régence (1838); La Gypsy, a ballet (1839); Le panier fleuri (1839); Carline (1840); Le comte de Carmagnola (1841); Le guerrillero (1842); Angélique et Médor (1843); Le caid, a comic opera (1849); and Le songe d'une nuit d'été. His later works are Raymond, La Tonelli, La cour de Célimène, Psyché, Le carnaval de Venise, Mignon (1866), and Hamlet (1868). The last two are the best of this composer's efforts, though Hamlet is redeemed from dulness only by the fine music of the fourth act. The

ted the rôle of Ophelia. He is now (1876) engaged upon a grand opera, Francesca da Rimini. THOMAS, Christians of St. See CHRISTIANS OF ST. THOMAS.

change, the whole theological faculty of Halle | La double échelle (1837); Le perruquier de la becoming decidedly evangelical. His numerous works include Wahre Weihe des Zweiflers (1824; 8th ed. published in 1867 under the title Die Lehre vom Sünder und vom Versöhner; translated into English by Ryland, with an introduction by John Pye Smith, "Guido and Julius, the Doctrine of Sin and the Propitia- | tor," republished in Boston, 1856); Blütensammlung aus der morgenländischen Mystik (1825), a collection of translations from the mystic poets of the East; commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans (1824, twice trans-opera was written for Mlle. Nilsson, who crealated into English), the first exegetical fruit of the new evangelical theology; the Gospel of John (1827; translated into English by Kaufmann, 1836, and by Dr. C. P. Krauth, Philadelphia, 1859), less thorough but better adapt- THOMAS, George Henry, an American soldier, ed for students than his other commentaries; born in Southampton co., Va., July 31, 1816, the sermon on the mount (1833; translated died in San Francisco, March 28, 1870. He into English by R. L. Brown, Edinburgh, 1860), graduated at West Point in 1836, was assigned his most elaborate and valuable exegetical pro- to the artillery, and served in the Florida war duction; the Epistle to the Hebrews (1836); (1840-'42). In the war with Mexico (1846-'8) and the Psalms (1843; translated into English, he was engaged in the defence of Fort Brown, Philadelphia, 1859); Die Glaubwürdigkeit der and took part in the battles of Monterey and evangelischen Geschichte (1837), a vindication Buena Vista, being successively brevetted as of the Gospels against the mythical theory captain and major. He served in the war of Strauss; Stunden der Andacht (2 vols., against the Seminole Indians in 1849-'50, from 1840; 7th ed., 1867), containing several origi- 1851 to 1854 was instructor of artillery and nal hymns; Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus cavalry at West Point, and was afterward on (4 vols., Halle, 1853-'62); Predigten über die frontier duty, principally in California and Hauptstücke des christlichen Glaubens und Le-Texas, till 1860, and was wounded in a skirbens (5 vols., 3d ed., Gotha, 1863-4); and Geschichte des Rationalismus (parti., Berlin, 1865). His complete works are in 11 vols. (1863-'72). THOMAS. I. A S. W. county of Georgia, bordering on Florida, and drained by the Ocklockonee river and its head streams; area, 920 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 14,523, of whom 8,363 were colored. The surface is level and the soil fertile. The Atlantic and Gulf railroad traverses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 248,618 bushels of Indian corn, 58,962 of oats, 58,187 of sweet potatoes, 6,092 bales of cotton, 24,022 lbs. of wool, and 21,378 of rice. There were 907 horses, 1,026 mules and asses, 3,375 milch cows, 7,631 other cattle, 9,805 sheep, and 14,916 swine. Capital, Thomasville. II. An unorganized N. W. county of Kansas; area, 1,080 sq. m. It is intersected in the northwest by the N. and S. forks of Sappa creek, and contains the sources of Saline river, the N. and S. forks of Solomon river, and Prairie Dog creek. It has a rolling surface and productive soil, well adapted to stock raising.

THOMAS, Charles Louis Ambroise, a French composer, born in Metz, Aug. 5, 1811. In 1828 he was admitted to the conservatory of Paris, where in 1829 he took the first prize for piano playing, and in 1830 for harmony; two years later the academy of fine arts gave him the first prize for musical composition, which entitled him to a course of musical instruction in Italy, where he remained several years. Returning to Paris in 1836, he composed the following operas, which were represented:

mish with the Indians near the head waters of the Brazos. On the outbreak of the civil war he was made colonel of cavalry, and took part in the operations in the valley of the Shenandoah in the summer of 1861. In August he was made brigadier general of volunteers, and, being in command of a division of the army of the Ohio, took part in the operations in Tennessee and Mississippi. He was made major general of volunteers, April 25, 1862, and was engaged in the operations in Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky. During Rosecrans's campaign in Tennessee and Georgia he commanded a corps of the army of the Cumberland, and bore an important part in the battle of Murfreesboro, Dec. 26, 1862, to Jan. 2, 1863, and in that of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 20, 1863, where his firmness prevented that check from becoming a disaster. In October he was placed in command of the department and army of the Cumberland, and was made brigadier general of the regular army. At the battle of Chattanooga three divisions of his army gave the finishing blow at Missionary ridge. During Sherman's Atlanta campaign the army of the Cumberland, comprising three corps and three cavalry divisions, was constantly engaged. In October, 1864, Thomas was sent to Nashville, to concentrate the forces in Tennessee against the invasion of Gen. Hood, whom he finally routed before Nashville, Dec. 15, 16. He was made major general, and received the thanks of congress for his conduct in these operations, March 3, 1865; and on the first anniversary of

the battle of Nashville a gold medal was pre- | sented to him by the state of Tennessee. From June, 1865, to March, 1867, he was in command of the military division (afterward the department) of the Tennessee, his headquarters being at Nashville and Louisville. He was subsequently assigned to the command of the third military district, comprising Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, and next to that of the Cumberland; and in 1868, having declined the brevet rank of lieutenant general, on the ground that he had since the war done nothing to entitle him to such promotion, he was placed in command of the fourth military division, comprising the territory on the Pacific coast, including Alaska, respecting which he made a valuable report.

THOMAS, Isaiah, an American printer, born in Boston in 1749, died in Worcester, April 4, 1831. He commenced business as a printer in Newburyport in 1767. In 1770 he removed to Boston and established the "Massachusetts Spy," in which he attacked with great boldness the oppressive measures of the British government toward the colonies; and Gov. Hutchinson vainly endeavored to procure his indictment. In 1775 he took an active part in the skirmish at Lexington, and on May 3 commenced issuing his paper from Worcester. In 1788 he opened a bookstore in Boston, and soon after established branches of his business in various parts of the United States, while continuing to reside in Worcester. In 1791 he printed an edition of the Bible in folio, and subsequently issued numerous editions of smaller size. For many years most of the school books of the country were printed and published by him. In 1810 be published his "History of Printing in America" (2 vols. 8vo). The American antiquarian society of Worcester was founded through his efforts in 1812, and liberally endowed by him.

Thomas (Th'om) and the Greek Didymus, de-
note a twin. Thomas is rarely mentioned in
the New Testament, and little is known of
him. The principal traits of his character are
given in the Gospel of John. When Jesus
after his crucifixion appeared to his disciples,
Thomas was not present, and refused to be-
lieve until he himself saw and touched Jesus.
As to the scene of his apostolical labors, the
statements of the ecclesiastical writers of the
first centuries do not agree; according to some
it was Parthia, according to others Egypt and
Ethiopia, and according to others India, where
the Portuguese in the 16th century asserted
that they had found his body. An ancient
sect (see CHRISTIANS OF ST. THOMAS), who
early in the middle ages were numerous in
Persia and still survive in India, claim St.
Thomas as their founder; but many theolo-
gians consider the account of the labors of St.
Thomas in India as having been invented by
the Manichæans, and as early as the 5th cen-
tury the Thomas of India was regarded by
Theodoret as a disciple of Manes. To the
apostle Thomas an Evangelium Infantia
Christi (also called Evangelium secundum
Thomam) is ascribed, which pretends to fill
up the gaps left by the canonical Gospels in
the time from the infancy of Jesus until his
public appearance; but it has always been
regarded as apocryphal. (See Thilo, Acta
Thoma Apostoli, Leipsic, 1823.) St. Thomas
is commemorated in the Roman Catholic
church on Dec. 21; in the Greek church on
the first Sunday of her church year, beginning
with Easter (hence called Thomas Sunday).
THOMAS À KEMPIS. See KEMPIS.
THOMAS AQUINAS. See AQUINAS.

THOMASIUS. I. Christian, a German philosopher, born in Leipsic in January, 1655, died in Halle, Sept. 23, 1728. He was educated by his father, the rector of the celebrated ThomasTHOMAS, Joseph, an American author, born schule, and from 1675 to 1679 studied at Frankin Cayuga co., N. Y., about 1811. He was fort-on-the-Oder. Returning to Leipsic in educated at the Rensselaer institute, Troy, and 1679, he undertook a course of lectures at the at Yale college, was for some time professor university, and in 1687 he began to lecture of Latin and Greek in Haverford college, Pa., in the German instead of the Latin language. took the degree of M. D. in Philadelphia, and From 1688 to 1690 he issued a monthly series settled there as a physician. In 1857-'8 he of papers devoted chiefly to current literature. was in India studying oriental languages. He Persecution finally forced him to flee from is the author of the system of pronouncing Leipsic, and he went to Berlin, where he was geographical names in "Baldwin's Pronoun- kindly received by the elector Frederick III., cing Gazetteer" (Philadelphia, 1845), of the afterward King Frederick I. of Prussia. He geographical and biographical vocabularies in subsequently delivered lectures at Halle, and several editions of Webster's Dictionary, and his success induced the elector in 1694 to found of "Travels in Egypt and Palestine" (1853). the university of Halle, of which in 1710 With Thomas Baldwin he edited "A New and Thomasius became rector and dean of the facComplete Gazetteer of the United States" ulty of jurisprudence. It was principally by (1854), and "Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazet- his exertions that trials for witchcraft and torteer of the World" (1855; new ed., 1866); ture were abolished in Germany. His most and he edited alone a 66 Comprehensive Medi- important works are: Historie der Weiscal Dictionary" (1864), and a "Universal Pro- heit und Thorheit (Halle, 1693), and Vernouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythol-nünftige und christliche, aber nicht scheinogy" (2 vols. large 8vo, 1870-'71).

THOMAS, Saint, also called Didymus, one of the twelve apostles. Both names, the Hebrew

heilige Gedanken und Erinnerungen über allerhand auserlesene, gemischte philosophische und juristische Händel (3 vols., 1723-'6). His life

has been written by Luden (Christian Thomasius nach seinen Schicksalen und Schriften, Berlin, 1805), and by Wagner (1872). II. Gottfried, a German theologian, a descendant of the preceding, born in 1802, died in 1875. He was a Lutheran pastor and teacher in Nuremberg from 1829 to 1842, and for the rest of his life professor of dogmatics at Erlangen. He was one of the founders of the Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche. His works include, besides treatises on the Lutheran church, Origines: ein Beitrag zur Dogmengeschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts (1837); Beiträge zur kirchlichen Christologie (1845); and Christi Person und Werk (3 vols., 1856-'64).

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ing lime and in ship building. About 140,000 casks of lime are produced annually. There are a few other manufactories, two national banks, a savings bank, a fire insurance company, and six churches. Thomaston was incorporated in 1777, and included until 1848 Rockland and South Thomaston.

THOMPSON, a S. E. central county of Dakota, recently formed and not included in the census of 1870; area, about 925 sq. m. It is intersected by the Dakota or James river and its N. fork. The surface is rolling prairie.

THOMPSON, Augustus Charles, an American clergyman, born in Goshen, Conn., April 30, 1812. He was educated at Yale college, at the theological seminary at East Windsor Hill, Conn., and at the university of Berlin. Since 1842 he has been pastor of the Eliot Congregational church, Roxbury, Mass. In 1854-'5 he accompanied the Rev. Dr. Anderson as a deputation to the missions of the American board in India. He has published "Songs in the Night" (Boston, 1845); "The Lambs Fed," which has been translated into the Mahratta language; "The Young Martyrs;" "Last Hours, or Words and Acts of the Dying" (1851); "The Poor Widow, a Memorial of Mrs. Anna F. Waters" (1854; translated into Tamil); "The Better Land (1855); "The Yoke in Youth, a Memorial of H. M. Hill" (1856); "Gathered Lilies, or Little Children in Heaven" (1858); "Feeding the Lambs (1859); Morning Hours in Patmos (1860); "Lyra Cœlestis" (1863); "The Mercy Seat" (1863); "Seeds and Sheaves" (1868); and "Christus Consolator" (1869).

THOMASSIN, Louis de, a French theologian, born in Aix, Provence, Aug. 28, 1619, died in Paris, Dec. 24, 1695. He studied in the college of Marseilles, became a member of the French Oratory, was appointed to the chair of philosophy in the college of Pézenas, where he adopted Platonic principles, and taught dogmatic theology for six years at Saumur. From 1654 to 1667 he was professor of dogma in the seminary of St. Magloire, Paris, also delivering lectures on church history and discipline. He seemed at first to favor the opinions of the Jansenists, but soon declared against them. In 1667 he published Dissertationes in Concilia Generalia et Particularia, in which he taught that to the pope alone belongs the right of assembling general councils; that these councils are not in themselves necessary; that in all matters of discipline and government the authority of the pope is superior to that of a general council; that the question of papal infallibility should never be discussed, but that it was "sufficient to hold that the pope is greater than himself when at the head of a council, and a council inferior to itself when separated from the pope." These opinions aroused the hos- THOMPSON, Daniel Pierec, an American novtility of the parliament and of the Gallican por-elist, born in Charlestown, Mass., Oct. 1, 1795, tion of the clergy, and the regent suppressed the work. His most important works are: Mémoires sur la grâce (3 vols. 8vo, 1668; 2 vols. 4to, 1682); Ancienne et nouvelle discipline de l'Église touchant les bénéfices et les bénéficiers (3 vols. fol., 1678-'9; translated into Latin by the author, 1688, 1728); Dogmata Theologica (3 vols. fol., 1680-'89; 6 vols., 1864'9); Traité de l'unité de l'Eglise et des moyens que les princes chrétiens ont employés pour y faire rentrer ceux qui en étaient séparés (1686'8); and Traité des édits et autres moyens spirituels et temporels dont on s'est servi dans tous les temps pour établir et pour maintenir l'unité de l'Église catholique (3 vols. 4to, 1703).

THOMPSON, A. Wordsworth. See supplement. THOMPSON, Benjamin. See RUMFORD. THOMPSON, Cephas G., Jerome, and Cephas. See supplement.

died in Montpelier, Vt., June 6, 1868. He was
admitted to the bar in Virginia, practised
law in Montpelier, Vt., and held the offices of
register of probate, clerk of the legislature,
compiler of the statutes, judge of probate,
clerk of the county and of the supreme court,
and secretary of state. He published "May
Martin, or the Money Diggers" (1835, many
times reprinted); "Adventures of Timothy
Peacock" (1835); "The Green Mountain Boys"
(Montpelier, 1840); "Locke Amsden," a graph-
io picture of the New England district school
as it was (Boston, 1847); "Lucy Hosmer
(1848); "The Rangers, or the Tory's Daugh-
ter" (1850); Gant Gurley, or the Trappers
of Lake Umbagog" (1857); "The Doomed
Chief" (1860); and "History of the Town of
Montpelier, Vermont" (1860). From 1849 to
1856 he edited the "Green Mountain Free-
newspaper.

THOMASTON, a town of Knox co., Maine, adjoining Rockland, on the Knox and Lincoln railroad, 60 m. E. N. E. of Portland; pop. in 1870, 3,092. The state prison is situated here, and extensive granite quarries in the neigh-man borhood are worked by convict labor, which is also employed in the manufacture of boots, shoes, and carriages. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in manufacturing and export

THOMPSON, Elizabeth, an English painter, born in London about 1850. In 1874 she acquired great fame by her "Roll Call," relating to the Crimean war, which was purchased by the

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THOMPSON, Sir Henry, an English surgeon, born at Framlingham, Suffolk, Aug. 6, 1820. He was educated at University college, London, became assistant surgeon of the college hospital in 1853, surgeon in 1863, and professor of clinical surgery in 1866, and was knighted in 1867. He has published "The Pathology and Treatment of Stricture of the Urethra" (London, 1853; 3d ed., 1869); "The Enlarged Prostate, its Pathology and Treatment" (1857; 2d ed., including the Jacksonian prize essay of the royal college of surgeons for 1860, 1861; 3d ed., 1868); "Practical Lithotomy and Lith-orders, and by his busts and medallion portraits. otrity" (1863; 2d ed., 1871); and "Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Urinary Organs (1868; 2d ed., 1870).

Tallahassee, Fla., Nov. 23, 1868. He graduated | moirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745" (3 at the South Carolina college in 1814, and was vols., 1845); "Memoirs of the Viscountess admitted to the bar in 1819. He was a mem- Sundon," &c. (2 vols., 1847); "Recollections ber of the legislature from 1826 to 1830, when of Literary Characters and Celebrated Places" he became solicitor of the western circuit. (2 vols., 1853); "Court Secrets" (3 vols., 1857); During the nullification excitement he was "Life and Times of George Villiers, Duke of elected by the legislature brigadier general of Buckingham" (3 vols., 1860); and several novmilitia (1835). From 1835 to 1841 he was a els. Queens of Society" and "Wits and member of congress, and was prominent in Beaux of Society" were written with her son, debate as a leader of the whig party. In 1842 John Cockburn Thomson, under the pseudohe was appointed minister to Mexico. During nymes of Grace and Philip Wharton. his mission, he made two important treaties, and procured the liberation of more than 200 Texan prisoners, many of whom were sent home at his own charge. On his return he published "Recollections of Mexico" (8vo, New York, 1846).

THOMPSONVILLE, a village in the town of Enfield, Hartford co., Connecticut, 17 m. N. of Hartford; pop. about 3,500. It is on the E. bank of the Connecticut river, and on the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield railroad. It is chiefly noted for its manufacture of carpets, being the seat of the Hartford car-"the Sam Adams of Philadelphia, the life of pet company's works, which, according to the latest returns, contain 297 looms and produce 2,600,000 yards annually.