was SISYPHUS, in Greek mythology, son of Eolus and Enarete, and married to Merope, by whom he became the father of Glaucus and others. Some later accounts make him the son of Autolycus and the father of Ulysses. To him are attributed the foundation of Corinth (Ephyra) and the establishment of the Isthmian games. He and his family were considered the most deceitful of men, and he was punished in the lower world by being set to the task of rolling a huge marble block up hill, which as soon as it reached the top always rolled back again. The crimes which induced this penalty are, according to different legends, that he betrayed the plans of the gods, killed travellers, and revealed the abduction of Ægina by Jupiter. SITKA. See ALASKA, vol. i., p. 239. SIVA. See INDIA, RELIGIONS OF. and Frome-Selwood.-The parent house of vessels of 500 tons, 35 m. W. S. W. of Rustchuk the "Sisterhood of St. John the Baptist and 23 m. E. by S. of Nicopoli; pop. about founded at Clewer in 1849. The sisters have 15,000. It is defended by a citadel or casthere a house of mercy, St. John's orphanage, tle, now much dilapidated. The houses are St. Andrew's convalescent hospital, St. An- ill built, but the mosques are of considerable drew's college for accommodating women re- beauty. A treaty of peace between Turkey covering from illness or requiring change of air and Austria was concluded here Aug. 4, 1791. and nourishing food, and St. Stephen's mission, embracing an upper class boarding school, a middle class school for girls and boys, and an infant school. The sisterhood has established branches at London, Oxford, Torquay, Gloucester, and other places. This organization embraces: 1, choir and lay sisters living in community; 2, a second order formed in 1860 of ladies who enter on the sisters' life for periods of three years at a time, to be renewed continuously at their own desire and with the consent of the sisters; 3, associates, who live in their own houses and give such assistance to the work as their circumstances may permit. The "Sisterhood of St. Mary," Wangate, was established in 1850, and has branches at Bedminster, Plymouth, and other places. The "Sisterhood of St. Mary the Virgin established its parent house at Wymering in 1859. The society consists of sisters of charity, who, being resident and under a religious rule, constitute the sisterhood, and ladies of charity or associates, who undertake to promote the interests of the society in their several spheres of private life. The sisterhood has established branches at Manchester and Aldershott. The "Sisterhood of St. Thomas the Martyr," which has its parent house at Oxford, has branches at Liverpool and Plymouth. The society of the "Sisters of the Poor," founded in 1851, has its parent house in London and branches at Edinbargh, Clifton, Eastbourne, and West Chester. -In the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, an organization of women for voluntary service as nurses in hospitals, infirmaries, &c., called "Sisters of the Holy Communion," was founded in 1845 by the exertions of the Rev. W. A. Muhlenberg, D. D., in connection with the Protestant Episcopal church of the Holy Communion in New York. They are bound by no vows, and though it is desirable that they should remain in their work for life, they are free to leave whenever they are so minded. They are usually received between the ages of 25 and 40 years; if under 25, the written consent of parents or guardians must be obtained. Candidates for the sisterhood are required to spend one year of probation before entering upon their vocation. They have no marked uniform, though the dress is generally black, with a white muslin collar and head dress. The sisters managed for several years the infirmary of the Holy Communion, and since 1858 have had charge of St. Luke's hospital, New York, under Dr. Muhlenberg's superintendence. (See DEACONESS.) SISTOVA, or Shistov, a fortified town of Bulgaria, on a height overlooking the right bank of the Danube, which is here navigable for SIVAS. I. A vilayet of Turkey, in Asia Minor, bounded N. by Trebizond, E. by Trebizond, Erzerum, and Diarbekir, S. by Marash, Adana, and Konieh, and W. by Angora and Kastamuni; area, about 25,000 sq. m.; pop. estimated at about 600,000. The most important town, besides the capital, is Tokat, and its principal seaport is Samsun. It is traversed by several branches of the Anti-Taurus mountains. It is drained by the Kizil Irmak (anc. Halys), the Yeshil Irmak (Iris), and their affluents, and several smaller streams which flow into the Euphrates. Among the minerals are iron, copper, lead, alabaster, marble, slate, and especially salt. Most of the soil is exceedingly fertile, but not thoroughly cultivated. The pastures are extensive. In ancient times the province formed parts of Pontus and Cappadocia. II. A city (anc. Sebastia), capital of the province, in an extensive plain on the Kizil Irmak, 440 m. E. S. E. of Constantinople; pop. about 25,000. The town is defended by two old castles, and contains fine mosques and many ruins. Access from the Black sea is easy, and the trade is active in the large bazaars. SIVORI, Ernesto Camillo, an Italian violinist, born in Genoa, June 6, 1817. At the age of four years he was able to perform whatever he heard his sisters play or sing. He received lessons successively from Restano, Dellepiane, Costa, and Paganini, but modelled his playing chiefly upon that of the last named. His first concerts were given at Paris and in England when he was but ten years old. He then studied counterpoint for eight years under Serra, and afterward gave concerts throughout Europe. In 1846 he visited the United States in company with the pianist Herz, and went also to Mexico and South America. Next engaging in a mercantile enterprise in Italy, he lost all his earnings and was obliged to resume the same as those of the Baptists. In doctrine they are Arminian. They oppose the payment of any regular salary to their preachers, and have never connected themselves with any missionary efforts, or benevolent or reformatory societies. They hold as their distinguishing doctrines the six principles laid down in Heb. vi. 1, 2, viz.: repentance from dead works; faith toward God; the doctrine of baptisms, of which they distinguish four kinds, viz.: John's baptism, the baptism of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost, the baptism of Christ's sufferings, and apostolic or Christian baptism, which alone remains since the resurrection of Christ; laying on of hands, which they regard as equally necessary with baptism; the resurrection of the dead; and eternal judgment. In 1874 they had 20 churches, 12 ordained ministers, and 2,000 members, mainly in Rhode Island. his artistic career. He has composed a num- mon. SIX NATIONS. See IROQUOIS. SIX PRINCIPLE BAPTISTS, a small religious sect which first appeared in this country as a separate organization in Rhode Island in 1639. Their church polity and views on baptism are and the quarrel ended in 1480. About the | same time Sixtus became involved in a war with Ercole d'Este, duke of Ferrara, whom he wished to dispossess in favor of one of his own nephews. He was backed by the Venetians; but the duke of Ferrara being supported by the king of Naples and the emperor, Sixtus was forced to yield in 1484. During these troubles the Turks besieged Rhodes and ravaged the southern coast of Italy, capturing the city of Otranto and massacring 12,000 of the inhabitants. The pope once more attempted in vain to organize a crusade, but succeeded in driving off the invaders. Among the other acts of his pontificate were the confirmation of the religious order of Minims, May 23, 1474; the bull sanctioning the Spanish inquisition, 1478; the canonization of St. Bonaventura, April 14, 1482; the construction, among many other splendid public works, of the Sistine chapel in the Vatican; large additions to the Vatican library; and the sending of the first missionaries to the Canary islands. The Regula Cancellariæ Romanæ are attributed to this pope. He also left several Latin treatises, among which are De Sanguine Christi (fol., Rome, 1473), De Potentia Dei (fol.), and several letters. II. Sixtus V. (FELICE PERRETTI), born at Grotte-a-Mare, near Montalto, Dec. 15, 1521, died in Rome, Aug. 27, 1590. He was a Franciscan, and distinguished himself as a lecturer on ecclesiastical law at Rimini in 1544 and Siena in 1546, as a popular preacher, and as an author by works on mystical theology and on the philosophy of Aristotle. In 1557 he became inquisitor general at Venice, and in 1570 he was created cardinal, when he assumed the name Montalto. He was elected pope by an almost unanimous vote, April 24, 1585. Both as pope and as secular prince he was distinguished for prudence, severity, and energy. He destroyed the power of the banditti and restored order and safety throughout his territory, administered law with the utmost impartiality and with an appalling rigor, built a great aqueduct, enlarged the library of the Vatican, and in many other ways encouraged industry. He fixed the number of cardinals at 70, required the Catholic bishops of all countries to visit Rome at certain intervals, and reorganized the entire administration of ecclesiastical affairs by the appointment of 15 congregations of cardinals and other officers. He founded a new university at Fermo, and new colleges at Rome and Bologna. From the printing press of the Vatican he published the revised edition of the Vulgate, which had been ordered by the council of Trent. He avoided war with the Christian princes as much as possible, though he encouraged and supported Henry III. against the Huguenots, Philip II. against England, and Archduke Maximilian when he was a candidate for the crown of Poland. He hurled his anathemas against the young king of Navarre, and against Elizabeth of England for putting to death Mary Stuart; and he summoned Henry III. to Rome for or dering the assassination of the duke of Guise. He left a vast treasure in the castle of Sant' Angelo, to be used by his successors only in circumstances strictly defined. His biography by Leti (Vita di Sisto V., Lausanne, 1669) is considered untrustworthy, and that by Tempesti (Storia della vita e geste di Sisto V., Rome, 1754) too partisan.-See J. A. von Hübner, Sixte Quint, sa vie et son siècle (2 vols., Paris, 1871; English translation by Jerningham, London, 1872; German, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1874). SKAGER RACK ("the crooked strait of Skagen"), an arm of the North sea or German ocean, lying between the Danish peninsula of Jutland and the coast of Norway, and connecting the Cattegat with the North sea. It extends from N. E. to S. W.; length about 160 m., breadth nearly 80 m. It is much deeper on the Norwegian than on the Danish coast, ranging on the former from 150 to 200 fathoms, and on the latter from 30 to 40. It is subject to severe storms. The harbors are all on the Norwegian coast. SKAMANIA, a S. county of Washington territory, bordering on Oregon, bounded S. by Columbia river and drained by several streams; area, 1,800 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 133. The surface is generally mountainous, with fertile valleys. The Cascade mountains traverse it from N. to S. Mt. St. Helens, in the N. W. part, is 9,750 ft. high. Capital, Cascades. SKATE (Dutch, schaats), a shoe or sandal with a steel runner for travelling over ice. It probably originated in Scandinavia. The earliest skates were made of bone, fastened to the foot with cords. Such skates have been discovered in England, Holland, Sweden, and Iceland, and there are accounts of their use in London in the time of Henry II. The introduction of iron skates was doubtless due to the Dutch, who for an unknown period have used them for travel on their canals and rivers. The best facilities for skating are afforded by the countries of N. W. Europe, where the ice is little covered with snow; but as a pastime it has become widely popular, and is practised with great skill by both men and women. The form of the skate has been much improved. Until within a few years it was a block of wood with a runner or keel of iron or steel about an eighth of an inch thick, channelled at the bottom so that two sharp edges cut into the ice, ending in a sharp angle at the heel, and turning up at the toe. It was secured to the foot by a peg or screw entering the heel of the boot, and by straps passing through the block, crossing the front part of the foot, and connecting with a broad strap around the heel. In improved skates the runner is of steel, thicker, and flat instead of channelled at the bottom, the cutting edge forming a little less than a right angle. It is generally curved slightly from front to back, and rounded up at both heel and toe. There have been many changes in the form of the body of the skate and the fastenings, the straps sometimes giv SKATE, a fish. See RAY. SKEAT, Walter William, an English philologist, born in London, Nov. 21, 1835. He graduated at Christ's college, Cambridge, in 1858, became a fellow there in 1860, mathematical lecturer in 1864, and afterward English lecturer. In 1873 he helped to found the English dialect society, and he has edited most of its publications. Besides continuing for the Cambridge press the Anglo-Saxon Gospels begun by J. M. Kemble, and editing several publications for the Oxford press, the philological society, and the early English text society, he has published "The Songs and Ballads of Uhland," translated from the German (1864); "A Tale of Ludlow Castle" (1866); "A MosoGothic Glossary" (1868); "Hand List of some Cognate Words in English, Latin, and Greek" (1871); "Questions for Examination in English Literature" (1873); "The Gospels of St. Mark and St. Luke, in Anglo-Saxon and Northumberland Versions synoptically arranged, with Collations exhibiting all the Readings of all the Manuscripts" (2 vols., 1875); and "PlutarchShakespeare," biographies (vol. i., 1875). The irg place to what is almost a complete shoe, | of the floor of the cranial cavity. Just above while one of the favorite skates is made wholly the inner angles of the eyebrows are two of iron or steel, without straps, and fastened marked prominences called the superciliary to the boot by metal clamps. Motion on skates ridges, at which points the two tables of the is very rapid. It is said that the Frieslanders bone separate considerably, enclosing cavities will go for a long time at the rate of 15 m. called the frontal sinuses which communicate an hour, and for short distances this rate has with the nasal passages. The parietal bones, been greatly exceeded.-" Parlor" skates, hav- occupying the upper part and sides of the skull, ing in place of runners rollers of wood, metal, are separated from each other by the sagittal papier maché, or India rubber, arranged in a suture, and from the frontal bone by the coroline, or like the wheels of a carriage, are used nal suture. A curved ridge traverses both on floors and pavements. With these skates frontal and parietal bones at each side, which experts can execute the ordinary curves, and marks the origin of the fibres of the temporal even many intricate figures. muscle, lying in a depression behind and below the ridge, called the temporal fossæ. temporal bones, situated at the sides and base of the skull, consist each of three portions: an upright or squamous portion, a posterior or mastoid portion, and an internal or petrous portion. The upright portion articulates with the parietal bone by the squamous suture. The mastoid portion has a projection, felt behind the ear, called the mastoid process, which has a cellular structure, communicating with the middle ear or tympanum; the cells are not developed till after puberty. The petrous (hard, stony) portion is in the form of a triangular pyramid, and lies upon one of its sides in the base of the skull, its apex pointing forward and inward. One of the openings into it, the internal auditory canal, transmits the auditory and facial nerves, and it also contains the tympanum. The temporal bones are pierced externally by the external auditory canal, which transmits the sonorous pulsations to the membrane of the tympanum. The under surface of the bone articulates with the lower jaw bone to form the joint. Just in front of this, and a little above, a process called the zygomatic springs forward to meet another of the same name from the cheek bone, forming a horizontal arch, the zygomatic, under which the tendon of the temporal muscle passes. The occipital bone consists of an upright and a basilar portion; the latter contains a large orifice, the foramen magnum, through which the brain connects with the spinal cord. On each side of the foramen magnum there is a condyle having an articular surface which rests upon a corresponding condyle of the atlas, the upper bone of the vertebral column. The basilar portion articulates in front with the body of the sphenoid bone, fig. 4, which in turn articulates with the ethmoid, fig. 5, the latter being situated at the root of the nose and held in position by the frontal and several bones of the face. There are 8 ear bones, 4 in each ear, situated in the tympanum; they are described in the article EAR. The 14 bones of the face are 2 nasal, 2 upper jaw or superior maxillary, 2 lachrymal, 2 cheek or malar bones, 2 palate bones, 2 inferior turbinated (in the nose), 1 vomer (septum of the nose), and 1 lower jaw, or inferior maxillary bone. (See illustrations.) Each upper jaw bone contains a large cavity called the maxillary antrum, which communi SKELETON (Gr., a dried body, from σKE2ew, to desiccate), the bony and cartilaginous framework of animals, and the ligneous structure of the leaves of plants. In the higher animals the skeleton is internal (endo-skeleton); in many of the lower it is external (exoskeleton). When the bones are joined by natural ligaments, they form a natural skeleton; when they are joined by wires and straps, the skeleton is said to be artificial. The study of the skeletons of different animals belongs to the subject of comparative anatomy; the human skeleton only will be described here. Bones may be classified as long, round, flat, and short. (See BONE.) The human skeleton consists of 208 bones, exclusive of the teeth, which are in reality parts of the digestive apparatus, and are developed from the mucous membrane. For convenience the skeleton may be divided into four regions: 1, the skull; 2, the trunk; 3, the upper extremities; 4, the lower extremities. The skull contains 30 bones, in three divisions, cranium, ears, and face. There are 8 cranial bones, viz.: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, and 1 ethmoid. The frontal bone forms the forehead, upper part of the eye sockets, and front part FIG. 1.-Front View of Skeleton. 1. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal. 3. Temporal; 4, its mastoid process. 5. Malar or cheek bone. 6. Upper maxillary. 7. Orbit of the eye. 8. Lower maxillary; 9, its ramus. 12. The cervical vertebræ. 18. Clavicle. 14. Scapula. 15.,Sternum. 16. First rib. 17. Seventh rib. 18. Twelfth rib. 19. First lumbar vertebra 20. Last lumbar vertebra. 21. Sacrum. 22. Ilium. (See PELVIS.) 24. Humerus; 25, its head; 26, its outer condyle; 27, its inner condyle. 28. Radius; 29, its head; 80, its lower extremity. 81. Ulna; 32, its head; 38, its lower extremity. 84. Carpus or wrist. 85. Metacarpus. 86. Phalanges. 87. Femur or thigh bone: 38, its head; 89, its neck; 40, its greater trochanter; 41, its lesser trochanter; 42, its outer condyle; 43, its inner condyle. 44. Patella or knee pan. 45. Tibia; 46, its head; 47, its lower extremity: 48, inner malleolus. 49. Fibula; 50. its head; 51, its lower extremity, forming outer malleolus. 52. Tarsal bones (7). 55. Metatarsal bones (5). 56. Phalanges. FIG. 2.-Back View of Skull, Trunk, and Left Arm. 1. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal. 8. Occipital. 4. Temporal. 5. Lower maxillary, 18. Head of scapula at junction of clavicle. 19. Supra-spinous fossa. 20. Infra-spinous fossa. 21. Anterior border. 22. Posterior border. 23. Inferior angle. 24. Olecranon process of ulna. FIG. 3.-Floor of Skull. 1, 1. Orbital plate of frontal bone, forming most of anterior fossa. 2. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. 3. Crista galli process. 4, 4. Lesser wings of sphenoid bone. 5, 5. Middle fossæ of base of cranium. 6, 6. Greater wings of sphenoid. 7. Olivary process. Immediately in front of this process there is a transverse furrow called the optic groove, in which lies the commissure or crossing of the optic nerves. This groove terminates in the optic foramina, 4, 4, fig. 4. (See BRAIN, vol. iii., pp. 198, 194.) 8. Sella turcica, upon which rests the pituitary gland. (See BRAIN, p. 191.) 9, 9. Petrous portion of temporal bone. 10, 10. Round foramina for superior maxillary nerve. 11, 11. Oval foramina for inferior maxillary nerve. Interior to these two holes is a large slit-like opening on each side, giving passage to the internal carotid artery and some important nerves. 18, 18. Posterior fossa of the floor of cranium. 14. Foramen magnum, for the spinal cord. 15. Basilar process of occipital bone. 16, 16. Grooved channel for the lateral sinus. (See BRAIN, p. 188.) 17, 17. Internal auditory meatus, transmitting the auditory and facial nerves. FIG. 4.-Sphenoid Bone, seen from above. 1, 1, Its greater wings. 2, 2. Its lesser wings. 3. Sella turcica. 4, 4. Foramina for the optic nerves. 5. 5. Sphenoidal fissures, for third, fourth, sixth, and part of fifth pairs of cranial nerves. 6, 6. Round foramina. 7, 7. Oval foramina. 8. Part of basilar process of occipital bone. 9, 9. Internal pterygoid plates, ter minating in muscular or hook-like processes, over which pass the tendons of the tensor muscles of the palate. 10, 10. External pterygoid plates. |