TRIPOLITZA, or Tripolis, a town of Greece, in the Morea, capital of the nomarchy of Arcadia, 22 m. S. W. of Argos; pop. of the demus in 1870, 11,477. It is in a plain about 2,000 ft. above the sea, and owes its name to its being the modern representative of the three cities of Mantinea, Tegea, and Pallantium, which occupied the same plain. Before the revolution it was the residence of a Turkish pasha and capital of the Morea, and had 20,000 inhabitants. The Greeks took it in 1821 and put the inhabitants to the sword; 8,000 male Turks perished, besides women and children. In revenge, Ibrahim Pasha in 1825 destroyed every house in the place. It has been partially rebuilt. The ruins of Mantinea may be seen at Paleopoli, about 6 m. N., and of Tegea at Piali, nearly the same distance S.

TRIPP, a S. county of Dakota, bordering on Nebraska, recently formed and not included in the census of 1870; area, about 1,500 sq. m. It is intersected in the south by the Keya Paha, and watered in the north by Dog's Ears creek, an affluent of White river. In the S. part is Turtle hill, 2,340 ft. high. It consists mostly of undulating prairies.

TRIPTOLEMUS, in Greek mythology, a son of Celeus, king of Attica, and Neæra, also called Metanira or Polymnia (according to another account, of Oceanus and Ge). He was born at Eleusis, and while still young was cured of a dangerous illness by Ceres, who had been hospitably entertained by his father, and attempted to render his brother Demophon (according to others, himself) immortal by burning out whatever particles of mortality he had derived from his parents. (See CERES.) The goddess taught him agriculture, and gave him her dragon chariot, in which he rode over the earth, spreading knowledge of the art. He afterward reigned at Eleusis, and was the hero of the Eleusinian mysteries.

TRIQUETI, Henri de, baron, a French sculptor, born at Conflans in 1802, died in Paris in May, 1874. His earliest works consisted of genre and historical paintings, but in 1831 he ex

TRISMEGISTUS. See HERMES TRISMEGISTUS. TRISTAN DA CUNHA, a cluster of three volcanic islands in the S. Atlantic. Tristan, the largest island, lies in lat. 37° 3' S., lon. 12° 19′ W., about 1,500 m. S. by W. of St. Helena; area, about 40 sq. m. It is nearly circular, and rises abruptly on the N. side to an elevation of 1,000 ft. From the summit of the cliffs the land rises to a conical peak 8,326 ft. high. The surface consists of abrupt ridges covered with bushes, with deep ravines and chasms between. The summit is a crater about 500 yards in diameter, filled with water. On the N. W. side of the island is a narrow plain 100 to 150 ft. above the sea, with an excellent soil in a high state of cultivation. Near the N. extremity of this plain is a settlement which in 1870 contained 60 inhabitants, 35 of whom were children under 10 years. Nearly all are native born, the descendants of Europeans and Hottentots, with fine physique and dark skin, and are intelligent and hospitable. They have no government, disputes being settled by fisticuffs, with by-standers to secure fair play. They own a small vessel, which runs to Cape Town to exchange seal skins and oil for clothing, groceries, &c. Seals, sea lions, sea elephants, and whales frequent the group, and sea birds and edible fish abound. Heavy masses of kelp surround the shores. large trees, but an abundance of shrubbery, which with sea weed and drift wood furnishes ample supplies of fuel. There is an abundance of excellent water. The climate is equable and healthy. The temperature rarely rises above 70° F. or falls below the freezing point. The only anchorage is off the N. W. point, and is very insecure.-Inacessible island lies 17 m. S. W., and Nightingale 20 m. S. S. W. of Tristan. The former is elliptical, 4 m. in length and 2 m. in breadth, and rises abruptly about 500 ft., the surface being flat and barren. Nightingale island is round, about 13 m. in diameter, and 200 ft. in height. Both are uninhabited. -The group was discovered by the Portuguese navigator Tristan da Cunha in 1506, and explored by the Dutch in 1643, and by the French in 1767. Tristan was inhabited by John Patten, an American whaling master, with his crew, from August, 1790, to April, 1791, to collect seal skins. During the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena it was occupied by British troops from Cape Town. The present inhabitants are chiefly descendants of one of these, a corporal named Glass.

There are no

TRITON, in Greek and Roman mythology, a marine deity, the son of Poseidon or Neptune and Amphitrite or Celano. He had the form of a man above and that of a fish below, and bore a conch-shell trumpet.

TRITON. I. The proper name of the tailed batrachians of the old genus triton (Laur.), generally called newts or water salamanders; they all belong to the northern hemisphere,

Water Newt (Triton palustris).

and their species are most numerous in North America. The tail is depressed and adapted for swimming in most, though many are not strictly aquatic, but pass much of their life on the land, some visiting the water only during the breeding season; indeed, the distinction into terrestrial and aquatic species is very indefinite, species with either of these habits being found in one genus. In the breeding season, in the spring, the males acquire a finlike fringe along the back and tail and membranous appendages to the toes; the species are difficult to distinguish on account of the varieties of sex, age, and season. Reproduction takes place by means of eggs, which are fecundated before they are deposited, and the young resemble tadpoles in form and gills. The most carefully studied species is the crested triton or water newt of Great Britain (T. palustris, Flem.), about 6 in. long, of which the tail is about two fifths; this species will suffice for the generic description. The body is naked, but covered with warty tubercles, and with glandular pores behind and over eyes and along sides; toes without nails, four anterior and five posterior; the dorsal and caudal crests separate; tongue slightly free on sides, and more free and pointed behind; palate with a double longitudinal series of teeth; no parotids nor glands along the back. The smooth-skinned species, without lateral pores and with a continuous dorsal and caudal crest, have been noticed under EFT. The head is flattened, nose rounded, gape large, teeth numerous and small, and the neck hardly distinct from the head and body. It is common in ponds and ditches, and one of the most aquatic of the family, swimming by means of the tail, the legs being turned back against the body; the legs are used as balancers in the water, and for a slow and feeble creeping en land; the skin comes off in shreds in the water, and is swallowed. The eggs are deposited on the leaves of aquatic plants, which are folded around them, one egg to each leaf; the parents resume a terrestrial

existence in a few weeks, but the young, born in June or July, remain, according to Bell, without much change till the following spring, when they acquire legs and leave the water. In the water they are voracious, feeding on aquatic animals, insects and larvæ, the tadpoles of the frog, and even those of their own species. They are noted for their tenacity of life under mutilation and exposure to severe cold, and for the power of reproducing lost parts. They are blackish or light brown above with darker round spots, and bright reddish orange below with round black spots, and the sides dotted with white.-The many-spotted triton of the Atlantic states (T. dorsalis, Harlan ; genus notophthalmus, Raf.) is about 4 in. long, of which the tail is half; it is olive or greenish brown above, with a row of circular vermilion spots on each side, and below orange studded with small black dots; eyes prominent, with flame-colored iris; posterior limbs twice as large as anterior; it is eminently aquatic, and dies soon out of water from the drying of the skin; it is torpid only in the severest weather; it is found from Maine to Georgia, forming a very lively and interesting animal for the fresh-water aquarium, and easily obtained. Several other species occur on the Atlantic coast. II. A genus of gasteropod mollusks of the murex family, having a conical and elongated shell, spirally convoluted. The T. variegatum (Lam.), 12 to 16 in. long, from the Indian seas, is the well known sea conch or trumpet of the god Triton; this species, as well as the T. australe (Lam.), is used by the Polynesians as a horn.

Sea Conch (Triton variegatum).

TRIUMPH (Lat. triumphus, related to Gr. Opiaußos, a hymn sung in a procession in honor of Bacchus), generally, a solemn procession to celebrate a victory. The ancient Romans made the triumph a stimulus to martial exploits, and the highest military honor that could be obtained by a general, who entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses, preceded by his captives and spoils and followed by his army, with which escort he passed along the Via Sacra, and ascending to the capitol sacrificed a bull to Jupiter. A triumph was granted by the senate to a general who had gained important successes, if he had already held one of the great offices of state; if the victory had been gained under his auspices and with his

troops; if the advantage had been positive | and the number of enemies slain in a single battle at least 5,000; if it had been gained over a foreign enemy and not in a civil war; if the national dominion had been extended, and not merely recovered or relieved from the presence of the enemy; and if the war had been actually concluded so as to permit of the army's withdrawal from the conquered country. Sometimes the comitia of the tribes bestowed triumphs, and generals even triumphed in defiance of the senate and the people. Naval triumphs were also granted in some cases. After the overthrow of the republic, the emperors, in virtue of their authority as commanders-in-chief of the armies of the state, claimed the exclusive right of celebrating triumphs; and until A. D. 534, when Belisarius entered Constantinople in triumph after the overthrow of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, no subject had for more than five centuries enjoyed that distinction. This was the 350th triumph in Roman history, and the last ever celebrated. A lesser kind of triumph, called an ovation (ovatio) from the practice of sacrificing a sheep (ovis) instead of a bull, was granted to a general whose success did not entitle him to a full triumph.

TRIUMVIRATE, an office filled coördinately by three persons. Several magistracies of this description were recognized in the Roman government, of which the most important was that for the regulation of public affairs-triumviri reipublicæ constituendæ. Though magistrates with this title are thought to have been appointed as early as 360 B. C., there is no certain mention of them till toward the close of the republic. The coalition between Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, in 60 B. C., is often called the first triumvirate, but they were never invested with any office under that title. The so-called second triumvirate of Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus (43) was the first sanctioned by the people. The office was bestowed on them for five years, and after the expiration of that term for five years more. Administration by triumvirs was apparently much favored by Roman legislators. The triumviri capitales had charge of the prisons and jurisdiction in minor cases; the triumviri nocturni had charge of the police at night. Mazzini, Armellini, and Saffi formed in February, 1849, a triumvirate at Rome, with the entire executive power placed in their hands.

TROCHU, Louis Jules, a French soldier, born at Palais, Brittany, in 1815. He studied at the academy of St. Cyr and at the special military school for the staff at Paris, and graduated in 1840 as a first lieutenant. After serving under Bugeaud in Algeria, he became SaintArnaud's aide-de-camp in the Crimea and commanded a brigade at Sebastopol. In 1859 he distinguished himself as general of division at the battle of Solferino. In 1867 appeared anonymously his L'armée française en 1867 (20th ed., 1870), exposing the weakness of the

military resources, which gave umbrage to the emperor. It was only after his selection by Palikao for the organization of troops at the camp of Châlons that Napoleon reluctantly consented (Aug. 17, 1870) to his being made governor and chief commander of Paris. As such Trochu ordered the expulsion of the German residents, numbering about 80,000. On the establishment of the republican government (Sept. 4) he was placed at its head. In repeated proclamations he promised the rescue of the besieged city; and when its capitulation was unavoidable, he resigned the command in favor of Gen. Vinoy (Jan. 20, 1871), though remaining at the head of the government. He attempted to defend his administration in the assemblies at Bordeaux and Versailles, of the latter of which he was a member till the spring of 1872, when he retired in consequence of the unsatisfactory issue of a libel suit against the Figaro newspaper, which had attacked his course. In 1873 he left the army with a pension, and he has since been engaged at Tours in writing a military work.

TREZEN, or Trazene, one of the oldest cities of ancient Greece, in the Peloponnesus, in a territory named from it Trozenia, forming the S. E. corner of Argolis. It was founded probably by the Ionians, and according to Homer was subject at the time of the Trojan war to Argos, from which it afterward received a Doric colony. Subsequently it became a prominent maritime city, founded Halicarnassus and Myndus in Caria, and probably Pæstum in Magna Græcia, and was conspicuous in the wars with Persia, its harbor being the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet after the sea fight at Artemisium. During the Peloponnesian, Corinthian, and other wars, it adhered to the side of Sparta. After the establishment of the Macedonian rule over Greece it was in the hands of various contending parties, and continued a place of some importance until the time of Pausanias, who describes its public buildings in detail; but after this period we have no account of its history. The ruins of the ancient city lie near the village of Damala, and consist principally of Hellenic foundations with Frankish or Byzantine superstructures.

TROGLODYTES (Gr. τρωγλοδύτης, from τρώyan, a cave, and dew, to enter), the name given by the ancients to tribes of men who lived in caves. Several such are mentioned by ancient writers as inhabiting parts of Ethiopia, Upper Egypt, the borders of the Red sea, Moesia, Mauritania, and the northern part of the Caucasus. The most celebrated were those of southern Egypt and Ethiopia, where a large district was called Regio Troglodytica. They are represented as depending upon cattle for their livelihood, and living in the most debased condition. In part of Arabia the mountainous regions encompassing the wadys are filled with caves, which are occupied as permanent habitations by half savage tribes of Bedouins; and it is probable that these belong