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Steamers. Steamers ascend the Delaware to Burlington and other points. Steamers also ply to Liverpool (Wed.; 'American Line'), Antwerp, New York, Boston, Baltimore, Savannah, Charleston, Florida, etc.

Theatres. Academy of Music (Pl. F, 7), Broad St., cor. of Locust St. (2900 seats), used for operas, concerts, balls, etc.; Chestnut Street Opera House (Pl. G, 6), 1023 Chestnut St.; Chestnut Street Theatre (Pl. F, 6), 1211 Chestnut St.; Broad St. Theatre (Pl. F, 7), near Locust St.; Arch Street Theatre (Pl. G, 6), 613 Arch St. (1800 seats); Park Theatre (Pl. F, 4), Broad St., cor. of Fairmount Ave. (2200 seats); Grand Opera House (Pl. F, 3), N. Broad St., cor. of Montgomery Ave.; Eleventh Street Opera House (Pl. F, 6), near Chestnut St. (minstrel entertainments); Germania, 526 N. 3rd St. (German); Empire Theatre (Pl. F, 7), cor. of Broad and Locust St.; National Theatre (Pl. G, 5), 10th St. and Callowhill St. (varieties).

Post Office (Pl. G, 6), cor. of Chestnut St. and 9th St.; also several sub-stations and numerous letter-boxes.

Exhibitions of Art. Academy of Fine Arts, Broad St, cor. of Cherry St. (adm. 25c.; free on Sun. & Mon.; concert on Thurs. afternoon); Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, see p. 220; Art Club, see p. 218. Among the finest private collections of art are those of Mr. William B. Bement, 1814 Spring Garden St, and Mrs. Henry C. Gibson, 1612 Walnut St., to which properly accredited visitors may obtain entrance. The former includes examples of Cabanel, Cot (The Coming Storm), A. Achenbach, Verboeckhoven, Herzog, Koekkoek, Tenkate, Bouguereau, Boughton, Van Marcke, W. T. Richards, Troyon, and Harnett (wonderfully realistic sti l-life piece). The Gibson Collection includes works of Clays, Gérôme, Jules Breton, Munkacsy, Detaille, Cabanel, Henner, De Neuville, Rosa Bonheur, Millet, Leys, Vn Marcke, Meissonier, Troyon, etc.

British Consul, Capt. R. C. Clipperton, 708 S. Washington Sq.

Philadelphia (the 'Quaker City'), the third city of the United States in population (1,046,964 inhab. in 1890), lies mainly upon a broad plain between the Delaware and the Schuylkill, 96 M. from the Atlantic Ocean. In extent it is the second-largest city in America, being 22 M. long from N. to S. and 5-10 M. wide, and covering 130 sq. M., or about the same area as London proper, though, of course, not so completely built over. It probably contains a larger proportion of small houses than any other large city in the world (5.79 inhab. per house; New York 16.37) and is sometimes called the 'City of Homes'. It is laid out with chessboard regularity (see p. 212) and contains 1150 M. of streets, of which 750 M. are paved. The characteristic Philadelphia house is a two-storied or threestoried structure of red pressed brick, with white marble steps and white or green window-shutters. The two rivers give it about 30 M. of water-front for docks and wharfage, and it is the headquarters of two of the greatest American railways (the Pennsylvania and the Reading). Its commerce by sea and land is very large, and as a manufacturing centre it ranks next to New York. The great wholesale business-thoroughfare is MARKET STREET, running E. and W. between the two rivers, while CHESTNUT STREET, parallel with it on the S., contains the finest shops, the newspaper offices, etc. BROAD STREET is the chief street running N. and S. Among the most fashionable residence-quarters are the W. parts of Walnut, Spruce, Pine, Arch, Race, and Vine Streets. Eighth Street is the great district for cheap shops.

History. Philadelphia, the 'City of Brotherly Love' or 'Quaker City', was founded in 1682 by a Quaker colony under William Penn (1644-1718), who purchased the site from its Indian owners. [A Swedish colony, however, settled on the Delaware, a little lower down, in 1638 (comp. p. 219), and many of Penn's original patentees were descendants of these settlers.] The city attracted large numbers of immigrants and received its charter from Penn in 1701, when it had about 4500 inhabitants. From about that time to the present century it rivalled Boston as the leading city of the country, and it was the scene of the most important official steps in the Revolution. The first Continental Congress assembled here in 1774; the Declaration of Independence was signed here on July 4th, 1776; the Constitution of the United States was drawn up and promulgated here in 1787; the first President of the United States resided here; and here Congress assembled till 1797. From Sept., 1777, to June, 1778, the city was in the possession of the British. During the present century its history has been one of quiet and rapid growth in size and prosperity. In 1876 Philadelphia was the scene of the Centennial Exhibition, held in honour of the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, which was visited by ten million people. After William Penn, the man whose name is most intimately associated with Philadelphia is Benjamin Franklin (pp. 214, 219), who came here in 1723 at the age of eighteen. The Friends or Quakers still form a very important element in Philadelphia, many of the oldest, wealthiest, and most esteemed families belonging to this sect.

Industry and Commerce. The value of the manufactures of Philadelphia in 1890 was $570,000,000 (114,000,0007.), the number of hands employed being 259,000. The chief products are machinery, locomotives, iron wares, ships, carpets, woollen and cotton goods, sugar, drugs, and chemicals. The value of its foreign trade in 1891 was $105,300,000. In 1891 5652 vessels entered and 5710 cleared the port.

Streets. In planning his city Penn laid out two wide thoroughfares crossing it at right angles (High, now Market St., and Broad St.), with an open space at their intersection and four other squares (Washington, Franklin, Logan, and Rittenhouse Squares) near the outer corners of his plan. The other streets were all laid out parallel to the two above-named, and this rule has also been observed in the subsequent extensions of the city. Those parallel to Market St. have names (often taken from trees), while those parallel with Broad St. are numbered (Front, Second, etc.). The prefixes North and South distinguish respectively the numbered streets to the N. and S. of Market St. The houses on the N. or E. side of the street have odd numbers, and those on the S. or W. side even numbers. The numbers of the E. and W. streets begin at the Delaware, those of the N. and S. streets at Market St. With each new block a new century of numbers begins, although there are seldom more than 40 numbers in a block. With this system a very slight familiarity with the city enables one to find his way to any house. Thus, e.g., 1521 Arch St. must be between N. 15th St. and N. 16th St.

In City Hall Square (Pl. F, 6), at the intersection of Broad St. and Market St., in the centre of the city, stands the new City Hall (Pl. F, 6), generally known as the Public Buildings, a huge pile with a granite basement-story and white marble superstructure, begun in 1874 and still unfinished. It is 486 ft. long from N. to S. and 470 ft. in breadth, covering a greater area (41/2 acres) than any other building in the United States (Capitol at Washington, 31/2 acres; St. Peter's at Rome, 45/6 acres; Palais de Justice at Brussels, 61/4 acres). The Tower is to be 510 ft. high, and is to be surmounted by a statue of William Penn, 37 ft. in height, which now stands in the interior court. The style of the building is modified French Renaissance; the architect was John McArthur Jr. (d. 1890).

The building contains 750 rooms. On the first floor are the Council Chamber and other offices of the municipal government. The S. part of the third floor is devoted to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

On the W. side of City Hall Sq., opposite the City Hall, is the handsome Broad Street Station (Pl. F, 6) of the Penna. Railroad, the spacious dimensions of which have become all too small for the immense traffic carried on here. On the N. side of the square, at the corner of Broad St. and Filbert St., is the Masonic Temple (Pl. F, 6), a huge granite structure in the Norman style, erected in 1868-73 at a cost of $1,500,000 (300,000l.). Among its most prominent features are the tower, 250 ft. high, and the elaborately carved Norman porch. The lodge-rooms are finished in accordance with seven different styles of architecture (Egyptian, Ionic, Corinthian, Norman, Gothic, Renaissance, and Oriental). On the E. side of the square, occupying the block bounded by the square, Market St., 13th St., and Chestnut St., is Wanamaker's Store (Pl. F, 6), the Bon Marché or Whiteley's of Philadelphia, with 4500 employées. On the S. side of the square is the tall Betz Building, completed in 1893. At the S.E. angle of the square (entr. from Chestnut St.), adjoining the last, is the *United States Mint (Pl. F, 6; adm. 9-12, free), a white marble building with an Ionic portico. The Mint was established in 1792; the present building dates from 1829-33.

This is the parent mint of the United States. The various processes of coining are interesting. The total value of the pieces coined here from 1793 to 1891 was: gold $676,389,759, silver $356,001,000, minor coins $23,946,941. In 1891 the silver dollars issued here numbered 8,694,206. In a room upstairs is a Collection of American and other Coins. The most interesting are the Selections in the case at one end of the room, including the 'Widow's Mite' (No. 3116), found among the ruins of the Temple at Jerusalem. A new Mint is to be erected facing Independence Square.

*CHESTNUT STREET (Pl. A-H, 6), on which the Mint fronts, is the chief street of Philadelphia, containing many of the handsomest and most interesting buildings; and we now follow it towards the Delaware (E. or left), passing the Mint (left, see above). The S. sidepavement is the fashionable promenade of the Quaker City. To the W. of the Mint is the Girard Life Insurance Building. At the corner of 12th St. (r.) is the Beneficial Saving Fund Society, and at the corner of 10th St., to the left, is the New York Mutual Life Insurance Co.

In 12th St., to the N., is the William Penn Charter School, founded in 1689. In 10th St., also to the N., is the Mercantile Library (Pl. G, 6), with 160,000 vols. and a large free reading-room (9-10). In the same street, to the S., is the Jefferson Medical College (Pl. G, 6).

At the corner of 9th St., extending on the N. to Market St., is the *Post Office (Pl. G, 6), a large granite building in the Renaissance style, erected at a cost of $5,000,000 (1,000,000 l.). It also contains the United States Courts and the offices of various Federal officials. The Singerly Building (Nos. 915-917; left) and the adjoining Penn Mutual Life Building have very elaborate façades. This neighbourhood contains a large number of newspaper offices.

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At the corner of 6th St., on the Public Ledger Building, is a Statue of Benjamin Franklin (1706-90).

In N. 7th St. is the Franklin Institute (Pl. G, 6), with a library, museum, and lecture-hall. Opposite is the free exhibition of the Builders' Exchange.

We now reach, on the right, between 5th and 6th Sts., "Independence Hall (Pl. G, 6), or the old State House (adm. 9-4), a modest brick edifice erected in 1729-34, which is in some respects the most interesting building in the United States. The steeple was added afterwards. It was here that the Continental Congress met during the American Revolution, and here, on July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted.

Passing through the door in the centre, we first enter (left) the East Room or Independence Hall proper, the actual scene of the deliberations of those statesmen of whom William Pitt wrote: 'I must declare that in all my reading and observation, for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, under such a complication of difficult circumstances, no body of men could stand before the National Congress of Philadelphia'. With the exception of a new flooring, the room is substantially in the same state as when the Congress sat, and the old furniture has been replaced in it, including the table on which the Declaration of Independence was signed. On the back of the chair of the President of the Congress (John Hancock) is the emblem of which Franklin said that he had often wondered, before the success of the Revolution was assured, whether it was the rising or the setting sun. On the E. wall hangs a facsimile of the Declaration of Independence, of which the original is preserved at Washington (see p. 260). On the walls hang portraits of all but twelve of the signers of the Declaration, and also the original 'Rattlesnake' flags of the Union, with the motto 'Don't tread on me'.

In the National Museum or West Room (to the right of the entrance-hall) are the painting of Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by Benj. West; a portrait of George III., by Allan Ramsay; the silver inkstand used in signing the Declaration of Independence; the original Charter of the City of Philadelphia (1701); and many other portraits, autographs, and relics.

At the head of the Stairway, supported by a chain of 13 links (emblematical of the 13 Original States), hangs the famous Liberty Bell, the first bell rung in the United States after the Declaration of Independence. It was afterwards used on various occasions of national importance, but was cracked in 1835, and since 1843 has never been sounded. It was originally cast in England, but was recast in Philadelphia.

In the building to the W. of the State House, Washington was inaugurated in 1793 and Adams in 1797. That to the E. is occupied by city offices. In front of the State House is a Statue of Washington, by Bailey, erected in 1869. Behind the State House lies Independence Square, an open space 4 acres in extent.

Opposite Independence Hall is the picturesque gabled building of the Pennsylvania Co. for Life Insurance and Annuities.

In 5th St., just below Chestnut St., is the American Philosophical Society, an outgrowth of the Junto Club, founded by Franklin in 1743. It contains a library of 60,000 vols. and many interesting relics.

Beyond 5th St., Chestnut St. is flanked on both sides with handsome banks and insurance offices. At the corner of 5th St., to the right, is the white marble Drexel Building (Pl. G, 6), in which is the Stock Exchange (visitors admitted to the gallery, 10-3). [The new Bourse is now building in 5th St., a little to the N.] Adjacent is the Custom House (Pl. G, 6), with a Doric portico, originally erected in 1819-24 for the United States Bank. A little lane

lane diverging to the right between 4th and 3rd Sts., opposite the Fidelity Safe Deposit Co., leads to *Carpenters' Hall (Pl. G, 6; open to visitors), where the First Colonial Congress assembled in 1774. It contains the chairs used at the Congress, relics of Washington and Jefferson, etc. Chestnut St. ends at the Delaware River.

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At 134 South Second Street is the Commercial Exchange (Pl. H, 6), on the site of the 'Slate-roof House', the home of William Penn.

WALNUT STREET (Pl. A-H, 6) runs parallel to Chestnut St., a little to the S. In this street, at the intersection of Dock St. and 3rd St., is the Merchants' Exchange (Pl. H, 6), with a semicircular portico facing towards the river, near which (in 3rd St.) is the Girard Bank, originally built for the first U.S. Bank and long owned by Stephen Girard (p. 217). At 4th St. is the fine building of the Manhattan Insurance Co. Between 6th and 7th Sts. Walnut St. passes Washington Square (Pl. G, 6; p. 212), with a great variety of trees. Two blocks to the S. of Walnut St., bounded by Spruce, Pine, 8th, and 9th Sts., stands the Pennsylvania Hospital (Pl. G, 7), the oldest in the city. At the corner of Locust St. and 13th St., one block to the S. of Walnut St., stands the building of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Pl. G, 7; adm. 10-6), founded in 1824, which contains highly interesting historical relics, paintings, and autographs. In the FIREPROOF ROOM on the ground-floor are a letter of President Lincoln (1864) and the play-bill of the theatre on the night he was assassinated; the Bradford Almanack of 1686 (printed 1685), the first book printed in the Middle States; many other examples of Bradford, Franklin, and other printers of the Middle States before 1800; William Penn's Wampum Treaty Belt, Bible, and razor; the original Instructions of Penn regarding Pennsylvania; the News of the Battle of Lexington, passed on to Philadelphia in the manner of the 'Fiery Cross' (Ap. 19-24th, 1775), with attestations of the persons through whose hands it passed; first copy of Poor Richard's Almanack; one of the Stamp Act stamps; German Bible and other works printed by Christopher Saur, including the First Bible printed in America. - On the UPPER FLOOR are the Tower Collection of Colonial Laws down to 1789; portraits of Penn, Washington, Franklin, Robert Morris, Steuben, etc.; relics of Robert Morris; old charter of Philadelphia; and part of Franklin's Printing Press (front room).

At the N.E. corner of Locust St. and 13th St. is the College of Physicians (Pl. F, 6), incorporated in 1780, with a fine medical library, second only to that of the Royal College of Physicians in London. The large hall, in which the Anatomical Museum is displayed, contains a fine chimney-piece.

The Philadelphia Library (Pl. F, 6), also in this neighbourhood, at the corner of Locust St. and Juniper St., was founded by Dr. Franklin and others in 1731 and contains 160,000 vols., a clock said to have belonged to Cromwell, part of Franklin's electrical machine, and other relics.

Walnut St. now crosses Broad St., to the W. of which it consists mainly of private residences. Between 18th and 19th Sts. we pass Rittenhouse Square (Pl. E, 6; p. 212), a fashionable residence-quarter.

On reaching 24th St. we may follow it to the right to the spacious Baltimore and Ohio Railway Station (Pl. E, 6), which lies on the river, at the end of Chestnut St. Following the latter street towards the E., we pass the Second Reformed Episcopal Church, on the right, and the First Unitarian Church and the Swedenborgian Church (cor. 22nd St.) on the left. At 15th St. are the Church of the Epiphany (left), the Colonnade Hotel (p. 210; right), and the Young Men's Christian Association (Pl. F, 6; r.), containing a fine hall.

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