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sieges, and the removal of the court to Madrid | number of entrances, 302 of 69,517 tons; in 1560 led to its decline. It was occupied by the French from 1808 to 1813.

clearances, 286 of 71,389 tons; entrances in the coastwise trade, 1,962 of 441,593 tons; TOLEDO, a city and the capital of Lucas co., clearances, 1,918 of 425,951 tons; number of Ohio, port of entry of the district of Miami, vessels belonging in the district, 170, with an on the Maumee river, 5 m. from its mouth in aggregate tonnage of 13,946. The manufacMaumee bay and 8 m. from the W. extremity tories of Toledo include 5 flouring mills, 5 lumof Lake Erie, 92 m. W. of Cleveland, and 53 m. ber mills, 6 iron founderies, a blast furnace, 5 S. S. W. of Detroit, Mich.; pop. in 1850, 3,829; breweries, 7 brick yards, 14 planing mills, 4 in 1860, 13,768; in 1870, 31,584, of whom ship yards, 5 tanning and currying establish11,099 were foreigners, including 5,341 Ger- ments, 2 manufactories of cars, 1 of car wheels, mans and 3,031 Irish; in 1875, estimated at several of carriages and wagons, 2 of chairs, 1 50,000. It comprises an area of 215 sq. m., of edge tools, 2 of files, 4 of lime, 1 of mowers of which 9.63 sq. m. were annexed in 1874; and reapers, 3 of potash, 1 of refrigerators, 2 of 6.2 sq. m. are on the E. side of the river and coffee and spice mills, 3 of staves, 1 of stoves, 15.3 sq. m. on the W. side. It has a fine har- 3 of tobacco, 2 of wire goods, 1 of wooden bor, and is well laid out, having wide streets ware, and 2 of boots and shoes. There are that give an easy ascent from the harbor to six banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,900,the table land on which most of the houses 000; three savings banks and several savings are built. It has large and handsome public and loan associations, three fire and marine buildings, several small parks, street railroads, insurance companies, and one life insurance and water works recently erected. The num- company.-The city is divided into eight wards, ber of miles of improved streets at the begin- and is governed by a mayor, eight aldermen, ning of 1875 was 35.06; of sewers, 26.945; of and 16 councilmen. The principal charitable water pipe, 41-62. Toledo communicates by institutions are the city hospital, house of the Miami and Erie canal with Cincinnati and refuge and correction, home for friendless Evansville, Ind., and has extensive railroad women, and three orphan asylums. There connections. The lines centring here are the are 20 ward school houses and a high school Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, Toledo, building, with 122 teachers and about 7,500 Wabash, and Western, Dayton and Michigan, pupils enrolled in 1874-'5, and 10 denomiDetroit and Toledo, Flint and Père Marquette, national and private schools. The public Canada Southern, Columbus and Toledo, Tole- library contains 8,000 volumes. Three daily do and Maumee, Toledo and Sylvania, and (one German), two tri-weekly, one semi-weekToledo, Tiffin, and Eastern. All these rail- ly, and six weekly (one German) newspapers, roads concentrate at an immense union depot. and six monthly periodicals are published. The chief items of receipt and shipment are There are 45 churches, viz.: 3 Baptist, 1 Chrisgrain and flour. There are 10 grain elevators, tian, 3 Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 2 Evangelwith a storage capacity of 4,017,000 bushels, ical Association (German), 2 Evangelical Luand capacity to receive and ship 780,000 bush- theran (German), 1 Evangelical Reformed (Gerels daily. The aggregate deliveries of grain, man), 2 Jewish, 3 Lutheran (German), 8 Methincluding flour, for 14 years have been as odist (2 German), 4 Presbyterian (1 German), follows: 8 Roman Catholic (2 French and 2 German), 1 seamen's bethel, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Unitarian, and 1 United Brethren.-Toledo was settled in 1832, and incorporated in 1836.

YEARS.

18.598,565 1868..

Bushels.

16,141,990

YEARS.

Bushels.

1861.

1862.

21,518,063 1869.

18,660,949

1863.

14,326,459 1870.

23.714,510

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The receipts in 1874 were 730,768 barrels of flour, 10,107,382 bushels of wheat, 17,031,996 of Indian corn, 6,460,247 of oats, 14,105 of rye, and 190,224 of barley. The shipments were 879,268 barrels of flour, 8,342,069 bushels of wheat, 16,801,345 of Indian corn, 6,381,372 of oats, 13,896 of rye, and 24,030 of barley. Other important items of receipt are provisions, live stock, whiskey, iron, tobacco, hides, cotton, wool, and lumber. In 1874 there were manufactured in the city 237,000 barrels of flour, 10,000,000 laths, and 30,000,000 ft. of lumber. The value of imports from Canada during the year ending June 30, 1874, was $79,018; of exports to Canada, $1,836,825;

TOLLAND, a N. E. county of Connecticut, bordering on Massachusetts, drained by the Willimantic and Hop rivers; area, 440 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 22,000. In the W. part the surface is nearly level and the soil fertile, but in the E. part it is very hilly and the soil inferior. It is intersected by the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill, and Rockville branch, and the New London Northern railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 15,860 bushels of rye, 101,721 of Indian corn, 76,574 of oats, 17,123 of buckwheat, 189,403 of potatoes, 531,399 lbs. of tobacco, 21,530 of wool, 386,763 of butter, 80,671 of cheese, and 40,320 tons of hay. There were 2,401 horses, 6,452 milch cows, 3,436 working oxen, 6,244 other cattle, 7,902 sheep, and 3,851 swine; 1 manufactory of leather belting and hose, 3 of boots and shoes, 5 of boxes, 12 of carriages and wagons, 23 of cotton goods, 2 of hosiery, 3 of iron castings, 8 of machinery, 9 of shoddy, 14 of silk goods,

24 of woollens, 2 bleaching and dyeing establishments, and 8 flour mills. Capital, Tolland. TOLLENS, Hendrik Corneliszoon, a Dutch poet, born in Rotterdam, Sept. 24, 1780, died in Ryswick, Oct. 21, 1856. He was intended for trade, but in 1800 began publishing poetry, and finally became one of the most celebrated national bards. His masterpieces include a narrative poem on Barentz's expedition to Nova Zembla (new ed., 1844), dramatic works, and patriotic lyrics, especially the Wapenkreet (1815). His Gezamentlijke dichtwerken comprise 8 vols. (Leeuwarden, 1855-'7).

TOLNA, a S. W. county of Hungary, bordering on the counties of Veszprém, Stuhlweissenburg, Pesth, Baranya, and Somogy; area, 1,407 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 220,740. It is watered by the Danube, which forms its E. frontier, and by the Sárvíz and Kapos. The soil is generally fertile, except the sandy E. portion. Corn, tobacco, flax, wine, and fruit are produced, and cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses abound. Capital, Szegszárd.

TOLSTOI, a Russian family, celebrated since the 17th century. Among its best known members at the present day are Count Alexis Tolstoi (born Sept. 5, 1817, died Oct. 10, 1875), a poet, novelist, and dramatist, author of three historical tragedies forming a trilogy, "Death of Ivan the Terrible," "Czar Feodor," and "Czar Boris," and Count Leo Tolstoi, whose novel of Anna Karenina (1875-'6) has given him a great reputation.

TOLTECS, or Tulhuatecas, a nation of Mexico, who according to Mexican annals appeared in Anahuac in the beginning of the 7th century, led in their wanderings from another continent or country by Tanub. They founded the kingdom of Tula, and were the first civilized and civilizing race. As they increased, capital arose at Colhuacan, Otompan, and Tollan. The Chichimecs, a nation of different origin, entered the country about a century later, and these were followed in time by seven Nahuatl tribes, of the same race as the Toltecs, the Mexicans being the last. Before this the Toltec monarchy, rent by civil wars between the clergy and nobles, had fallen in the 11th century; famine and pestilence desolated the country, and many of the survivors emigrated to Guatemala. The rest of the Toltecs were incorporated by the Chichimecs, to whom they imparted their civilization. The emigrants founded in Guatemala a new empire, and the Quichés claimed descent from them, though the names of the later Quiché monarchs show another language than the Toltec. It is usual to refer all that is grand or surprising in Mexico and adjoining parts to the Toltecs; but tradition ascribes to them definitely the use of hieroglyphics, astronomical knowledge and the division of time, agriculture, weaving, stone cutting, and architecture.

TOLU, Balsam of. See BALSAMS. TOLUCA, a city of the republic, capital of the state, and 30 m. W. S. W. of the city of Mexi

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co; pop. about 12,000. It is in a valley about 8,800 ft. above the sea, and has spacious, well paved streets, a public square, and several fine churches. Of late years its trade and industry have much declined. Near the town is the volcanic mountain of the same name, which rises to the height of 16,610 ft. above the sea. TOMATO, a plant of the solanacea or nightshade family, cultivated for its fruit. It is a native of tropical or sub-tropical America, and its name, given in the earlier works as tumatl and tomat, is of Indian origin. The plant was originally placed in the genus lycopersicum, which Linnæus reduced to solanum; but later botanists, thinking that the difference in the anthers, which are united at the tips and open by a longitudinal slit, and not by a pore at the apex as in solanum, was a sufficient distinction, restored the genus, and call the tomato lycopersicum esculentum; while some still adhere to the view of Linnæus, and class the plant as solanum lycopersicum. The older English writers call the fruit love apple; in France pomme d'amour, and in Italy pomi d'amore, are still in use, perpetuating the old notion that their use as food had an influence upon the passions. Peru is regarded as its native country, but it has not been found there or elsewhere in a truly wild state, and it had probably been long in cultivation before the advent of the Europeans. The tomato has weak stems about 4 ft. long, and when left to itself forms a much branched trailing or prostrate plant. Its leaves are irregularly pinnate, with the larger leaflets themselves cut or divided; both stem and leaves are clothed with soft viscid hairs, which exude a strong-smelling, rather fetid, and somewhat resinous sub

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racemose clusters of yellow flowers, which, with the exception in the anthers already noted, have a similar structure to those of the solanums. (See SOLANUM.) The fruit is normally a two- or three-celled berry, but in the cultivated plant there are usually numerous cells; the fruit, especially in the larger specimens, often has a very complicated structure, resulting from the union of two or more flowers; their pistils being fused together present at maturity a curiously abnormal fruit, in which all traces of the original structure are lost. The cultivated tomatoes present a great variety in form, color, and size, and it is not known whether they are from several species or are different forms of one very variable species. The plant is remarkably plastic, and by selecting seeds from fruit with desirable peculiarities, it is very easy to establish a strain or variety. When tomatoes were first cultivated in our gardens there was but one variety; this had a

Tree-formed Tomato.

large, red, much wrinkled, and often irregular and misshapen fruit, with a thick outer wall, and a central placenta bearing the seeds surrounded by their pulp, and a considerable cavity or empty space between the two. By selection this was improved as to its surface, and greater solidity acquired, and the strain known as the smooth red was obtained, which is still one of the best. The variety known as the "Trophy" probably combines more good qualities than any other; it has very large and smooth fruit, which is solid throughout, and of the best possible quality; this is the result of 20 years' careful selection by an intelligent grower, with a definite end in view. Many attempts have been made to increase the earliness of the fruit, but improvement in this direction is limited by the law that every plant needs a certain aggregate amount of heat to bring it to maturity; the varieties "Conqueror " and "Canada Victor" have apparently reached this limit. Among the very

distinct varieties is the "Feejee," which has a large rose or pinkish red fruit; there are several yellow varieties and one nearly white large one, and there are both yellow and red of smaller sorts named according to the shape and size of the fruit, such as the pear, plum, and cherry tomatoes; the currant tomato, which has berries scarcely larger than a large currant, in long racemes, and delicate foliage, is very ornamental, and apparently a distinct species, probably L. cerasiforme. The upright or tree tomato originated in France; its main stem is thick, and its few branches so short and strong that it carries its weight of large fruit without support; but it is not very productive. Less than half a century ago the tomato was almost unknown to northern gardens, or cultivated in them only as a curiosity, but at present it is one of the most popular of vegetables. As the fruit will color and ripen when picked green, it can be transported to great distances, if properly packed in small crates with abundant openings for ventilation; the first tomatoes in the northern markets come from Bermuda, appearing in February, followed successively by contributions from Florida, Georgia, &c., before the fruit from the gardens near by is ripe. At the north the seeds are sown in hot-beds, the young plants set out in other hot-beds, and finally transplanted to cold frames, where they may be protected at night until the weather is warm enough to set them in the open ground. Light, well manured soils are better than heavy ones for this crop; in field culture the plants soon fall over with the weight of fruit and are allowed to lie upon the ground, but in private gardens they are supported by a frame or trellis, or tacked up to a fence or the side of a building; by proper pruning and removing the excess of young fruit, the size and quality of that allowed to ripen is greatly improved.-The tomato is used in a great variety of ways, being eaten raw as a salad, stewed, baked, broiled, and as an ingredient of soups, stews, and sauces; it is used to make a popular catsup, and is pickled and preserved in various ways.-The strawberry tomato is described under PHYSALIS.

TOMBIGBEE, Tombigby, or Tombeck bee, a river of Mississippi and Alabama, which rises in Tishomingo co. in the N. E. extremity of the former state. It first flows S. to Columbus, thence S. E. to Demopolis, Ala., where it receives the Black Warrior on the left, and thence generally S., with many and sudden windings, to its junction with the Alabama, about 45 m. from Mobile, where the united stream takes the name of Mobile river, and falls into Mobile bay about 30 m. from the gulf of Mexico. Its length is estimated at 450 m., and it is navigable for large steamboats to Colmbus, 366 m. from the mouth of Mobile river.

TOM GREEN, a S. W. county of Texas, formed in 1874; area, about 14,000 sq. m. It is bounded S. W. by the Pecos river and N. W. by New Mexico. In the east it is intersect

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ed by the head streams of the Colorado river. | This county, with Crockett, formed in 1875, has absorbed what was formerly known as Bexar district or territory. Capital, Ben Ficklin. TOMLINE, George, an English prelate, eldest son of George Pretyman, born in Bury St. Edmunds, Oct. 9, 1750, died in Winchester, Nov. 14, 1827. He was educated at Cambridge, and in 1773 became tutor to William Pitt, who made him his private secretary on becoming chancellor of the exchequer in 1782, and his secretary when he became first lord of the treasury. Prety man remained with Pitt till 1787, when he was made bishop of Lincoln and dean of St. Paul's. In 1820 he was transferred to the see of Winchester. In 1803 he received by will an estate from Marmaduke Tomline, and assumed that name. He published "The Elements of Christian Theology (2 vols. 8vo, 1799), which has passed through numerous editions; A Refutation of Calvinism" (1811); and "Memoirs of William Pitt" (3 vols. 8vo, 1821), "which," Macaulay says, "enjoys the distinction of being the worst biographical work of its size in the world."

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TOMMASEO, Nicolò, an Italian author, born in Sebenico, Dalmatia, about 1803, died in Florence, May 1, 1874. He resided several years in Florence, wrote for the patriotic Antologia, went as an exile to France in 1833, and in 1838 settled in Venice. He was arrested with Manin in January, 1848, but they were rescued in March by the people, and in August Tommaseo became minister of religion and education in the revolutionary government, and vainly attempted to procure French intervention in favor of the republic. After the restoration of Austrian rule in August, 1849, he was banished from Venice, resided in Corfu and Turin, and in 1865 finally returned to Florence. His works include Nuovo dizionario dei sinonimi della lingua italiana (Florence, 1832; 5th ed., 2 vols., Milan, 1867); Canti populari (2 vols., Venice, 1843); Studi critici (2 vols., 1843); Lettere di Pasquale de' Paoli, with Paoli's biography and a history of the war for Corsican independence (Florence, 1846); Nuovi studi su Dante (Turin, 1865); and Poesie (1872). TOMOMI IWAKURA, a Japanese statesman, born in Kioto about 1825. He is a kuge or court noble of the Murakami branch of the Minamoto family, and was a leader as well as the instrument of the conspiracy which effected the Kioto coup d'état of Jan. 3, 1868, overthrowing the shogunate, and establishing a government in which his class held the chief offices. (See JAPAN, vol. ix., p. 546.) In August, 1871, he was made minister of foreign affairs, and was active in the abolition of the feudal system and the retirement of the exdaimios to private life. In December he left Japan as chief of the embassy which visited the United States and the principal capitals of Europe. On his return in September, 1873, he was made junior prime minister, which office he now holds (1876). He was active in

averting the threatened war with Corea in 1873. He has been especially distinguished for his advocacy of the introduction of the forms and improvements of western civilization, and he sent his sons to the United States to be educated. On the night of Jan. 14, 1874, while he was in his carriage near the mikado's palace, an attempt was made to assassinate him, but he escaped with several severe wounds.

TOMPKINS, a central county of New York, drained by several tributaries of Cayuga lake, the head of which lies in the N. part, and traversed by several railroads; area, 506 sq. m.; pop. in 1875, 32,915. The surface is hilly, the valley of the lake being 700 ft. below the ridges on either side, and the soil is generally best adapted to grazing. Cayuga lake supplies water communication with the Erie canal. The chief productions in 1870 were 291,194 bushels of wheat, 422,411 of Indian corn, 737,741 of oats, 236,183 of barley, 143,917 of buckwheat, 273,941 of potatoes, 63,681 lbs. of tobacco, 169,867 of wool, 62,390 of flax, 1,834,029 of butter, and 70,907 tons of hay. There were 8,804 horses, 16,402 milch cows, 11,369 other cattle, 35,372 sheep, and 7,462 swine; 11 manufactories of agricultural implements, 24 of carriages and wagons, 1 of cars, 7 of cheese, 1 of clocks, 12 of furniture, 3 of hubs and wagon material, 7 of iron castings, 4 of machinery, 1 of organs, 2 of printing paper, 6 of tobacco and cigars, 4 of woollens, 26 flour mills, 19 saw mills, 8 tanneries, and 5 currying establishments. Capital, Ithaca.

TOMPKINS, Daniel D., an American statesman, born at Scarsdale, Westchester co., N. Y., June 21, 1774, died on Staten island, June 11, 1825. He graduated at Columbia college in 1795, was admitted to the bar in New York in 1797, and in 1801 was a member of the legislature, and of the convention for revising the state constitution. In 1804 he was elected to congress from the city of New York, but resigned to become one of the associate justices of the supreme court of the state. From 1807 to 1817 he was governor of New York, and he was conspicuous for his support of the na tional government during the war of 1812. In 1812 he prorogued the legislature for ten months, to prevent the establishment of the bank of America in the city of New York. This measure gave him temporary popularity, but did not defeat the charter of the bank, which was passed in 1818. In a special mes sage to the legislature, Jan. 28, 1817, he recommended the abolition of slavery in the state of New York; and an act for that purpose was accordingly passed, to take effect July 4, 1827. In 1816 he was elected vice president of the United States, and in 1817 resigned the governorship on assuming that office, to which he was reelected in 1820, retiring March 4, 1825.

TOMSK. I. A government of western Siberia, bordering on Tobolsk, Yeniseisk, China, and the Central Asian provinces of Semipolatinsk and Akmolinsk, from which it is partly sepa

to the United States. Letters asserting that Ireland was ripe for a revolt induced him to sail for France in January, 1796, to gain the aid of the directory; and owing in large measure to his exertions, that government determined to fit out a powerful expedition under the command of Hoche. In July Tone received his commission as chef de brigade, and was also made an adjutant general to Hoche, whom he accompanied in December in the armament destined for Bantry bay. The fleet was scattered by storms, and the French government would not undertake another expedition. In 1797 Tone was attached to Moreau's army; and in September, 1798, he accompanied a petty squadron destined for Ireland, which was intercepted and defeated by an English squadron. After fighting desperately, Tone was captured, carried to Dublin, tried by court martial, and sentenced to be hanged on Nov. 12. He died, however by his own hand, having cut his throat with a penknife on the 11th. After his death appeared "The Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, written by himself, with his Political Writings," &c., edited by his son William Theobald Wolfe Tone (including “ An Account of his own Campaigns under Napoleon," 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1826; abridged, London, 1827, 1837, and 1847).-His son was an officer in the French army, and after the fall of Napoleon in that of the United States; and he was also the author of L'État civil et politique de l'Italie sous la domination des Goths (Paris, 1813), and "School of Cavalry" (Georgetown, D. C., 1833).

rated by the Irtish; area, 329,027 sq. m.; pop. | to retire from the country, and in 1795 came in 1870, 838,756. The Altai mountains extend along the S. part. The river Obi rises in the south, flows N., and receives numerous tributaries, the chief of which are the Tchumish, Tom, Tchulim, and Ket. There are several lakes. Gold, silver, copper, lead, and iron are extensively worked in the south. The N. part is barren, but toward the south the pastures become luxuriant, and abundant crops are raised; but cattle constitute the principal wealth. II. A city, capital of the government, on the right bank of the Tom, 620 m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk; pop. in 1867, 24,431. It consists of an upper town inhabited by the wealthy classes, chiefly Russians, and a lower town, by Tartars and Bokharians. It has many fine private and public buildings. In 1875 provisions were made for a Siberian university here. The chief trade is in grain, leather, and furs. Situated on the great road leading to the Chinese border, it is next to Irkutsk the most prosperous town of Siberia. It was founded about 1610. TON, or Tan, a denomination of weight, equal to 20 cwt. or 2,240 lbs., and also (usually with the second orthography) a liquid measure of 252 gallons; also applied to dry measures and solid measures of various capacities in different countries. In common use, the ton weight is often rated at 2,000 lbs., when it is termed the "short ton;" but by act of congress, when not specified to the contrary, the ton is to be understood as 2,240 lbs. In Maryland the ordinary ton is 2,000 lbs., the usual coal ton 2,240 lbs., and the miner's ton, according to which he is paid, is 2,470 lbs., the allowance being for waste. The shipping ton of France was by the old standard 2,158 43 lbs., and the metrical ton is 2,204-6 lbs.; the shipping ton of Spain is 2,032.2 lbs.; of Portugal, 1,755-8 lbs. The measurement ton for shipping is in the United States 40 cubic ft. In England the tun for wine is 252 gallons.

TONE, Theobald Wolfe, an Irish revolutionist, born in Dublin, June 20, 1763, died in prison there, Nov. 19, 1798. He graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, and was called to the bar in London in 1789. In defence of the whig club he published "A Review of the Last Session of Parliament" in pamphlet form, and on the appearance of a rupture with Spain wrote a pamphlet to prove that Ireland as an independent nation was not bound by a declaration of war. Subsequently he sought to effect a union against the government between the Catholics of Ireland and the dissenters, and in 1791 addressed to the latter "An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland." The same year he assisted in founding the first club of "United Irishmen at Belfast, and others in other parts of Ireland. He became secretary and agent of the Catholic committee in 1792, and was subsequently implicated in the proceedings of Jackson, sent from France to sound the sentiments of the Irish. He was allowed

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TONGATABOO. See FRIENDLY ISLANDS.

TONGUE, in the animal system, the organ, situated on the median line, at the commencement of the alimentary canal, ministering to the senses of touch and taste. Taking the tongue of man as an example, the organ is attached at its base to the movable hyoid arch of bones, and suspended and kept in place by muscles from the base of the skull, lower jaw, and hyoid bone; it is essentially composed of muscular fibres, which move freely its various portions; it is covered by sensitive mucous membrane, containing numerous mucous glands and follicles; fibrous, areolar, and fatty tissues enter into its structure, which is freely supplied with blood vessels and nerves. The size bears no relation to the height of the individual, but is proportioned to the capacity of the alveolar arch; it is, therefore, smaller in women than in men. From the base to the epiglottis extends a fold serving to limit the movements of the latter organ, and from the sides of the base to the soft palate two folds on each side, the pillars of the fauces, between which are the tonsils; under the anterior free extremity is the frenum, which connects it with the lower jaw, a fibrous and mucous lamina or ligament, sometimes so short congenitally as to prevent the free movements of the tongue and to require an operation for its division. There

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