one of Col. Thayer. To the N.E., in an angle of Fort Clinton, is a monument to Kosciuszko. Just below the crest of the hill, to the N. of the library, is a monument to Dade's Command (p. 364).

The so-called 'Flirtation Walk', on the river-side, leads to Kosciuszko's Garden, a spot frequented by that heroic Pole. The Officers' Quarters are on the N. side of the Parade Ground; and the Soldiers' Barracks are on a lower level, below and to the W. of the West Point Hotel.

The views from different parts of the Post are beautiful, but the visitor with a little time to spare should ascend to Old Fort Putnam (596 ft.). We follow the road ascending the hill behind the new Gymnasium and at (3 min.) the cross-roads take the third road to the left (second to the right), which brings us in 10-15 min. to the ruins of the Old Fort. Here we can walk round the ramparts, obtaining a magnificent *View in all directions: up and down the Hudson, nearly the whole of the Highlands, Newburg, the buildings of the Post (at our feet), the red-domed observatory on a lower hill to the S., Cranston's Hotel (p. 152), etc. - A fine road (*Views) leads from West Point to (7 M.) Cornwall (see below) over the slopes of Crow Nest (p. 148) and Storm King (p. 148), and the energetic visitor may easily ascend one or both of these mountains (*Views).

Leaving West Point the train tunnels under the Parade Ground and skirts the bases of Crow Nest (p. 148) and Storm King (p. 148), commanding fine views of the mountains on the other side of the Hudson. 52 M. Cornwall (Union, $2), a popular summer-resort, with Idlewild, for 15 years the home of N. P. Willis (1807-67).

57 M. Newburg (U. S. Hotel, $21/2-3; Merchants', $2), a city and coaling port of (1890) 23,087 inhab., finely situated on the W. bank of the Hudson, 130-300 ft. above the water. The chief point of interest here is the old Hasbrouck Mansion, to the S. of the city,. which was Washington's headquarters in 1782-83 and dates. in part from 1750 (interesting relics; adm. free). It was here that Washington was offered the title of king by the officers of the army.

Newburg is the junction of a branch of the Erie Railway (running into Pennsylvania) and connects across the Hudson with the N. Y. & N. E. R. R. (comp. p. 151).

The line continues to follow the Hudson closely. -- 72 M. Highland is the station for the steam-ferry to Poughkeepsie (p. 151).

88 M. Kingston (Eagle, Mansion Ho., $2-21/2) and Rondout, the one on the heights a little back from the river and the other at the mouth of the Rondout Creek, have been united in one city with (1890) 21,381 inhab., manufactures of cement, and a trade in coal.

Kingston is the junction for the Ulster & Delaware R. R., one of the approaches to the Catskill Mts. (see R. 24c), and connects by steam-ferry with Rhinecliff (p. 151). Rondout is the termination of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, which was constructed in 1825-28 to tap the Pennsylvania coal- fields and runs to (108 M.) Honesdale. About 21/2 million tons of coal are annually brought over it.

The train now runs at some little distance from the river. 99 M. Saugerties, at the mouth of the Esopus Creek (rail. stat., 1 M. from the river), near the Plattekill Clove (p. 164).

110 M. Catskill, the junction of the Catskill Mt. Railway and another portal to the Catskill Mts., see p. 160. 115 M. West Athens; 120 M. Coxsackie. At (128 M.) Coeyman's Junction the line for Buffalo and the West diverges to the left.

142 M. Albany, see R. 22.

22. Albany.

Hotels. KENMORE (Pl. a; D, 4), N. Pearl St., $4; DELAVAN (Pl. b; D, 4), STANWIX HALL (Pl. c; D, 5), Broadway, near railway-station, $21231/2; AMERICAN, GLOBE, State St., $2.

Tramways (chiefly electric; fare 5 c.) run through the main streets and to Troy (p. 145), West Albany, and Greenbush.

Steamers ply to New York (see R. 21a), Newburg (p. 148), New Baltimore, Troy (p. 145), Greenbush (p. 151), Bath, etc.

Cabs. For each pers., 1 M. 50 c., 2 M. 75 c., 3 M. $1.

Theatres. Leland Opera House, Music Hall, S. Pearl St. (Pl. C, 5). Post Office (Pl. D, 5), Broadway, corner of State St.

Albany, the capital of the State of New York, is a thriving commercial city with (1890) 94,923 inhab., finely situated on terraced hills rising from the W. bank of the Hudson, at its confluence with the Erie and Champlain Canals. It is well built on the whole, with many really handsome buildings, and retains much of the clean, comfortable, and easy-going character of its original Dutch foundation. Brewing and stove-making are its chief industries, and it has a large timber market. Albany is united with the E. bank of the Hudson by a road-bridge and two railway bridges (comp. p. 150).

Albany was founded by the Dutch in 1614, and was thus, next to Jamestown in Virginia (p. 331), the oldest European settlement in the Thirteen Original States. A stockade was erected here in 1624 and named Fort Orange, but in 1664, when the place passed into the hands of the British, it was re-christened Albany in honour of the future James II. The small town long carried on a lucrative fur-trade with the Indians, but did not contain more than 5000 inhab. at the beginning of the present century. It received a city charter in 1686 and became the State capital in 1798.

In 1629 the 'Patroon' system of Holland was established on the Hudson. The first Patroon was Killian van Rensselaer, of Amsterdam, a director of the Dutch West India Co., who, along with others, received from the States General a grant of land extending along the Hudson for 24 M. from the Mohawk River to Beeren Island, below Albany, and running inland for 24 M. from each bank. The Patroon was practically a feudal lord, with the absolute title to the soil, and his tenants were little more than serfs. The property was created a manor in 1685, and soon after the Van Rensselaer heir bought out the other co-proprietors. The manor was not entailed, but its descent was regulated by the law of primogeni ture. The patroonship was inherited through five generations but became obsolete after the Declaration of Independence. The last patroon, Gen. Stephen van Rensselaer, died in 1839. After the Revolution the obligation of paying rent to the Patroon produced the so-called 'Anti-Rent War', which convulsed the State of New York and caused the troops to be called out several times. The rights of the Van Rensselaers were sustained by all the State Courts. Col. Church purchased the rights of the Van Rensselaers in 1853, and most of the tenants have acquired the fee-simple of their lands.

The Erie Canal, which connects Lake Erie at Buffalo with the Hudson at Albany, was constructed in 1817-25 at an original cost of $7,500,000 (1,500,0007.), since increased to $45,000,000 (9,000,0007.), including enlargement, feeders, and connections (Champlain Canal, etc.). It is a monument of the foresight of Gov. De Witt Clinton (p. 55), who pushed on the work in spite of all opposition, and gave New York its start as the commercial metropolis of America. The canal is 360 M. long, 7 ft. deep, 56 ft. wide at the bottom, and 70 ft. wide at the surface. It descends 570 ft. by means of 72 locks. It is chiefly used for the conveyance of grain, salt, and timber; and the annual amount of goods carried over it is 6,000 000 tons, valued at $300,000,000 (60,000.0007.).

Albany has long been an important political centre. In 1754 a provincial