Post Office (Pl. C, D, 7), cor. of Seneca St. and Washington St.

Theatres. Academy of Music (Pl. C, 7), 245 Main St.; Star Theatre (Pl. C, 7), cor. Pearl St. and Mohawk St.; Corinne Lyceum (Pl. C, 7), Washington St., near Broadway; Court St. Theatre (Pl. C, 7); Germania, 331 Elliot St., performances in German.

Buffalo, the third in size of the cities of New York State, with (1899) 255,664 inhab., lies at the E. end of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Buffalo River and head of the Niagara River, 20 M. above the Niagara Falls. It is well built, and many of its wide streets are shaded with trees and smoothly paved with asphalt.

The name of the city is supposed to be derived from the herds of buffalo which frequented the creek here entering the lake. The first dwelling for a white man was erected here in 1791, but it was not till after the construction of the Erie Canal in 1825 that the place increased with any great rapidity. Between 1880 and 1890 it added 100,000 souls to its population. The commerce of Buffalo is very great, as its situation makes it an emporium for much of the traffic with the great North-West. Its lake-harbour is safe and capacious, and it has several miles of waterfront. Lumber, grain, coal (5-6 million tons), and cattle are among the chief articles of trade. The grain elevators have an aggregate capacity of 13-14 million bushels. The industries of Buffalo include brewing, distilling, oil-refining, car-building, and the manufacture of metal goods, soap, and starch. They employ 55,000 hands, while their produce in 1890 was valued at $101,000,000. The population includes a large proportion of Germans and many Poles and Italians.

Lake Erie (485 ft.), the second (counting from the E.) of the chain of Great Lakes between the United States and Canada, is 290 M. long and 65 M. wide. It is by far the shallowest of all, having an average depth of only 84 ft. It communicates with Lake Huron by the Detroit River (see p. 275) and pours its waters into Lake Ontario by the Niagara River (see p. 201). It is the scene of a very busy navigation. The first vessel to navigate the lake was built on the Niagara River by La Salle in 1679, and the first steamboat was launched in 1818.

To reach MAIN ST. (Pl. C-F, 1-8) from the Union Depot (Pl. D, 7), we proceed to the left (W.). Following Main St. to the right (N.), we soon reach the Weed Block, at the corner of Swan St., in which President Cleveland lived when in Buffalo. On the left is *St. Paul's Church (Pl. C, 7), one of the most successful Gothic (E. E.) churches in America. A little back from the church, fronting on Franklin St., is the substantial City Hall, with a tower 200 ft. high (view). To the right, at the corner of Eagle St., is the imposing Iroquois Hotel (p. 192; view from roof). A little farther on the street crosses Lafayette Square (Pl. C, D, 7), with a War Monument. Here, to the right, at the corner of Broadway, stands the handsome "Public Library (Pl. D,7), which contains 65,000 vols. and various collections.

The spacious Reading Room on the ground-floor contains E. A. Poe's watch and a very interesting Collection of autograph MSS. (Howells, G. E. Craddock, etc.). In one case is a Manual of Arithmetic published at Raleigh, N. C., during the Civil War (1863), open at a curious example. On the first floor is the Fine Arts Academy, with a picture-gallery. The Buffalo Historical Society (second floor) has interesting collections of relics. In the basement is the museum of the Society of Natural Sciences. Opposite the Public Library is the Grosvenor Library (40,000 vols.). At the corner of Niagara St. stands the Erie Co. Savings Bank. Main St. then intersects the wide Genesee Street (Pl. C-F, 5-7). To BAEDEKER'S United States.

13

the left, 1/2 M. farther on, at the corners of Edward St., are the large Music Hall and the R. C. *Church of St. Louis (Pl. D, 6).

The finest residence-street in Buffalo is *DELAWARE AVENUE (Pl. C, D, 3-7), which begins at Niagara Square (Pl. C, 7) and runs to the W. of and parallel with Main St. At the corner of Niagara Sq. and Delaware Ave. is the house of President Millard Fillmore (180074), now a boarding-house. Among the other buildings in this street are St. Joseph's College, cor. of Church St.; the Methodist Episcopal Church, cor. of Tupper St.; *Trinity Church, between Tupper and Edward Sts.; and the Synagogue, between Allen and North Sts.

Delaware Ave. leads to (21/2 M.) Forest Lawn Cemetery (see below), but in the meantime we may turn to the left at (11/4 M.) North Street (Pl. C-E, 5), another handsome residence-street, and follow it to (1/2 M.) the Circle (Pl. C, 5), containing the *First Presbyterian Church. Beyond the Circle we follow Porter Avenue, which leads to (1/4 M.) the small Prospect Park (Pl. B, 5; with the Niagara Hotel, p. 192) and (1/4 M.) the *Front (Pl. A, B, 5), a bold bluff on the Niagara River, affording a fine view of Lake Erie, the river, and the Canadian shore (1 M. distant). A little to the N. is Fort Porter, a small military station, now of no great importance. Continuing to follow Niagara Street along the river, we pass the Waterworks (with a 'crib' in the river) and Fort Erie Ferry (Pl. A, 4) and reach (2 M.) the International Bridge (Pl. A, 2), 3/4 M. long, which crosses the river with the aid of Squaw Island and was completed in 1873 at a cost of $1,500,000 (300,000.).

Retracing our steps to FOREST AVenue (Pl. B-D, 2), we follow it towards the E., passing (left) the large grounds and buildings of the State Insane Asylum (Pl. C, 2; open on Mon., Wed., & Frid.). In 112 M. we reach one of the entrances to the *Park (Pl. D, E, 1, 2), which is prettily laid out and contains a boating lake. Adjoining the park on the S. and E. is "Forest Lawn Cemetery (Pl. D, E, 2, 3), with the grave of President Fillmore (see above). Near the S.W. entrance are a statue of the Indian chief Red Jacket and the Nelson Blocher Monument, the latter a piece of crude realism which has strong local admirers. Near the same entrance is a handsome Crematorium (Pl. D, 3).

On the S.E. Forest Lawn Cemetery is bounded by Main St., whence we may return to our hotel by tramway. Or we may follow it out for about 1/2 M. to the HUMBOLDT PARKWAY (Pl. E, F, 2-4). This passes the Driving Park and Fair Grounds (Pl. E, F, 3, 4) and leads to (11/2 M.) the Parade (Pl. F, 5), another portion of the park system, with the Parade House (Restaurant, with concerts, etc.) in the S.E. corner. Thence we may now return to Main St. by Genesee St. (tramway). Those who have time may take a car on Broadway (Pl. D, F, 6, 7) and proceed through a German and Polish district, passing the State Arsenal (Pl. D, 7), to (3 M.) the terminus of the line. A little way farther out, to the left, are the "Wagner Palace

Car Works, in which the wood-carving machines and other processes are interesting (visitors generally admitted on application).

Farther on in the same direction, beyond a labyrinth of railwaytracks, are a series of gigantic Coal Elevators, 1 M. long and 200 ft. high. Among other buildings may be mentioned the Post Office (Pl. C, 7), cor. of Seneca and Washington Sts.; the Board of Trade (Pl. C, 7; view from roof), cor. of Seneca and Pearl Sts.; St. Joseph's Cathedral (R. C.; Pl. C, 7), Franklin St.; Canisius College (Pl. D, 6), Washington St., and several other R. C. institutions; and the Erie County Almshouse, N. Main St.

EXCURSION STEAMERS run from the foot of Main St. to Fort Erie (Canada) and other points of interest on the lake. Excursions may be also made to Chautauqua (p. 278), Lakewood (p. 278), etc.; but the favourite is, of course, that to Niagara Falls (p. 199), which may be made by railroad (see below) or steamer (return-fare 50 c.). Buffalo is an important railway-centre, lines radiating hence in all directions (see RR. 34, 46 etc.).

The N. Y. C. line from Buffalo to Niagara Falls descends along the right bank of the Niagara River. 444 M. Black Rock; 451 M. Tonawanda; 462 M. Niagara Falls, see p. 199.

Beyond the Falls station the line goes on to (2 M.) Suspension_Bridge and (7 M.) Lewiston (p. 206), where it connects with the steamer to Toronto.

b. Viâ West Shore Railway.

452 M. RAILWAY to (428 M.) Buffalo in 11/2-16 hrs. ($8); to (452 M.) Suspension Bridge in 121/2-17 hrs. ($8). The through-cars do not run through Albany, but holders of unlimited tickets may go viâ Albany, on notice to the conductor. From Schenectady onwards this line follows almost the same route as the N. Y. C. R. R., having been constructed as a rival line and afterwards bought up by the N. Y. C. R. R. Co.

From New York to (128 M.) Coeyman's Junction, see R. 21 c. The Buffalo line here diverges to the left from that to Albany (R. 54). 142 M. Voorheesville, junction of a line to Cobleskill, etc. (R. 23); 1521/2 M. South Schenectady (see p. 186); 1591/1⁄2 M. Rotterdam, junction of the Fitchburg R. R. (see p. 135). Our line follows the S. bank of the Mohawk, parallel with the N. Y. C. R. R. on the N. bank. From (190 M.) Canajoharie coaches run to (8 M.) Sharon Springs (p. 158). 209 M. Little Falls (p. 187). From (2161/2 M.) Mohawk coaches run to (10 M.) Richfield Springs (p. 188). — 232 M. Utica, see p. 187. At (259 M.) Oneida Castle we intersect the N. Y., Ont., & W. R. R. (from New York to Oswego, 326 M.). 278 M. Syracuse, see p. 189. 324 M. Lyons. Beyond (349 M.) Fairport the trains vià (359 M.) Rochester (see p. 191) di verge to the right, while others keep on vià (362 M.) Genesee Junction. 428 M. Buffalo, see p. 192.

From Buffalo to (452 M.) Suspension Bridge, Niagara, see above.

c. Via Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Railway. 409 M. RAILWAY to Buffalo in 111/2-121/2 hrs. (fare $8; sleeper $2; parlor-car $1.50). The trains start from Hoboken (ferries from Barclay St. and Christopher St.; comp. p. 6).

Hoboken, see p. 51. The train threads the Bergen Tunnel (8 M.) 11 M. Passaic, a town of 13,028 inhab., at the head of navigation on. the Passaic River. 15 M. Paterson (Franklin Ho., $2), an industrial city with 78,347 inhab. and large silk and cotton mills. The Passaic Falls here are 50 ft. high. 34 M. Denville (520 ft.).

Another route of the same railway to this point leads viâ (8 M.) Newark (p. 208); 12 M. Orange, a pretty little suburban city of 18,844 inhab.; and (20 M.) Summit (380 ft.). 37 M. Denville, see above.

From (48 M.) Hopatcong coaches run to (4 M.) Lake Hopatcong (725 ft.), 81/2 M. long and 31/2 M. wide, with several summer-hotels.

51 M. Stanhope (870 ft.) is the station (stage) for (2/2 M.) the pretty little Budd's Lake. From (57 M.) Hackettstown (570 ft.) stages run to Schooley's Mountain (1200 ft.), another summer-resort (Dorincourt Ho., Heath Ho., $21/2-3). - 66 M. Washington (500 ft.) is the junction of a line to (14 M.) Easton (p. 227) and Philadelphia. Farther on our line penetrates the Manunka Chunk Mt. by the Voss Gap Tunnel, 330 yds. long. 77 M. Manunka Chunk, the junction of the Belvidere Division of the Penna. R. R. (for Philadelphia, etc.).

88 M. Delaware Water Gap (320 ft.; *Kittatinny House, * Water Gap Ho., $3-4; Glenwood, $2-3), a group of hotels and cottages, at the Water Gap, or gorge, where the Delaware forces its way through the Kittatinny or Blue Mts., the Minsi rising to the W. (in Pennsylvania) and Tammany (comp. p. 32) to the E. (in New Jersey). The gorge is about 2 M. long, with rocky sides 1500 ft. high, and is so narrow as barely to leave room for the railway and the river. 'Whether this immense chasm has been caused by one mighty eruption, or by a gradual yielding of stratum after stratum, by the immense pressure of the waters of a lake thousands of acres in area.. is of course a subject of mere conjecture. The evidences of the action of water and rocks hundreds of feet above the present level of the river-bed, and the masses of drift forming isolated hills and alluvial banks, indicate lake-like repose in the country now drained by the tributaries of the stream above the great gate in the mountain barrier' (L. W. Brodhead's 'Delaware Water Gap'). The Indian name of Minisink ('the water is gone'), applied to the country above the Gap, points to the traditional existence of this lake. Several other gaps in the Blue Mts. are of similar late formation (comp. pp. 227, 229). The Gap should be seen from the river, the road, Table Rock, and Lovers' Leap.

WALKS (Comp. Map supplied at the hotels). To Eureka Falls, the Moss Grotto, and Rebecca's Bath, by the carriage-road through the Gap to (2/3 M.) the first creek. Hunters' Spring, 1/3 M. farther up the Eureka Glen, is also reached by a white-marked path diverging to the right from the Mt. Minsi path (see below). The Silvan Way, beginning at the small lake near the Water Gap House and indicated by white marks, leads viâ Cooper's Cliff and Table Rock (500 ft. above the river), to (1/2 M.) Caldeno Falls, the Moss Cataract, and Diana's Bath. By turning to the left 200 yds. farther on we can descend to the (1/4 M.) Ledge Path (red marks) and follow it to the left, past the Lovers' Retreat, back to (1/2 M.) the hotel. To ascend Mt. Minsi (1500 ft.; 1/2-2 hrs.) we follow the Ledge Path (see above; red marks), passing the Lovers' Retreat and Winona Cliff, and making a slight digression (path with yellow marks) to *Prospect Point (1 M. from hotel; 700 ft. above the river; view). The top, 2 M. farther on, commands an extensive View. The summit is also known as the Sappers' View, from the Honourable Corps of Sappers and Miners, an association of New Yorkers and Philadelphians, which had about 100 officers of various grades to