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aperture, and refractors of less than 6 inches, are not included unless for special reasons.

TENNESSEE. The population of the state in 1880 was 1,542,359, of whom 769,277 were males, 773,082 females, 1,525,657 natives, 16,702 foreign, 1,138,831 whites, and 403,151 colored. The chief agricultural productions were 30,019 bushels of barley, 33,434 of buckwheat, 62,764,429 of corn, 4,722,190 of oats, 156,419 of rye, 7,331,353 of wheat, 186,698 tons of hay, 330,621 bales of cotton, 29,365,052 lbs. of tobacco, 1,354,481 bushels of Irish and 2,369,901 of sweet potatoes; number of horses, 266,119; 173,498 mules and asses, 27,312 working oxen, 303,900 milch cows, 452,462 other cattle, 672,789 sheep, 2,160,495 swine; value of manufactures, $37,074,886; tons of coal mined, 494,491; iron ore, 89,933; copper ingots, 153,880 lbs.-The biennial report of the treasurer, dated Dec. 20, 1882, gives the following:

Balance in treasury Dec. 20, 1880...

Amount received to Dec. 19, 1881

Amount received to Dec. 19, 1882..

Total...

Amount paid out on comptroller's payable warrants from Dec. 20, 1880. to Dec. 20, 1881. Am't paid out from Dec. 20, 1881, to Dec. 20, 1882 Total........

$222,424 89 1,087,147 18 788,076 84 $2,092,648 41

$680,231 87 904,401 46 $1,584,633 38 -leaving a balance on hand Dec. 20, 1882, of $508,015 08. The state tax levy for 1882 was 20 cents on the $100, which, on the assessed value of the taxable property in the

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This is a decrease of $3,360,060, as compared with 1881; but the value of personal property in 1882 shows an increase of $10,412,907. Upon the state debt no interest has been paid since July, 1875, with the exception of those bonds held by educational and charitable institutions, and by the widow of President Polk. The general assembly passed an act on May 19, 1882, known as the "60-6 act," authorizing the funding of the debt by issuing new bonds for 60 cents on the dollar, bearing 3 per cent. interest for the first two years, 4 per cent. for the next two years, 5 per cent. for the next two years, and 6 per cent. thereafter, and declaring that the funding under this act should cease after Jan. 1, 1883. The necessary steps were taken to execute this law, but at the close of the year the comptroller reported that the holders of more than half of the outstanding bonds had declined to avail themselves of its provisions. This left the question of the debt still as a bone of contention between those who favored the full payment of the debt, and those who advocated the payment of a smaller portion of it than the act contemplated.

The total bonded debt, as reported by the
comptroller on April 1, 1882, was....
The accrued interest amounted to........

Total liability April 1, 1882.....

$20,206,800 00

8,188,551 50 $28,889,851 50

-The result of the autumn election of 1882 was understood to be an expression of the popular will against the " 60-3-4-5-6" funding act, and in favor of an adjustment by the next legislature on the following terms: 1. The payment of the "state debt proper" in full, less war interest, in bonds, payable in as short a period as possible, and bearing the same interest per annum as the original bonds. 2. All bonds held by educational and charitable institutions, and the twenty-nine 6 per cent. bonds belonging to Mrs. James K. Polk, to be paid in full. 3. The remainder of the debt to be settled at fifty cents on the dollar, principal and interest (including war interest), in bonds to run for thirty years, with privilege of earlier redemption, and to bear interest at 3 per cent. per annum. The following is said to be a correct statement of the bonds originally issued, and constituting the "state debt proper: "

500 bonds issued to Union Bank of Tennessee. 2,500 bonds issued to Bank of Tennessee.. 1,166 bonds issued to build the capitol of Ten

nessee...

48 bonds issued to purchase the Hermitage. 1,258 bonds issued for stock in turnpikes. 449 bonds issued for stock in Hiwassee railroad company.

202 bonds issued for stock in East Tennessee and Georgia railroad company.

200 bonds issued for stock in La Grange and Memphis railroad...

Total, 6,823 bonds, amounting to........

$500,000 00 2,500,000 00

866,000 00

48,000 00 1,262,356 66

449,000 00

202,000 00

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217,250 00 $6,044,606 66

In the towns and cities good graded schools have been established. The system of free schools is becoming more efficient and more popular. The scholastic population in 1882 was 549,179, of whom 408,364 were white and 140,815 were colored. The number of pupils enrolled was 207,680 white and 56,676 colored. The average number of days of free school instruction was 73.

Total...

|

1882, amounted to $83,042 37.-From a small industry, marble-quarrying has grown so that in one county alone (Knox) capital to the extent of $250,000 is employed in the business. The income of the quarries in operation, for 1882, was a fraction under $300,000. The marble is grayish white, and is as durable as Scotch granite. It can be highly polished, and in the process the veins and tints are brought out.-The zinc works at Clinton, Anderson co., turn out 3,000 lbs. of metal a day, and other zinc works are about to be established at Knoxville.-The coal area of the state is 5,100 sq. m. in extent, embracing the whole of the Cumberland plateau. Throughout this vast region there are from one to seven workable seams of coal. Fourteen large mines, besides some of less importance, are worked. The total coal product of the state for 1882 exceeded 600,000 tons.-The iron interests are being rapidly de

The receipts for the year from the state were..... $121,438 The receipts for the year from the counties were... 671,257 The receipts for the year from other sources were.. 149,630 $942,320 The expenditures during same time were $821,883. The estimated value of school property is $1,078,794. Higher education is provided for at Vanderbilt university, Nashville; Tennessee university, Knoxville; Wesleyan university, Athens; Cumberland university, Lebanon; University of the South, Sewanee; Southwestern university, Clarkeville; Southwestern Bap-veloped. Though the number of furnaces is tist university, Jackson; and Fiske university, not nearly as large as in former years, the agfor colored students, Nashville. The state nor- gregate production is much larger. Four commal college, at Nashville, receives its support panies, having seven stacks, and using coke as from the Nashville university, from the state fuel, are producing an aggregate of 500 tons of ($10,000 in 1882), and from the Peabody edu- pig iron a day. Five furnaces, which use charcational fund. The contribution from this fund coal for fuel, make about 112 tons daily. The to the public schools of Tennessee, including new hot-blast coke furnace at South Pittsburg, the normal college, was $12,800 during the made in June, 1882, 98 tons of iron in one day. year ending in October, 1882.-The benevolent This company has a capital of $3,000,000, and institutions sustained by the state are the school owns three furnaces, with an average daily cafor the blind and the asylum for the insane, pacity of 200 tons. There are 4,326 manufacat Nashville, and the school for the deaf and turing establishments in the state, employing dumb, at Knoxville. The capacity of the in- a capital of $20,092,845. In these factories are sane asylum is insufficient. The total cost of employed 19,575 male adult and 1,196 female the institution for the two years ending Decem- adult operators, and 1,764 children under fifteen ber, 1882, was $139,952 27; a rate of $176 26 years of age. The total annual wages amount per patient per annum.-In the state prison to $5,254,775. The value of the materials conthe convicts are leased to individuals or corpo-sumed is $25,710,125, and the value of the prodrations. The receipts from the lessees of the ucts is $37,074,886. Nashville, Knoxville, and penitentiary for the two years ending Dec. 20, | Chattanooga are the chief manufacturing places.

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The foregoing statement shows the length of the railroads in the state; also the assessed value per mile, and the aggregate value, compiled from the returns for September, 1882. Recently some persons have turned their attention to the rearing of silkworms, and have succeeded encouragingly. The mulberry thrives in all parts of Tennessee, and the silk which has been produced is said to be of a very fine quality. The Swiss colonists at Grütli, on the Cumberland plateau, have been especially successful in silk culture. The colony at Rugby, which has been so often represented as a total failure, has been recruited by thrifty families from Ohio, and is now showing signs of healthy vitality. Another thriving colony has been recently established at Allardt, in Fentress co., by fifty German families from Michigan. A small German settlement has also been formed in Gibson co., which promises to be the nucleus of a much larger colony.-The population of the principal places, by the census of 1880, was: Nashville, 43,350; Memphis, 33,592; Chattanooga, 12,892; Knoxville, 9,693; Jackson, 5,377. See map in supplement to Volume VII. TENNIEL, John, an English draughtsman, born in London in 1820. With little or no instruction, he won a prize in the cartoon competition for the decoration of Westminster Hall in 1845, and executed one of the frescoes. His best work is done with the pencil. In 1851 he joined the staff of "Punch," to which he has furnished many illustrations, as well as to "Once a Week." He has also illustrated

"The Ingoldsby Legends," "Lalla Rookh,"

and other books.

TEXAS. The population of the state in 1880 was 1,591,749, of whom 837,840 were males, 753,909 females, 1,477,133 natives, 114,616 for eign, 1,197,237 whites, 393,384 colored, 136 Chinese, 992 Indians. The chief agricultural productions were 72,786 bushels of barley, 29,065,172 of corn, 4,893,359 of oats, 25,399 of rye, 2,567,737 of wheat, 59,699 tons of hay, 4,951 hogsheads of sugar, 810,605 gallons of molasses, 62,152 lbs. of rice, 805,284 bales of cotton, 221,283 lbs. of tobacco, 228,832 bushels of Irish and 1,460,079 of sweet potatoes; number of horses on farms, 805,606; 132,447 mules and asses, 90,502 working oxen, 606,176 milch cows, 3,387,927 other cattle, 2,411,633 sheep, 1,950,371 swine; value of manufactures, $20,719,928. There were 6,692 public schools, including 1,507 for colored children, and 104 high schools; expended for school purposes, $782,735; pupils enrolled, 176,245 (44,629 colored); average attendance, 123,473.-By the last congressional apportionment act, Texas was entitled to elect five additional representatives in congress. In no state are the revelations of the last census so startling in their proofs of progress as in Texas. The receipts of the treasury exceeded the disbursements for 1882, and the surplus revenue was used to purchase and cancel state bonds. The total amount retired and cancelled, according to the treasurer's report of

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Sept. 1, 1882, is $958,290. The total outstanding bonded debt of the state on Dec. 31 amounted to $4,037,730, of which $1,712,200 bear 6 per cent. interest; $1,254,000 bear 7 per cent.; $1,068,900 bear 5 per cent.; and $2,630 bear 4 per cent. Of this amount the special funds in the treasury—the school funds, the university, and other funds-hold $2,547,100, leaving $1,492,530 in the hands of individuals. The public credit is now so high that it has not been possible for the state to buy her 6 per cent. bonds at less than 40 per cent. premium. The bonds retired have been chiefly those which had the longest time to run to maturity, and bearing the highest interest. In the past three years the debt has been reduced, in round numbers, $1,400,000, and the annual interest has been diminished $140,000. The reduction in interest during 1882 was $65,950 60. The balances in the treasury to the credit of the several funds, on Dec. 31, 1882, were as follows:

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There are

this college is very insufficient.
well-conducted and numerously attended col-
leges and private academies throughout the
state, the principal of which are the Methodist
college, at Fredericksburg, Gillespie co.; Mar-
vin college, at Waxahachie, in Ellis co.; male
and female colleges at Goliad and Sherman;
Woodland female college, at Paris; Trinity
university (Presbyterian), at Tehuacana Hills,
and polytechnic institute, at Mexia, Limestone
co.; Waco university (Baptist), and female
college (Methodist), at Waco; Southwestern
university (Methodist), and Round Rock col-
lege, at Georgetown, Williamson co.; and
Soulé university, and Chapel Hill female col-
lege, in Washington co.-There are two state
penitentiaries, one at Huntsville and one at
Rusk. The policy of the legislature with re-
gard to these institutions is to provide, as far
as practicable, for the accommodation and
profitable employment of the convicts with-
in the walls of the penitentiary, and abandon,
gradually, the practice of leasing the convicts
for outside labor. The two penitentiaries
are leased for fifteen years from Jan. 1, 1883,
for $10,000 per annum for each. About 900
convicts, in numbers not less than 60, were
leased on Aug. 15, 1882, for five years, to
individuals for work on farms, at an average
of $15 a month for each convict. The net
proceeds of the lease of the convicts, according
to the last report made in 1882, amount to
$255,134 47. The asylum for the blind, and
the institution for the deaf and dumb, at Aus-
tin, have been well managed and efficient.
The asylum for the insane is totally inadequate
to accommodate half the applicants for admis-
sion, who are now confined in the jails, homes,
and log cabins in all parts of the state. One
hundred and one thousand, nine hundred and
four acres of the public lands have been set
apart to each of the state asylums.-The fol-
lowing is an exhibit of the value of the prod-
ucts of Texas, actually exported during the
year ending Aug. 31, 1882:

tax. The poll tax is $2. The assessment of
1882 shows an increase of 11 per cent. over
that of 1881.-In 1883 Texas has 5,908 miles
of railroad, bringing between $30,000,000 and
$40,000,000 into the state. Of the railroads,
4,926 m. have been built within the past ten
years; and 1,461 m., costing $44,525,000, within
the year ending Sept. 1, 1882.-The permanent
fund of the public free schools has increased
by the sale of its lands from $1,629,000 to
$5,361,000 on Dec. 31, 1882, with a probable
increase within a short period of upward of
$1,000,000 by the sales of the reserved lands.
The lands belonging to the permanent common-
school fund amount to 33,000,000 acres. In
addition to this, four leagues (17,712 acres) of
land are set apart to each county for school
purposes, aggregating 4,002,912 acres. The
estimated annual amount set apart for the sup-
port of public schools is $491,240, derived from
one fourth of the general revenue, all the an-
nual poll tax levied for school purposes, and
all the interest on the permanent school fund.
The free schools have been much improved.
The duration of the term of instruction has
been increased, and the scholastic population,
between the ages of eight and fourteen years,
shows an increase of 10 per cent., being, in
1882, 295,344. Two normal schools have been
established, one for white pupils at Huntsville,
and one for colored pupils near Hempstead.
At these schools 155 white and 43 colored stu-
dents have been educated to become teachers
in the public free schools, and their expenses
for tuition, board, books, &c., have been de-
frayed by the state. The Peabody educational
fund has contributed liberally to both these
schools. The university of Texas comprises
the inain college at Austin, the medical college
at Galveston, the agricultural and mechanical
college at College station, Brazos co., and a
branch for colored students yet to be organized.
The endowment of this institution consists of
1,219,900 acres of the public lands, cash, land
notes, and state bonds, amounting to $503,-
364 30, and the proceeds of the sale of public
lands given by congress in 1862, amounting to
$209,000. The first of a number of buildings Hides, 18,572,795 pounds.
on a grand scale will be completed by the
middle of the summer of 1883, so that the
college can be put in operation by Septem- Sugar and molasses.
ber of that year. The law of its creation re-
quires that male and female students shall be
admitted on equal terms, and that no other
charge shall be made than an initiation fee,
which is limited to $30. The agricultural and
mechanical college now instructs the students
in the science and art of agriculture, in the me-
chanic arts, and in natural science generally.
Tuition is free, and board is given at the rate
of $130 for the scholastic year; and, in addi-
tion, the board expenses and books of 93 stu-
dents, selected by competitive examination
from the 31 senatorial districts, are paid by
the state. The number of matriculants on
Dec. 31, 1882, was 200. The present outfit of

Cotton, 878,854 bales..
Wool, 22.299,652 pounds..

Cattle, 6$1,367 head...
Horses and mules, 43,724 head..
Cotton seed, cake, and oil.

Miscellaneous..

$50,094,678 5.128,919

1,628,785

16,654,070

1,093,100

2,485,740

725,694

8,427,568 $31,238,554

The falling off in the cotton crop of 1881-'2, as compared with the previous year, amounted to 381,393 bales. The cattle, sheep, and wool interests of Texas are second only to those of agriculture, and embrace directly and indirectly fully one third of the state. Within the year 1882 the value of cattle doubled. At present sheep are only raised in Texas for their wool. It is estimated that there are now 7,000,000 in the state. The wool-clip received at San Antonio was 5,700,000 lbs. Great improvements have been made in the management and handling of cattle, and the grade is

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