SHUVALOFF

HUVALOFF, Count Peter Andreyevitch, a Russian statesman, born in St. Petersburg in July, 1827. He entered the army, and rose to the rank of general of cavalry (1871) without ever having held an actual command. In 1862 he was appointed director of the first chancery in the ministry of the interior, and in 1864 governor general of the Baltic provinces. When in 1866 Dolgorukoff, chief of the secret service, was dismissed from his post, in consequence of the attempt of April 16 upon the life of the czar, Shuvaloff was appointed his successor. In this capacity he immediately began to figure as one of the most prominent personages in the empire. He was soon able to reveal to the government the existence of a revolutionary movement of a magnitude little suspected, fostered by a powerful secret society, which had branches in all parts of the empire, composed of influential men and women in all ranks of society. By the sagacity and energy of Shuvaloff, many of the secret workings of the nihilistic societies were exposed, and steps were taken to put a check upon the secret propaganda which was rapidly destroying the traditional reverence of the Russian people for their emperor and the popular confidence in the government, and was paving the way for a complete social and political revolution. After seven years of strenuous exertion and unremitting vigilance in this office, failing health and the need of relaxation forced Shuvaloff to resign. In 1873 he was sent to London on a special diplomatic mission relating to the Russian military operations in central Asia. He allayed the suspicions of the English government by pledging his government not to carry the extension of the frontier beyond the right bank of the river Oxus. To secure and cement the amicable relations of the two governments, he effected an alliance between the royal families by the marriage of Prince Alfred to the emperor's only daughter. In October, 1874, Shuvaloff succeeded Brun

SIMMONS

now as ambassador at the court of St. James's. Count Shuvaloff was the Russian plenipotentiary at the congress of Berlin in 1878.

SILOS. See ENSILAGE, in supplement. SIMART, Pierre Charles, a French sculptor, born in Troyes, June 27, 1806, died in Paris, May 27, 1857. At the age of 17 he went to Paris with a pension of 300 francs a year from his native city, to carry out his cherished design of studying art, in which he had been violently opposed by his family. In 1833 he obtained the grand prize and went to Rome. In 1852 he was elected a member of the academy of fine arts. His works include "The DiskThrower," of which there is a plaster model at the Louvre; “Orestes taking Refuge at the Altar of Pallas," now at the museum of Rouen; "Sculpture" and "Architecture," in the Hôtel de Ville of Paris; two large figures, "Justice" and "Abundance," attached to the columns of the Barrière du Trône; "Philosophy," at the Luxembourg; "An Angel consoling Tobias;" and a "Virgin and Child," in the cathedral of Troyes. Among his best works are the bass reliefs for the château of the duke de Luynes at Dampierre. For many years he was employed on the decoration of the tomb of Napoleon I. at the Invalides, and on the ceiling of the salon carré in the Louvre. "Art demanding Inspiration from Poesy," a group composed in 1857, was completed from his model after his death, and placed in the Luxembourg palace. There is a collection of models of his works in the museum of Troyes. Gustave Eyriès wrote his life.

SIMMONS, Franklin, an American sculptor, born in Maine in 1841. His leisure time in boyhood was devoted to drawing, painting, and modelling. During the civil war he found employment in Washington, in cutting busts of statesmen and soldiers, and in the execution of several bronze statues for monuments. In 1867 he settled in Rome. His best-known