(1 M.). These lie in the White Cross Ravine, below Mt. Lincoln (5098 ft.), to the S. of Mt. Lafayette. To the right, 1 M. farther on, is the Basin, a small pool by the roadside, where the imaginative see the form of a human foot and leg in the rocks. A small brook coming in here may be ascended to (3/4 M.) the Tunnel Falls.

5 M. The *Flume House (1430 ft.; $31/2), at the S. end of the Franconia Notch, is smaller, quieter, and cheaper than the Profile House, and well situated for excursions. It lies at the base of Mt. Pemigewasset, opposite Mt. Liberty and Mt. Flume.

A sign-post in front of the hotel indicates the route to (3/4 M.) the *Flume, a fine rocky gorge, 700 ft. long, 60-70 ft. high, and 10-20 ft. wide. It is traversed by a foaming stream, up which the path is carried by wooden galleries and bridges (waterproofs useful on account of the spray). Extensive traces are still discernible of the landslip of 1883, which carried away the boulder formerly suspended in the narrowest part of the ravine. Another sign-post in front of the hotel points to (1/2 M.) the Pool, a basin in the solid rock, 150 ft. wide and 40 ft. deep, overshadowed by cliffs 150 ft. high. The fine (3 M.) *Georgianna or Harvard Falls (two leaps of 80 ft.) are reached by a path leaving the highroad to the right at a farm-house (guide), 1 M. to the S. of the Flume House. Mt. Liberty (4472 ft.; view) may be ascended in 3-4 hrs. (descent 2-3 hrs.) by an Appalachian Mt. Club path viâ the Pool and Langton's Falls. This path is continued to the (2 M.) top of Mt. Haystack. A comparatively easy walk leads along the ridge from Mt. Liberty to Mt. Lafayette.The ascent of Mt. Flume (4340 ft. ; *View) is somewhat arduous. Mt. Pemigewasset (2560 ft.), ascended by a steep bridle-path in 1/2-1 hr., is a good and easily reached view-point.

Franconia (920 ft.; Forest Hills, $312; Elmwood, $2, etc.), situated on the Gale River, 6 M. to the S. of Littleton (p. 119; daily coaches), 4 M. to the S.W. of Bethlehem, and 4 M. to the N.E. of the Profile Ho., is frequented by many summer-visitors. It affords good views of the Franconia Mts. and is a fair centre for excursions.

Sugar Hill (1350 ft.; Sunset Hill Ho., $3; Goodnow, $21/2; Hotel Look Off, etc.), 21/2 M. to the S.W. of Franconia, is reached by daily coach from (7 M.) Lisbon (p. 119). The View from the summit of the ridge (1780 ft.) from which the village takes its name is superb.

h. Jefferson Hill.

Jefferson Hill (1440 ft.; Waumbek, $21/2-4; Plaisted Ho., Starr King Mt. Ho., Jefferson Hill Ho., $21/2-3; Stalbird Ho., Grand View Ho., $2), situated on a spur of Mt. Starr King, above the Israel River, is a station on the Concord and Montreal R. R. and lies about 2 M. from Jefferson station on the Maine Central line (p. 111; hotel- omnibuses to meet the trains), 12 M. to the N. of Fabyan's, and 17 M. to the W. of Gorham (comp. p. 126). It commands what many consider the finest general View of the White Mts.

Mt. Starr King (4030 ft.), the southernmost summit of the Pilot Range, is ascended by a well-marked path from the Waumbek Ho. in 11/2-21/4 hrs. The View embraces the White Mts., the Franconia Mts., the Green Mts., the valley of the Connecticut, and the Pilot Mts. (to the N.). Owl's Head (3270 ft.; view) is generally ascended from its W. side by a path (11/2 hr.; fee) beginning at King's Farm, 6 M. from Jefferson Hill. About 5 M. to the S.E. of Jefferson Hill, on the road to Gorham, is the Mt. Adams House ($2), 312 M. beyond which begins' Lowe's Path' up *Mt. Adams (5820 ft.; "View; 21/2-31/2 hrs.). [A path diverging

to the left from Lowe's ascends through King's Ravine.] Bray Hill, a low eminence 6 M. to the S.W. of Jefferson Hill, affords a good view. The DRIVE from Jefferson Hill to (17 M.) Gorham (comp. p. 126) or (19 M.) the Glen House affords a splendid, unimpeded View of the N. side of the Presidential Range; and that to (16 M.) the Crawford House (p. 126) is also fine. Other favourite drives are the rounds viâ Stag Hollow and the Valley Road (9 M.), and viâ Blair's Mills, the Valley Road, and Cherry Mt. Road (18 M.). Lancaster (p. 111) is 7 M. to the W.N.W.

i. Mount Washington.

Mt. Washington (6293 ft.), the highest mountain in the United States to the E. of the Rockies and N. of N. Carolina, deserves its rank as monarch of the White Mts. as much for the grandeur of its form as for its height. On the N. and E. it is furrowed by several huge ravines, of which Tuckerman's (see p. 132) is the best-known. See W. H. Pickering's 'Walking Guide to the Mt. Washington Range'.

The group of buildings at the top includes the Summit House, a comfortable inn in which the night may be spent ($5 a day, meal or bed $112); a U. S. Signal Service Station; a view-tower (small fee); the office of 'Among the Clouds', a daily paper published here in summer; the old Tip-Top House (disused); stables; an engine-house, etc. The summit is now annually visited by about 10,000 people. Warm clothing should be brought, as even at midsummer the temperature is very low (30-50°). A temperature of 60° below zero has been observed in winter. A powerful electric light, placed on Mt. Washington in 1892, is visible for 100 M. round.

Botanists will find much to interest them in the flora of Mt. Washington, the plants on and near the summit being identical with those of the Arctic Circle. The happiest hunting-ground is the so-called 'Alpine Garden', a terrace to the E. of and below the cone. See the Geology of New Hampshire.

The ordinary starting-points for the ascent of Mt. Washington are the Fabyan House, the Crawford Ho., and the Glen Ho., while the route over the Northern Peaks (p. 133) is a favourite one with tried pedestrians. Travellers should ascend one way and descend another. The routes from the Glen Ho. (p. 132) are, perhaps, the finest. A good walker can ascend from the Crawford Ho. and descend to the Glen Ho. in one day.

The **VIEW from Mt. Washington is one of the finest and most extensive in the Eastern States, reaching into Canada on the N. It is particularly grand at sunrise or sunset, but the summit is sometimes swathed in mist or clouds for days at a time. The atmospheric phenomenare often very interesting.

VIEW. To the N., across the 'Great Gulf, rise Mts. Clay, Jefferson, Adams, and Madison; a little farther to the right are Mt. Hayes, the Androscoggin Valley, and Mt. Moriah. Gorham is hidden by Pine Mt. To the N.E. we look over the deep valley in which the Glen House lies to Mt. Carter, to the right of which follow the Carter Dome, Carter Notch, and Mt. Wild-Cat. In the distance, towards the N.E., are the Rangeley Lakes and mountains on the Canadian border. To the E. we see Baldface, Mt. Pleasant (with its hotel), and other lower mountains, in the State of Maine. To the S.E. are the pyramidal Mt. Kearsarge and other hills round North Conway, with the Ellis River flowing down to join the Saco. Directly below us is Tuckerman's Ravine. Lake Sebago is also seen, while Portland and the ocean are visible on a clear morning. To the S. are Ossipee Lake and Lake Winnepesaukee, with Mt. Chocorua between them, while more in the foreground are the Giant's Stairs, and Mt. Webster, rising over the White Mt. Notch. The stream seen here is the Mt. Washington River. On the other side of the Notch (S.W.) rise Mts. Nancy, Carrigain, Willey, and Field, while Mt. Moosilauke appears on the horizon a little more to the right. The Lakes of the Clouds lie below Mt. Monroe, in

the S.W. foreground. To the S. of W. the finely-shaped Mt. Lafayette is seen among the other Franconia Mts.; while almost due W. opens the valley of the Ammonoosuc (with the Fabyan Ho.), with the Green Mts. and even the Adirondacks visible in the distance. To the N.W. are Cherry Pond, Jefferson Hill, and the Israel River, with Mt. Starr King and the Percy Peaks in the distance. The most distant points said to be visible in exceptionally favourable weather are Mt. Beloeil (p. 110), 135 M. to the N.E.; Mt. Wachusett (p. 113), 126 M., and Mt. Monadnock (p. 114), 104 M. to the W. of S.; and Mt. Whiteface (p. 172), 130 M. to the N.W.

ASCENT OF MT. WASHINGTON BY RAILWAY. A branch-line runs from the Fabyan House (p. 127) to (6 M.) Marshfield or Ammonoosuc Station (2670 ft.; Marshfield Ho.), the starting-point of the Mt. Washington Railway, which was constructed on the cog-wheel principle in 1866-69 and ascends on the W. side of the mountain. The distance to the summit (31/10 M.) is accomplished in 11/2 hr. (fare $3; return-fare $4); the average gradient is 1:4, the maximum gradient is 1:22/3. The season begins in July, and two or more trains run daily. This is by far the most frequented ascent.

The train ascends steeply through wood. 3/4 M. Cold Spring. Beyond (1 M.) Waumbek Junction (3910 ft.; water-station) the trees become thinner. At Jacob's Ladder (5470 ft.; water-tank), a long trestle-work, 30 ft. high in the middle, the gradient is at its steepest. We now pass the forest line and enjoy fine views. To the left are the 'humps' of Mt. Clay, with the 'Great Gulf' yawning below them and the peaks of Mts. Jefferson and Adams above. From the (21/4 M.) Gulf Tank (5800 ft.) to the summit the ascent is easier. We see the carriage-road to the left, and pass the monument (right) erected on the spot where Miss Bourne died of exhaustion in 1855. 3 M. The Summit House (see above). It is possible, but rough and fatiguing, to ascend on foot from Marshfield to the top along the railway (3-4 hrs.).

ASCENT FROM THE GLEN HOUSE (p. 125). An excellent carriageroad (average gradient 1:8) was constructed from the Glen House to (81/2 M.) the Summit House in 1854, and mountain-carriages ascend twice daily in 3 hrs. (return-fare $5 each, incl. toll; descent $3). Toll for foot-passengers 17c. Pedestrians may also ascend from the Glen Ho. through Tuckerman's Ravine in 4-6 hrs.

a. BY ROAD. The road at first ascends rapidly through wood, and 2 M. up is joined by the new road mentioned at p. 125. 312 M. Halfway House (3840 ft.). At (4 M.) the Ledge we emerge from the trees and obtain a fine View of the 'Great Gulf, with the other peaks of the Presidential Range beyond it. The road now ascends, less steeply, along the edge of the Great Gulf. It then turns sharply to the left (S.S.E.) and ascends along a shoulder, making another loop to the right ('Cape Horn') farther up (*Views). The final ascent of the cone is steep.

b. ON FOOT THROUGH TUCKERMAN'S RAVINE (41/2-6 hrs.; a fatiguing route, but guide not necessary for mountaineers). We reach the ravine either by a footpath made by the Appalachian Club from the Crystal Cascade (334 M. from the Glen Ho.; see p. 125), or by a path, diverging to the left from the Mt. Washington road, 2 M. from the Glen House (sign-post), and joining (2 M.) the Crystal Cascade path.

*Tuckerman's Ravine is a huge gorge on the S.E. side of Mt. Washington, enclosed by towering rocky walls 1000 ft. high. Following the Appalachian path from the Crystal Cascade, through wood, we reach the (1/2 M.) Hermit Lake, a small tarn, commanding magnificent views. A rough walk of 3/4 M. (1/2-3/4 hr.) brings us hence to the Snow Arch, in the ravine proper, formed by the stream flowing under the huge masses of snow piled up here in winter. The arch is generally to be seen till August. From the Snow Arch we may reach the summit by a hard climb of 1-1/2 hr.;

the route is marked by white paint on the rocks. Tuckerman's Ravine is often visited as an excursion from the Summit Ho. (there and back 3 hrs.); the descent to the Glen Ho. takes 3-3/2 hrs. (view best in descending).

Ascent from the Crawford House (4-6 hrs. ; guide unnecessary in clear weather). The path is well marked and commands very extensive views.

The path begins to the E. of the Crawford House and ascends through wood on the W. side of Mt. Clinton (to the left the path to Gibbs's Falls, p. 127). In 11/2-2 hrs. we reach the summit of Mt. Clinton (4330 ft.; view) and have behind us the worst part of the route. The path now leads along a ridge to the N.E., descends about 270 ft., and then re-ascends. The regular path leads to the right over the S.E. shoulder of Mt. Pleasant (4780 ft.), but a less distinct trail to the left leads to the (3/4-1 hr.) top (View), where the footpath from the Fabyan Ho. comes in (see below). We now descend in the same general direction to the Red Pond, on the plateau (4400 ft.) between Mt. Pleasant and Mt. Franklin. To the right, beyond the pond, is Oakes Gulf (3000 ft.; care necessary here in foggy weather). Mt. Franklin (5013 ft.), reached in 1/2 hr. from Mt. Pleasant, is another good point of view. Between Mt. Franklin and Mt. Monroe the path runs along a ridge, without much change of level. It leads round the S. peak of Mt. Monroe and bends to the N. To the E. is Boott's Spur, to the left the small Lakes of the Clouds (5050 ft.). 3/4-1 hr. Mt. Monroe (5379 ft.), reached by a detour of 1/2 hr. from the main path, commands one of the best near views of Mt. Washington. The path next passes the gap (5100 ft.) between Mt. Monroe and Mt. Washington, and ascends over the rocky ledges on the S. side of the latter (the last part, up the cone, steep) to (1-1/2 hr.) the top of Mt. Washington (see p. 131).

The Davis Path (6-8 hrs.) from the Crawford Ho., ascending between Mts. Crawford and Resolution and over the Giant's Stairs, is now seldom used and is not easily found without a guide.

ASCENT FROM THE FABYAN HOUSE (43/4-5/2 hrs.).

This path diverges to the right from the railway, halfway between the Fabyan House and the Base Station, follows an old 'logging road' for some distance, and ascends the W. side of Mt. Pleasant, at the (11/2-2 hrs.) top of which it joins the Crawford Path (see above).

ROUTE OVER THE NORTHERN PEAKS (1-111⁄2 day, with guide).

The Walk over Mts. Madison, Adams, Jefferson, and Clay to the summit of Mt. Washington forms a fine but trying excursion for good mountaineers with trustworthy guides. It is possible to do it in one long day, but it is preferable to take two days and pass the night in the Madison Spring Hut of the Appalachian Mt. Club (4900 ft.; open to all).

The Views are very grand. Mt. Madison (5380 ft.) may be ascended from the Glen House by a somewhat overgrown path in 3-4 hrs.; it may also be ascended on the N. side by a path beginning at the Ravine House, 61/2 M. to the W. of Gorham (comp. p. 125). In passing from Mt. Madison to Mt. Adams, we dip about 450 ft., and the Madison Spring Hut is in this depression, near Star Lake. Mt. Adams (5820 ft.) may also be ascended by the path (Lowe's Path') mentioned at p. 130. Storm Lake (4940 ft.) lies in the hollow between Mt. Adams and Mt. Jefferson (5736 ft.; *View of Mt. Washington). Between Mt. Jefferson and Mt. Clay (5554 ft.) we descend 735 ft., and between Mt. Clay and Mt. Washington (p. 131) 940 ft.

17. From Boston to Albany.

a. By Boston & Albany Railroad.

202 M. RAILWAY in 53/4-71/2 hrs. (fare $41/2). To (38 M.) Saratoga in 14 hr. more (see p. 180). Through-trains run by this route to Pittsburg, Chicago, Cincinnati, etc.

From Boston (p. 72) to (99 M.) Springfield, see R. 4a.

The

line to New York (see p. 6) diverges here to the left (S.), while our line crosses the Connecticut and runs nearly due W. through the valley of the Agawam. 108 M. Westfield, with manufactures of whips and cigars. The train now begins to ascend along the Westfield River and the hills grow higher. Beyond (126 M.) Chester the line climbs rapidly through a rocky and wooded valley, contracting at places to a wild ravine. Deep rock-cuttings. Numerous small lakes. Near (135 M.) Becket (Claflin Ho.) we reach the flat top of the Housac Range (ca. 1400 ft.), and farther on we begin to descend again into the Berkshire Valley. For a description of the Berkshire Hills, see R. 19. The descent to (146 M.) Dalton (Irving Ho.) is rapid and the scenery picturesque. 151 M. Pittsfield, junction of the Housatonic R. R., see p. 136.

FROM PITTSFIELD TO NORTH ADAMS, 20 M., railway in 3/4 hr. 9 M. Cheshire; 14 M. Adams, the nearest station to Greylock (p. 141; ascent arduous from this side). 20 M. North Adams, see p. 141.

To the N. (right), at some distance, rises the double-peaked Greylock (p. 141). The train now crosses the Housatonic, turns to the left (S.), passes (155 M.) West Pittsfield (with a settlement of Shakers), and at (162 M.) State Line enters the State of New York. We leave the Berkshire Valley by crossing the Taghkanic or Taconic Range (ca. 2000 ft.) and then traverse an undulating wooded district. 185 M. Niverville, with a fine park, much resorted to from Albany. Beyond (200 M.) Greenbush we cross the Hudson by a fine bridge (view). 202 M. Albany, see R. 22.

b. Viâ the Hoosac Tunnel.

197 M. FITCHBURG RAILROAD to (191 M.) Troy in 6-8 hrs.; NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD thence to (6 M.) Albany in 1/4 hr. (fares as above). Saratoga (p. 180) is reached by this line, via Johnsonville, in 6 hrs. Throughtrains run to the Western cities. The line skirts the N. margin of the Berkshire Hills (R. 19; views to the left).

We

From Boston to (60 M.) South Ashburnham, see p. 113. Beyond (97 M.) Miller's Falls we see Mt. Toby (1275 ft.) to the left. then cross the Deerfield and the Connecticut and reach (105 M.) Greenfield (Mansion Ho., $3; American Ho., $2), a favourite summer-resort and the junction of the Conn. River R. R.. Excursions may be made hence to (3 M.) Deerfield (p. 142), Turner's Falls (411⁄2 M.), the Coleraine, Leyden, and Shelburne Gorges, etc.

The train now follows the pretty valley of the Deerfield, with Arthur's Seat to the right, and beyond the "Deerfield Gorge reaches (119 M.) Shelburne Falls (Hotel), where the river descends 150 ft. in two or three distinct falls. To the N. (right) of (128 M.) Charlemont rises Pocomtuck Mt. (1890 ft.). The stream is crossed repeatedly, and the scenery becomes wilder. A little farther on we penetrate the Hoosac Mt. (2270 ft.) by the (135 M.) *Hoosac Tunnel (765 ft.), which is 434 M. long (transit of 9 min.; Mt. Cenis Tunnel 71/2 M.) and was constructed in 1855-74 at a cost of $ 16,000,000 (3,200,0007.).