines radiating hence in all directions.

Beyond Reading our line continues to follow the Schuylkill Valley, and the long ridge of the Blue Mts. looms up ahead of us, changing from gray to blue as we approach it. At (78 M.) Port Clinton (410 ft.), at the mouth of the Little Schuylkill, we pass through a gap in the ridge, similar to, but less picturesque than, those mentioned at pp. 227, 196. Port Clinton stands on the S. edge of the

great anthracite coal-region, and has a busy traffic in coal. Our railway forks here, the left branch going on to Pottsville (see below), the right to Williamsport viâ the Catawissa Valley (see below).

FROM PORT CLINTON TO POTTSVILLE, 15 M., railway in 1/2-3/4 hr. — The line follows the Schuylkill. -5 M. Auburn; 11 M. Schuylkill Haven. 15 M. Pottsville (615 ft.; Merchants', $2), a city with 14,117 inhab., in the gap where the river breaks through Sharp Mt. (1395 ft.), lies in the great S. or Schuylkill Coal Basin, which produces 10,000,000 tons of anthracite coal annually, or one-fourth of the total production of Pennsylvania (45,544,970 tons in 1889). The surrounding district is a network of railways.

The Williamsport train ascends the valley of the Little Schuylkill and traverses a busy coal-mining district. 10312 M. East Mahanoy Junction. Farther on we traverse the picturesque Catawissa Valley. At (145 M.) Catawissa (475 ft.) we cross the Susquehanna. 198 M. Williamsport, see below.

36. From Philadelphia to Erie.

446 M. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD in 16 hrs. (fare $10.35).

From Philadelphia to (105 M.) Harrisburg, see R. 37. Our line here diverges to the right from the line to Pittsburg and runs to the N. along the Susquehanna. 159 M. Sunbury (450 ft.; 5930 inhab.), on the left bank of the wide Susquehanna, is an important outlet for the Shamokin Coal District. At (161 M.) Northumberland, at the confluence of the N. and S. branches of the Susquehanna, Dr. Joseph Priestly, discoverer of oxygen gas, lived from 1794 till his death in 1804. He is buried in the cemetery here. 171 M. Milton. Farther on our line runs parallel with the Reading line.

198 M. Williamsport (Park, Updegraff, $21/2-31/2), a city on the right bank of the S. (or W.) branch of the Susquehanna, with 27,132 inhab., chiefly engaged in the timber-trade. The huge 'Boom' on the river here can contain 300 million feet of timber.

FROM WILLIAMSPORT TO NORDMONT, 40 M., Williamsport & North Branch R. R. in 13/4 hr. This line traverses a picturesque district which has been ambitiously dubbed the 'Adirondacks of Pennsylvania'. The chief resorts are Highland Lake (2000 ft.; Grand View Hotel, Essick, Highland Ho.), reached by coach (11/2 hr.) from (18 M.) Picture Rocks (670 ft.); Eagles' Mere (2300 ft.; Hotel Eagles' Mere, Lakeside, Raymond, $3-4; Allegheny, $2), reached by coach (11/2 hr.) from (29 M.) Muncy Valley; and Lake Mokoma (La Porte Hotel), 4 M. from (40 M.) Nordmont.

From Williamsport to Elmira, see p. 197.

We turn to the left (W.), cross the Lycoming Creek and the Susquehanna, and ascend on the right bank of the latter. 223 M. Lock Haven, another lumbering town (7358 inhab.), situated on the right bank of the Susquehanna. The scenery here and as we advance farther up the river is picturesque. We cross and recross the stream. 251 M. Renovo (670 ft. ; *Renovo Hotel, $2), a summer-resort, finely situated in the Susquehanna valley, among hills 800-1000 ft. high.

At (263 M.) Keating (720 ft.) the train leaves the Susquehanna, after following it for 160 M., and begins to ascend the Sinnemahoning.