Superior (p. 296; whalebacks); Bath (p. 99; sailing vessels). - VIII. PAPer. IX. OIL. Cleveland XIII. (p. 267); Bayonne (N. J.); Memphis (p. 320; cotton seed oil); New Orleans (p. 366; cotton seed oil). X. TOBACCO. St. Louis (p. 311); Richmond (p. 325); Durham (p. 335); Jersey City (p. 51). XI. FIRE-ARMS. Springfield (p. 60); Hartford (p. 59). XII. BOOTS and Shoes. Lynn (p. 90). PIANOS. New York (Steinway); Boston (p. 72; Chickering). - XIV. WATCHES. Waltham (p. 112); Waterbury (p. 62). XV. ELECTRIC WORKS. Lynn (p. 90; Thompson-Houston) and Newark (p. 208; Edison). XVI. MARBLE QUARRIES of Vermont (Rutland; p. 114) and Tennessee (Knoxville; p. 341). XVII. Bibliography. The following is a very small selection of the most recent, interesting, and easily accessible books on some of the main topics on which visitors to the United States should be informed. A few of the best records of the impressions of English travellers are included. Numerous other works of local interest are referred to throughout the text of the Handbook. The asterisks indicate publications of special interest and importance. **The American Commonwealth, by James Bryce (new ed., 1893; the best and most comprehensive account of the political and social institutions of the United States). *De la Démocratie aux États-Unis, by A. C. H. de Tocqueville (1835; trans. by Henry Reeve, with notes by Francis Bowen, 1882). The Federalist, a series of essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (1787-8; ed. by H. C. Lodge, 1888). *Constitutional and Political History of the United States, by Prof. H. von Holst (trans. by J. J. Lalor; 1876-85). History of American Politics, by Alex. Johnson (1882). * American Political Ideas, and Civil Government in the United States, two lucid little books by John Fiske (1885 and 1890). *Our Government, by Macy (1887). See also the *John Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ed. by Prof. Herbert B. Adams. Histories of the United States, by George Bancroft, J. B. McMaster, Justin Winsor, R. Hildreth, B. J. Lossing, Henry Adams (1891), J. C. Ridpath (a good popular manual), T. W. Higginson (for children), and J. A. Doyle (best general short history). The American Colonies previous to the Declaration of Independence, and The English in America by J. A. Doyle (1869 and 1882-7). - A Short History of the War of Secession, by Rossiter Johnson (1888). History of the Civil War in America, by the Comte de Paris (1875-88). History of American Industries, by B. J. Lossing (1879). *The United States, by Prof. J. D. Whitney, is a mine of information on the physical geography and material resources of the country (1889). Comp. Elisée Reclus Nouvelle Géographie Universelle (vol. xvi, 1892). A Visit to the States, by Joel Cook (letters reprinted from the "Times', recommended for reading on the voyage across the Atlantic; 1887-8; two series, 1s. each). *Some Impressions of the United States, by E. A. Freeman (1883). Discourses on America, by Matthew Arnold (1885). American Notes, by Charles Dickens (1842). White and Black in America, by Sir George Campbell (1889). -Three Visits to America, by Emily Faithful (1884). To-day in America, by Joseph Hatton (1881). Through the Light Continent, by William Saunders (1879). - Jonathan and his Continent, and A Frenchman in America, by Max O'Rell (1889 and 1891). Our Kin across the Sea, by J. C. Firth (1888). Maps. The leading General Maps of the United States are those of the General Land Office and the U. S. Geological Survey (Washington). The former also publishes a series of maps (10-18 M. per inch) of those states in which public lands have existed (i.e. all except those on the Atlantic seaboard). The only official Detailed Maps of any part of the United g* States are those of the Geological Survey, published on three scales (1:62,500 or about 1 M. per inch; 1: 125,000 or 2 M. per inch; and 1: 250,000 or 4 M. per inch). About 600,000 sq. M. have been surveyed, in various parts of the country. These maps can be obtained only on application to the Director of the Geol. Survey. The U. S. Coast Survey is producing charts of the coast, which may be obtained at Washington or from the agencies of the Survey in the large maritime cities. Charts of the Great Lakes, published by the U. S. Corps of Engineers, may be purchased from the Chief of Engineers (Washington). The maps of the Wheeler and Hayden Surveys, covering extensive regions in the West (4 M. per inch), can now be obtained only of second-hand booksellers. Maps of the whole or parts of their states have been published by the Geological Surveys of New Jersey, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Wisconsin, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Minnesota, California, etc. 1. From Europe to New York. An overwhelming proportion of European visitors to the United States land at New York, and the following brief notes on the chief oceanic routes to that port may prove serviceable. Lines also run from European ports to Boston (see p. 73), Philadelphia (p. 210), Baltimore (p.244), etc. For general hints as to the voyage, see p.xxx. a. From Liverpool to New York. This is the route followed by the White Star, Cunard, National, Guion, and Allan (monthly) steamship companies. The fastest steamers take about 612 days from port to port (comp. p. 3), the slowest 8-9 days. The distance varies from 3000 to 3100 nautical miles (ca. 3600-3750 Engl. M.) according to the course followed. New York time is about 5 hrs. behind that of Liverpool. Liverpool, see Baedeker's Handbook to Great Britain. Passengers usually reach the Atlantic steamers by tenders starting from the N. end of the Landing Stage. As we pass down the wide estuary of the Mersey we see the crowded docks of Liverpool to the right, while to the left lies New Brighton, with its pier, fort, and lighthouse. The mouth of the river is marked by a lightship, which we reach in about 2 hrs. after starting. Farther on, in clear weather, we see the Welsh coast to the left (S.), where the Little and Great Orme's Heads are the most prominent points, backed by the distant Snowdon Group. A little later we skirt the N. coast of the Isle of Anglesey, then turn to the left, and steer to the S.W. through St. George's Channel, soon losing sight of land. The Skerries, with a lighthouse, lie off the N.W. point of Anglesey. The first part of the Irish coast sighted is usually Carnsore Point, in Wexford, the S.W. corner of the island. In about 12-15 hrs. after leaving Liverpool we enter the beautiful inner harbour of Queenstown (about 230 knots from Liverpool), where a halt is made to take on board the mails and additional passengers arriving from England via the Holyhead route. Sometimes the halt is long enough to allow a visit to Queenstown, beautifully situated on Great Island, or even to (10 M.) Cork, which may be reached either by rail (1/2 hr.; seats to left) or by the river Lea. On leaving Queenstown, we skirt the S. coast of Ireland for some distance, passing several bold rocky headlands. The last piece of European land seen is usually the Fastnet Rock (lighthouse), off Cape Clear Island, 60 M. to the S.W. of Queenstown. In crossing the Atlantic Ocean from E. to W. the steamer descends through about 11 degrees of latitude (Queenstown 51° 50′ N. lat., New York 400 42′ 43′′). The course varies somewhat according to the season of the year and from other causes. The northerly route BAEDEKER'S United States. 1 (followed from July to Jan.) takes the steamers over the Grand Bank of Newfoundland (30-80 fathoms), while the southerly route followed for the rest of the year passes to the S. of it. Among the few events which cause a break in the similarity of day to day are the occasional sight of an Ice Berg (an object of great beauty), usually seen above 42o N. lat. and between 45° and 50° E. long., and the passing of other vessels. Whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc., are also seen from time to time. The 'day's run' of the steamer, given in nautical miles (7 'knots' = about 8 Engl. M.), is usually posted up every day at noon in the companion-way. The traveller should remember that his watch will gain about 3/4 hr. daily in going W. and lose the same amount in going E. = The following list of the colours of the funnels ('smokestacks') of the principal steamship lines will help the traveller to identify the steamers he meets. Allan, red, with black and white bands and black top; Anchor, black (English flag); Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, red, with black top (French flag); Cunard, red, with black top; Guion, black, with red band; Hamburg, buff or black (German flag); International (Inman), black, with white band; National, white, with black top; North German Lloyd, buff; Red Star, cream, with red star; White Star, salmon, with black top. The competition among the pilots of New York is so keen that the pilot-boat often meets the steamer hundreds of miles from land. The pilot dues vary with the tonnage of the vessel, but average about $230 (461.) for taking the vessel in and out. The first American land sighted is usually either Fire Island (p. 5) or the Navesink Highlands (p. 223), each with a lighthouse. About 3 hrs. after sighting land we approach Sandy Hook Bar, the Highlands standing out boldly to the left. The time of the voyage is reckoned to (or from) Sandy Hook. The chief passage across the bar is afforded by the Gedney Channel, which is marked by six buoys with red and white electric lights and is available for large vessels at all states of the tide. Smaller ships may use the South Channel. We leave the lighthouse of Sandy Hook (p. 223; white light) to the left, enter the Lower Bay of New York (p. 23), and steer to the N. toward the Narrows, or entrance to New York Bay proper (p. 23), between the wooded Staten Island (p. 50) on the left and Long Island (p. 55) to the right. On the former are Fort Wadsworth, Fort Tompkins, and a lighthouse; on the latter lies Fort Hamilton, while on a rocky island in the channel is Fort Lafayette, where many Southern prisoners were confined during the Civil War. About 3 M. farther up is the Quarantine Station, off which all vessels anchor until they have been cleared by the officer of the Board of Health. The custom-house officers also usually come on board here (see p. xix). About halfway between the Quarantine Station and New York, to the left, is Robin's Reef, with a white lighthouse. As we advance up the beautiful *New York Harbour (p. 23) the city of Brooklyn (p. 52) lies to the right and Jersey City (p. 51) to the left, while New York lies straight ahead. Bedloe's Island, with the colossal statue of Liberty enlightening the World, lies nearly in |