TIDE TABLE FOR THE UNITED STATES.* PORTS. Eastport, Me.. Rockport, Salem, Plymouth, Monomoy, equality. The explanation of this feature is cate that the average depth of the Pacific ocean probably to be found in the supposition that is about 1,800 fathoms. Such waves, originathe tide wave which advances up into the At-ting with an impulse at one definite point, and lantic ocean from the continuous tide in the propagated freely through the ocean in every Southern ocean, arrives on our shores 24 hours direction with a velocity depending upon the later than the direct tide wave which crosses square root of the depth of the sea, serve as the Atlantic from E. to W. In this way the good illustrations of the manner in which tides diurnal inequality will be eliminated by the are propagated as free waves through sounds, superposition of the two tides, the greater high bays, and rivers. The rate of motion for differwater of the former coinciding with the lesser ent depths is as follows: at 10 ft., 12-2 m. an of the latter, and vice versa, leaving the semi- hour; 60 ft., 30 m.; 100 ft., 38-7 m.; 1,000 ft., diurnal tides of equal height. The tide at 122.3 m.; 6,000 ft., 299.5 m. Galveston, in the gulf of Mexico, furnishes a case of the elimination of the semi-diurnal tide, leaving only the diurnal inequality. It is to be presumed in this instance that the tides reaching Galveston through the straits of Florida and through the passage between Cuba and Yucatan differ by six hours in their periods, causing the low water of one to coincide with the high water of the other, thus sensibly destroying the semi-diurnal tides, except in so far as they are unequal. This leaves a small tide outstanding, having substantially the form of the diurnal inequality, and producing the appearance of the "single day tide," or one high and one low water in every 24 hours. This residual fluctuation is well marked at times when the moon's declination is considerable on either side of the equator, but disappears almost entirely when the moon is near the equator, since at such times the diurnal inequality disappears. Tides of this class have always a small range; in the gulf of Mexico they rarely exceed 2 ft., and the average rise and fall is but 1 ft. The tide gauges being in continuous operation, all other fluctuations of the ocean level, besides that produced by the tides, are likewise registered. The tide curves of the western coast are frequently found indented by fluctuations arising from earthquakes. A remarkable instance of this kind was furnished by the earthquake that destroyed the city of Shimoda, Japan, in December, 1854. The time required for the transmission of the sea waves from Shimoda to San Francisco was 12h. 36m. The distance being 4,500 m., the transmission of the wave was at an average rate of 360 m. an hour. The theory of wave motion teaches us that this velocity will be attained by a free-moving wave in a depth of 1,440 fathoms, which may be taken as the average depth of the Pacific between Japan and California. The crests of the waves occurred at intervals of about 23 minutes, corresponding to a length from crest to crest of 150 m. The height when the waves arrived at San Francisco was about 18 in. from hollow to crest. The great earthquake in Peru in August, 1868, was likewise recorded on the tide gauges at San Diego, San Francisco, and Astoria. The fluctuation of the ocean in this instance was very sensible to casual observation, and was noted in Australia, at the Sandwich islands, and at Kodiak, Alaska. The data obtained from these observations, combined with the result before mentioned, indi Menemsha Bight, Bird island light, Mean Rise Rise luni and fall, and fall, tidal in spring neap terval. tides. tides. b. m. feet. feet. Hanniwell's Pt., Kennebec river, Me. 11 15 Boston light, moving much of the deposit, and gradually concentrates in definite narrow channels, which it scoops out, and the depth of which will depend in a great degree on the proportion of the area of the basin to the outlet, or, in other terms, on the difference of level which will be reached during the ebb between the basin and the ocean, which determines the greatest velocity and transporting power reached by the ebb stream. On the bars of most of the sandbarred harbors on our southern coast, the place and direction of the channel are frequently changed during violent storms, when the direction of the waves happens to be oblique to that of the channel; or when the sea runs directly upon the channel, the depth of water may be considerably diminished for the time being, by the sand rolled up by the waves. But in all these cases it is found that the normal depth is speedily restored by the scour of the ebb tide, which depends upon the unchanged factors of area and form of basin, height of tide, and character of the material forming the bar. To illustrate the important subject of tidal currents, we will examine the hydraulic system of New York harbor. Considering first the progress of the tide wave through Long Island sound from the eastward to its meeting with that entering New York bay at Sandy Hook, we see that about 7 hours after the transit of the moon high water has advanced just within Block island with an elevation of 2 ft., and at the same time has just passed Sandy Hook with an elevation of 4 ft. Traversing the sound westward with increasing heights, it reaches Sand's Point three hours later with a height of 7-7 ft. The observed time of transmission from the Race to Sand's Point is 2h. 1m., and the time computed from the depths according to the law developed by Airy is 2h. 14m.; a very good approximation when we consider the irregularities in the configuration of the sound, which could not be taken into account. Advancing still further, the height somewhat declines in consequence of the changes of direction in the the Atlantic coast of the United States-at | all directions toward the opening, without reCape Hatteras, Nantucket island, and Cape Sable-making an allowance for the difference in local time. If by a line on the map we connect these points at which high water occurs simultaneously, we may regard that line as representing the crest of a tide wave advancing upon the coast. We shall find high water to occur later and later as we go up into the bays and rivers; and by following up the progress of the waves, we may be enabled to draw lines representing the time of high water or the top of the wave for each successive hour. Such lines are called co-tidal lines, and have been traced for the coasts of the United States by Prof. Bache, for which we again refer to the coast survey reports. A chart of co-tidal lines for the British isles, by Prof. Whewell, will be found in Keith Johnston's "Physical Atlas," as well as a chart of co-tidal lines for the whole globe; but the latter must be looked upon as a rather adventurous generalization, in the absence of any positive knowledge of the tides in mid-ocean. The tides about the British isles present a very interesting study. The advancing high water passes up the English channel, occupying six hours from the Scilly isles to the mouth of the Thames, where it is met and reenforced by the high water 12 hours older, which has travelled around the isles to the northward and down the North sea. There is a point in the latter, about midway between Yarmouth and the Texel, where the co-tidal line of nine hours of the latter tide wave intersects that of three hours of the former, causing the interference of low water of the one with high water of the other tide, in consequence of which no change takes place in the sea level, as has been ascertained by actual observations over a shoal spot in that locality. A remarkable case of the meeting of two tides, which will be more particularly noticed below, occurs near Throg's Neck at the W. end of Long Island sound.-The agency of tidal currents in producing changes in the entrances of bays and harbors is a subject of the first importance to commerce and navigation, which has received full attention in the prose-channel and its shallowness. At Hell Gate cution of the American coast survey. As on the average the same amount of water moves inward and outward with the flood and ebb tides, we might readily suppose that the same amount of material is transported either way, and that no important change would take place in the configuration of the bottom. But the operation of the flood stream is very different from that of the ebb stream. We have as a general feature an interior basin of some extent communicating with the sea by a comparatively narrow passage. The flood stream, therefore, running with considerable velocity through this channel, will as it enters the basin spread out and become slow, depositing the sand and mud it is charged with, and making extensive flats or shoals opposite the entrance. The ebb stream runs slowly over the flats from this tide wave is met by that which had entered at Sandy Hook, and advanced more slowly owing to the narrowness and intricacies of the channel, especially in the East river. These two tides which meet and overlap each other at Hell Gate, differing in times and heights, cause contrasts of water elevations between the sound and harbor which call into existence the violent currents that traverse the East river. The conditions of the tidal circulation through Hell Gate are such that if there were a partition across it, the water would sometimes stand nearly 5 ft. higher, and at other times 5 ft. lower on the one side than on the other. In the actual case of the superposition or compounding of the two tides, the difference of level existing at any time is of course much less, but the difference of one foot is often observed within the space of 100 ft. in the | tained between the planes of low and high most contracted portion of Hell Gate off Hal- water, the "tide prism," that does the work lett's Point. The entrance from Long Island in scouring the channels. The water on the sound is a natural depression or arm of the flats is especially useful by retarding the outsea which is not changed by the forces now flow, thus allowing a greater difference of level in operation. The tidal currents which flow to be reached between the basin and the ocean. through it do not change the channel, but are The part which the fourth division in our clasobliged to follow it in its tortuous course. sification of the basin of New York, that of The Sandy Hook entrance, on the contrary, is the East river and Hell Gate passage, plays in characterized by a cordon of sands extending the outflow of the ebb tide through the Sandy from Sandy Hook to Coney island, intersected Hook channels, depends less upon the area inby channels, which are maintained against the volved than upon the difference in point of action of the sea, which tends to fill them up, time and height of tide in Hell Gate already by the scour of the ebb tide from the tidal adverted to. The westerly current, usually basin of New York harbor. The advance of called the ebb stream since it falls in with the Sandy Hook upon the main ship channel is ebb stream of New York harbor, taking place among the notable and important instances of when the sound tide is highest, starts from a the effect of tidal currents; within a century level 34 ft. higher than the easterly, and thus a it has increased a mile and a quarter. In the much larger amount of water flows out through place where the beacon on the end of the Hook the Sandy Hook channels than through the now stands there was 40 ft. of water 15 years narrows at Throg's Neck. It is apparent, then, before it was built. The cause of this growth that this portion of the ebb stream, reënforis a remarkable northwardly current along cing the ebb stream of the harbor proper at both shores of the Hook, running both during the most favorable times, performs a most the flood and the ebb tides with varying rates, important part in maintaining the channels and resulting from those tides directly and in- through the Sandy Hook bar. directly. The best water over the bar is about 2 m. E. of Sandy Hook light, in a direct line with the Swash channel; the greatest depth over it is 22 ft. at mean low water, and the same depth can now be carried through the Swash channel, which formerly was 3 ft. shallower, but has deepened since the cross section between the Hook and Flynn's knoll has been diminished by one third its area by the growth of the Hook. This relative change in the capacity of the channels has not affected the depth on the outer bar, which, according to the principles above laid down, is dependent mainly upon the area of the tidal basin within. The depth of 22 ft. at mean low water, which is now maintained at the entrance, through the sands constantly thrown up by the waves of the sea, may be considered as depending upon the following elements: 1, the large basin between Sandy Hook and Staten island, including Raritan bay, which furnishes more than one half of the whole ebb scour; 2, what is called the Upper bay, including the Jersey flats and Newark bay; 3, the North river, perhaps as far as Dobbs Ferry, maintaining the head of the ebb current, although not directly taking part in the outflow; and 4, a portion of the sound tide, which flows in through Hell Gate. The proportion of the first three divisions in producing the depth of channel may be approximately estimated by a comparison of the areas and distances from the bar. In order to main-gel, the Musenalmanach. After examining at tain the depth which we now have, it is important that the area of the tidal basin should not be encroached upon. In proportion as that is diminished the depth of the channels will decrease. The flats, just bare at low water, but covered at high tide, form as important a part as any other portion, for it is obvious that it is only the volume of water con | TIECK. I. Ludwig, a German author, born in Berlin, May 31, 1773, died there, April 28, 1853. He completed his studies at Halle, and became known in 1795 as a writer of fantastic novels. His antagonism to the literary tendencies of the time was displayed in Peter Lebrecht (2 vols., 1795-'6), and in Peter Lebrecht's Volksmärchen (3 vols., 1797), several of which, as Der gestiefelte Kater ("Puss in Boots"), Blaubart (“Bluebeard"), and Leben und Tod des kleinen Rothkäppchen ("Life and Death of Little Red Riding Hood"), combine the simplicity of the old legends with grotesque satire upon modern subjects. The classicists were the particular objects of his brilliant rail|lery, especially in his Herzensergiessungen eines kunstliebenden Klosterbruders (1797), written in conjunction with Wackenroder, and Franz Sternbald's Wanderungen (2 vols., 1798), and in his comedies Die verkehrte Welt ("The Topsy-turvy World”) and Prinz Zerbino, oder die Reise nach dem guten Geschmack ("Travels after Good Taste"). The Leben und Tod der Genoveva (1800) is esteemed his finest drama. Meantime he had married at Hamburg a niece of the composer Reichardt, had become associated with the Schlegels, Novalis, and Steffens at Jena, and with Herder at Weimar, and prepared an admirable translation of "Don Quixote" (4 vols., Berlin, 1799-1801). He published at Dresden in 1802, with A. W. von Schle Rome the manuscripts of German mediæval literature, he returned in 1806 to Munich, and for several years he was disabled by the gout. In 1817 he visited England to complete his studies of Shakespeare and the Elizabethan age. In 1819 he settled at Dresden. In 1820 he was invited by the king of Prussia to Berlin, where, as in Dresden, he exerted great influence on the logie des Menschen (Darmstadt, vols. i. and iii., 1830-'36). TIEDGE, Christoph August, a German poet, born at Gardelegen, Prussia, Dec. 14, 1752, died in Dresden, March 8, 1841. He studied at Halle, and led a precarious life as a clerk in the civil service and as a private tutor and secretary till 1805, when he accompanied the countess Elisa von der Recke in her travels. Subsequently he resided with her at Dresden and Berlin; and at her death in 1833 she directed her establishment to be kept up for him without change. His most celebrated poem is Urania, on the immortality of the soul (Halle, 1801; 18th ed., Leipsic, 1862). He also published Elegien und vermischte Gedichte (Halle, 1803; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1814). His complete works are in 10 vols. (Leipsic, 1841). Falkenstein published Tiedge's Leben und poetischer Nachlass (4 vols., Leipsic, 1841), and Eberhard Blicke in Tiedge's und in Elisa's Leben (Berlin, 1844). The Tiedge charitable literary institute at Dresden, originally founded for local purposes, has since 1860 extended its operations all over Germany. drama, and the "Antigone" of Sophocles was performed under his auspices. His works include Minnelieder aus dem schwäbischen Zeitalter (1803); Ulrichs von Lichtenstein Frauendienst (1815); the celebrated novels Dichterleben, Der Tod des Dichters, and the unfinished Aufruhr in den Cevennen (1826); Shakspeare's Vorschule, a translation of plays which he regarded as early works of Shakespeare, and Dramaturgische Blätter (2 vols., 1826). He also supervised his daughter Dorothea's and Count Baudissin's continuation of Schlegel's translation of Shakespeare, and edited various poems. The latest edition of his poems is in 3 vols. (1841), and of his novels in 12 vols. (1853). Nearly complete editions of his works include 20 vols. (1828-'42). Carlyle translated several of his tales in vol. i. of his "Specimens of German Romance;" a second edition of those tales, in another English version, appeared at London in 1860. Tieck's biographer Köpke | edited his posthumous writings (2 vols., Leipsic, 1855).--See Friesen's Ludwig Tieck (2 vols., Vienna, 1871). II. Christian Friedrich, a German sculptor, brother of the preceding, born in Berlin, Aug. 14, 1776, died there, May 14, 1851. TIENTSIN, Teentsin, or Tiensing, a town of ChiHe studied under Schadow and in Paris under na, in the province of Chihli, on level ground David, and was employed at Weimar from 1801 at the junction of the Pei-ho with the grand to 1805, and subsequently in Italy till 1819, canal, about 65 m. S. E. of Peking; pop. difwhen he became a member of the academy at ferently estimated from 400,000 to 930,000. Berlin, coöperating with Schenkel and Rauch It is surrounded by a wall about 4 m. in cirin improving the art of sculpture. His works cuit, and entered by four gates. The princiinclude many busts in the Walhalla, executed pal streets lead from these gates to the centre at Carrara by order of the crown prince and of the town, and are broad and well paved. future king Louis of Bavaria; those of Goethe The houses are of unburned brick or mud, and other poets at Weimar; the statue of and have a mean appearance, though some Necker for Mme. de Staël; decorations of the of them are commodious and well furnished. royal theatre at Berlin and other public build- The river is crossed by a bridge of boats, and ings; and the statue of his brother at Dresden. large suburbs extend for a considerable disTIEDEMANN. I. Dietrich, a German philoso-tance along both banks. Tientsin derives its pher, born at Bremervörde, Hanover, April 3, importance from being the terminus of the 1748, died in Marburg, Sept. 24, 1803. He grand canal and the port of Peking, and is studied at Göttingen, and taught ancient lan- said to have been formerly a place of great guages at Cassel from 1776 to 1786, when he wealth and extensive trade; but since the became professor of philosophy at Marburg. banks of the canal were broken by the inHe combined the principles of Locke and Leib- undation of the Hoang-ho the trade has denitz. His Untersuchungen über den Menschen clined greatly. Treaties were concluded here (3 vols., Leipsic, 1777-'98), Theätet (Frank- in 1858 between the Chinese government and fort, 1794), Idealistische Briefe (Marburg, the plenipotentiaries of England, France, Rus1798), and Handbuch der Psychologie (edited sia, and the United States, by which it became by Wachler, Leipsic, 1804), are interesting on one of the 13 ports open to foreign commerce. account of their investigations in psychology In 1873 the imports amounted to $27,602,314; and on the subject of cognition. But his fame exports, $12,240,602. rests on his history of philosophy from Thales to Wolf in his Geist der speculativen Philosophie (6 vols., Marburg, 1791-'7). II. Friedrich, a German physiologist, son of the preceding, born in Cassel, Aug. 23, 1781, died in Munich, Jan. 22, 1861. He graduated in medicine at Marburg in 1804, and was professor of anatomy and zoology at Landshut from 1806 to 1816, and afterward at Heidelberg till 1849. His numerous works include Zoologie (3 vols., Landshut, 1808-'10); Anatomie des Fischherzens (1809); Anatomie und Bildungsgeschichte des Gehirns (Nuremberg, 1816); and Die Physio TIERRA DEL FUEGO (Sp., "Land of Fire"), & group of islands off the S. extremity of South America, between lat. 52° 40′ and 56° S., and lon. 63° 40' and 75° W. It is separated from the mainland by the straits of Magellan, and has the Pacific ocean on the west and the Atlantic on the east, while the E. and W. limits of these seas are supposed to meet at Cape Horn, its S. extremity. The group comprises numerous small islands, of which Cape Horn is the most remarkable; the large island Tierra del Fuego proper, of very irregular shape and nearly 300 m. long E. and W.; the isl |