purchased by the United States government for a public building, and a state asylum for the insane is in course of construction about 2 m. W. of the state house. The surrounding country is very fertile and contains deposits of coal. The trade of Topeka is large and rapidly increasing. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé and the Kansas Pacific railroads afford communication with the east and with Colorado and Texas. The river furnishes good water power. The chief manufacturing establishments are three flouring mills, a rolling mill, a foundery and machine shop, two breweries, a broom factory, and several manufactories of carriages and wagons, and harness and saddlery. There are two national banks, two state banks, two loan and trust companies, and three building and savings associations. The public schools have accommodations for 2,000 pupils, and comprise a high school and seven schools of inferior grades. Other prom

State Capitol of Kansas.

inent institutions of learning are Washburn college (Congregational), for both sexes; an Episcopal theological seminary; and the colleges of the sisters of Bethany (Episcopal) and sisters of charity (Roman Catholic), for females. The Topeka library association has about 2,000 volumes. Three daily and four weekly newspapers are published. There are 23 religious societies, viz.: 3 Baptist, 1 Christian, 3 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 1 Jewish, 2 Lutheran (1 Swedish), 4 Methodist (1 German), 3 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Spiritualist, 1 Unitarian, 1 United Brethren, and 1 Universalist.-Topeka was laid out in 1854, incorporated as a city in 1857, and made the state capital in 1861.

TÖPFFER, Rudolphe, a Swiss novelist, born in Geneva, Feb. 17, 1799, died there, June 8, 1846. He began life as a landscape and genre painter, and subsequently became professor of æsthetics at the academy of Geneva. His works in

clude Le presbytère (Geneva, 1839; English translation, "The Parsonage," London, 1848); La bibliothèque de mon oncle (1843); Rose et Gertrude (1845); Nouvelles genevoises (Paris, 1845); and Collection des histoires en estampes (6 vols., French and German, Geneva, 1846).

TOPHET, a spot in a fertile valley S. E. of ancient Jerusalem, called the valley (ge) of Hinnom, or of the children of Hinnom, and hence Gehenna in the New Testament, and watered by the brook Kedron. It was the place where the idolatrous Jews passed their children through the fire to Moloch. At a later period it was used as a spot to throw the garbage of the streets, the carcasses of beasts, and the dead bodies of men to whom burial had been refused; and as a fire was kept constantly burning to consume all that was brought, the word was used metaphorically for hell.

TOPLADY, Augustus Montague, an English clergyman, born in Farnham, Surrey, Nov. 4,

1740, died in London, Aug. 11, 1778. He was educated at Westminster school and Trinity college, Dublin, took orders, and obtained the living of Broad Hembury in Devonshire. In 1775 he removed to London and preached in a chapel in Leicester square. For several years he edited the "Gospel Magazine." His fame rests principally upon his controversial writings against the Methodists, and a few hymns. He was the great champion of Calvinism in the church of England. An edition of his works was issued in 1794 (6 vols. 8vo; last ed., with "Life," 1 vol. 8vo, 1869).

TÖPLITZ. See TEPLITZ.

TORENO, José Maria Queypo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, count of, a Spanish statesman, born in Oviedo, Nov. 26, 1786, died in Paris, Sept. 16, 1843. In the rising of the Spaniards against the French in 1808 he was sent to England to negotiate for assistance, was afterward repeatedly a cabinet minister, and died in exile. He published Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolucion de España (5 vols., Madrid, 1835-'7; best ed., 4 vols. 8vo, 1848).

TORFEUS, or Tormodus, the Latin name of Thormodr Torfason, an Icelandic scholar, born in Engö in 1636, died near Copenhagen in 1719. Frederick III. of Denmark in 1660 made him interpreter of Icelandic manuscripts, of which he made a collection in Iceland. In 1667 he was appointed keeper of the royal collection of antiquities, and in 1682 royal historiographer. Of his works, in which first appeared the northern sagas on the discovery of

America, the most important is Historia Rerum Norvegicarum (4 vols. fol., 1711).

TORGAU, a town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, on the left bank of the Elbe, 26 m. S. E. of Wittenberg; pop. in 1871, 10,867. The principal public building is the Hartenfels palace, containing a church consecrated by Luther, whose wife, Katharina von Bora, died here. It has manufactories of linen and woollen goods and a brass foundery. The elector of Saxony and the landgrave of Hesse concluded here a league for the defence of the reformation, March, 1526. In 1576 a conference of Protestant theologians, assembled by the elector Augustus, elaborated here the "Book of Torgau," which formed the basis of the Concordia Formula. The town was nearly destroyed in the thirty years' war. In the seven years' war Frederick the Great here defeated the Austrians under Daun, Nov. 3, 1760. Napoleon was the original builder (1810) of the present strong fortifications. Torgau was surrendered to the Germans in January, 1814, after a siege of several months, during which more than 25,000 French soldiers died of typhus fever.

TORLONIA, Alessandro, prince of Civitella Cesi, Musignano, Canino, and Farnese, marquis of Roma Vecchia and Torrita, an Italian capitalist, born in Rome, June 1, 1800. He is the youngest and most enterprising son of Giovanni Torlonia (born in Siena in 1754, died in Rome, Feb. 25, 1829), who was originally a small shopkeeper, and became a banker of great wealth and influence, and duke of Bracciano. Alessandro increased his patrimony by taking long leases of the salt and tobacco monopolies in the Papal and Neapolitan states, and by other profitable transactions. He became the principal holder of real estate in the city and province of Rome, filled his palace and villa with fine works of art, and rendered many important services to the pope. He has made extensive excavations, and his collection of antiquities is said to rank next to that of the Vatican. The most remarkable of his public enterprises is the draining of Lake Fucino.

TORNA, a N. county of Hungary, bordering on the counties of Zips, Abauj, Borsod, and Gömör; area, 239 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 23,126, chiefly Magyars and Roman Catholics. It is watered by the Bodva, which receives the Torna. The soil is mostly rocky and sterile; the principal products are hemp and wine. About three sevenths of the area is wooded. Capital, Torna.

TORNADO. See HURRICANE.

TORNEA (Swed. Torned). I. A river of Europe, having its source in Lake Tornea-Träsk, in Sweden, and falling into the gulf of Bothnia after a course of about 240 m. It forms part of the boundary between Sweden and Russia. II. A town of Finland, Russia, in the län or government of Uleaborg, at the mouth of the Tornea river; lat. 65° 50' N., lon. 24° 14' E.; pop. about 700. It has a considerable trade in

| timber, fish, furs, reindeer skins, tar, &c. Many travellers visit Tornea to see the midnight sun, visible here from the church steeple in the latter part of June. Most of them proceed to Mt. Avasaksa, about 40 m. N., which offers a more advantageous view. Observations for determining the figure of the earth were made at Tornea by Maupertuis in 1736-7, and by Prof. Svanberg of Upsal in 1801–3.

TORONTAL, a S. county of Hungary, bordering on the counties of Csongrád, Csanád, Temes, and Bács, and on Slavonia; area, 2,650 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 413,010, chiefly Magyars and Roumans. It is watered by the Maros, Theiss, Béga, and Temes. The climate is unhealthful, but the soil is very fertile. The chief products are wheat, maize, melons, flax, rice, tobacco, and wine. Many sheep and horses are raised. Capital, Nagy-Becskerek.

TORONTO, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Ontario, Canada, county seat of York co., on the N. shore of Lake Ontario, 310 m. S. W. of Montreal and 36 m. N. E. of Hamilton; lat. 43° 39′ N., lon. 79° 21′ W.; pop. in 1861, 44,821; in 1871, 56,092. The bay S. of the city is formed by an island, and is about 3 m. long and 2 m. wide. The river Don, which falls into the bay on the east, is not navigable. The site of the city rises gradually from the water and extends back about 24 m., connecting on the north with the villages of Yorkville and Seaton, and on the east with Lesslieville, all of which, except in name, form part of the city. The corporation limits include more than 5,000 acres. The Queen's park, in the centre of the N. part of the city, contains over 35 acres; the jail farm is to be converted into a park in the east; and a few miles W. of the present corporation limits, on Humber bay, 300 acres has been secured for a park. The streets intersect at right angles. The buildings in the chief business streets are of brick, white or red, or of cut stone; and whole streets of fine resi dences of white brick have been built up within a few years, while other streets are occupied chiefly with wooden structures. Among the public buildings are Toronto university and University college building, the finest in the province, erected in 1859 at a cost of about $900,000; the government house, the official residence of the governor of Ontario; the custom house and the post office; the Grand opera house and the Royal opera house, each capable of seating over 1,500 persons; the central prison, which cost nearly $500,000; the city hall and St. Lawrence hall; Trinity college, a church of England institution; Knox's college, a Free church theological institution, just completed at a cost of about $80,000; the college of technology; the normal school buildings; the legislative buildings, in which also are some of the executive departments; Upper Canada college, a preparatory school for University college; and Osgoode hall, the seat of the principal law and equity courts of the province and the headquarters