900 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,788, of whom 705 were colored. The surface is undulating, partly timbered and partly prairie, and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 29,587 bushels of wheat, 203,595 of Indian corn, 72,635 of oats, 12,995 of sweet potatoes, 41,669 lbs. of butter, and 728 bales of cotton. There were 6,953 horses, 4,099 milch cows, 14,946 other cattle, 4,205 sheep, and 13,052 swine. Capital, Fort Worth.

TARRYTOWN, a village in the town of Greenburgh, Westchester co., New York, on the E. bank of the Hudson river where it widens into the Tappan Zee, and on the Hudson River railroad, 26 m. N. of New York city; pop. in 1875, 6,500. It is very picturesque, and contains a large number of elegant country seats. It is celebrated as the scene of the capture of Major André in 1780, and contains a monument commemorative of that event. South of the village is Sunnyside, the residence of Washington Irving, whose grave is in the Sleepy Hollow cemetery, near the old Dutch church. The village contains a silk factory, a boot and shoe factory, a steam pump factory, a tool factory, a sash and blind factory, a national bank, a savings bank, several public schools, two female seminaries, two boarding schools for boys, a weekly newspaper, and 11 churches.

TARSHISH, the name of an ancient emporium, or, according to some critics, more than one, as some of the passages of Scripture in which it is mentioned appear to indicate that it was W. and others E. of Palestine. There are 25 or 30 references to it in the Scriptures. Tartessus in Spain, Tarsus in Cilicia, the island of Thasos in the Grecian archipelago, Carthage, some seaport of the British isles, and Point de Galle in Ceylon have all been urged as fulfilling certain conditions of the Scriptural references. The following facts concerning it are gleaned from various passages of Scripture. It was largely engaged in commerce, and probably in ship building; it is several times spoken of as an island or seacoast; it had large traffic with Tyre and Sidon, especially in gold and silver, tin, iron, and lead; it is usually represented as W. of Palestine and of Tyre, and its ships are spoken of as broken by an E. wind. Yet we are told distinctly in 2 Chron. ix. 21, that Solomon's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Hiram, returning every three years, and bringing "gold and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks;" and that Jehoshaphat joined with Ahaziah in building ships at Ezion-geber, a place on the Elanitic gulf of the Red sea, to go to Tarshish (2 Chron. xx. 36), while the corresponding passages in 1 Kings (ix. 26-28, x. 22, xxii. 48) say that Tarshish vessels were built at Ezion-geber and sent to Ophir, whence they brought "gold and silver," &c. This apparent discrepancy has been explained in three ways: 1 (which is most plausible), that the name "ships of Tarshish" does not necessarily

imply that the ships were built at Tarshish or intended to ply between that and some other port, but designated a peculiar style of ships, and that hence ships intended for a long coast voyage were called "ships of Tarshish" from their resemblance to the Phoenician model; 2, that the ships built at Ezion-geber were really intended for the trade to Tarshish (Tartessus) in Spain, and were to be transported across the isthmus of Suez to the Mediterranean; and 3, that there were two and possibly more places called Tarshish.

TARSUS, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet and 20 m. W. S. W. of the city of Adana, on the right bank of the Cydnus, about 10 m. from the Mediterranean; pop. about 8,000. It stands in a fertile plain, and is well built of stone. It has an ancient church, several mosques, handsome caravansaries, and public baths. Wheat, barley, cotton, copper, and gall nuts are exported.-Tarsus is said by the ancients to have been founded by Sardanapalus. It was taken by Alexander, and under the Romans rivalled Athens, Antioch, and Alexandria. It was the birthplace of the apostle Paul and of several Greek philosophers, poets, and grammarians.

TARTAR (named from Tartarus, the infernal regions, according to Paracelsus, on account of its fiery heat; also called argol), the crude bitartrate of potash, precipitated from wines as they ferment, being set free as alcohol is produced, in which it is insoluble. When purified it is known as cream of tartar or bitartrate of potassium. Salt of tartar is a name often given to pure carbonate of potash. Soluble tartar is a name given to the normal or neutral tartrate of potassium, used in medicine as a cooling purgative. (See POTASSIUM, vol. xiii., p. 763.)-Tartar is also the name of an incrustation upon the teeth, composed, according to Berzelius, of salivary mucus 13.5, animal matter soluble in muriatic acid 7.5, and phosphate of lime (earthy phosphates) 7·9.

TARTAR, Cream of. See CREAM OF TARTAR. TARTAR EMETIC, a double tartrate of antimony and potassium. (See ANTIMONY.)

TARTARIC ACID, an organic tetratomic acid, which is now regarded as belonging to a group derived from corresponding tetratomic alcohols by the substitution of oxygen for hydrogen molecules. Only one of the acids, the erythric (C.H.Os), has been actually formed, from erythrite (C4H10O4), but the composition and behavior of tartaric acid favors the theory that it has a similar derivation. The formula of tartaric acid is C.H.Oe, and includes four bi basic acids having different crystalline forms, and different properties in regard to polarized light, viz.: dextrotartaric acid, which turns the plane of polarization to the right; lævotartaric acid, which turns it to the left with equal force; paratartaric or racemic acid, which has no rotatory power, but is separable into two equal parts of right-handed and left-handed acids; and an inactive acid not thus separable.

Dextrotartaric acid is the ordinary tartaric acid found in grapes, tamarinds, pineapples, and several other fruits, usually in combination with potassium, and frequently with a small portion of calcium. The acid of commerce is prepared from tartar or argol, and was first separated from it by Scheele in 1770. The present mode of manufacture is as follows. The crude tartar is dissolved in hot water in which is stirred a little pipe clay and bone black to remove coloring matter. The filtered or decanted liquid deposits on cooling crystals of cream of tartar, from which the acid may be prepared by dissolving them in boiling water, or the original solution may be employed. Powdered chalk is added as long as there is effervescence or the liquid reddens litmus. The product consists of an insoluble tartrate of calcium and a soluble normal tartrate of potassium, which latter, after separation of the calcium salt, is mixed with an excess of chloride of potassium, which throws down the remaining tartaric acid also as tartrate of calcium. Both precipitates are washed and digested with sulphuric acid diluted with eight or ten parts of water, by which means sulphate of lime is precipitated while the tartaric acid is left free in the solution. The filtrate is carefully evaporated to the consistency of a sirup, and placed in a warm situation to crystallize. Liebig found that tartaric acid is produced by the action of nitric acid upon milk sugar. It may also be obtained from succinic acid by submitting the latter to the action of bromine and treating one of the products, dibromosuccinic acid, with oxide of silver and water. Tartaric acid crystallizes in transparent, oblique rhombic prisms of sp. gr. 1.75, which are inodorous, permanent in the air, and easily soluble in hot and cold water and in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. The aqueous solution soon spoils, becoming covered with a fungoid growth. Tartaric acid is used in calico printing to liberate chlorine from bleaching powder, and in medicine, principally for the preparation of effervescing powders. (See EFFERVESCENCE.)-Other Varieties of Tartaric Acid. The grapes cultivated in certain districts of the upper Rhine and in the Vosges contain, besides ordinary tartaric acid, an isomeric acid, called paratartaric or racemic acid, which resembles it in many particulars, but differs much in others; for instance, it is rather less soluble, and has not the power of rotating the plane of a polarized ray of light. Pasteur has made some interesting researches upon the subject, and finds that if racemic acid is united with single bases, a salt is formed whose crystals are all identical; but if it is united with two bases, after the manner of Rochelle salt, and the solution allowed to crystallize slowly, two varieties of crystals are formed, bounded by the same number of faces, inclined to one another at exactly the same angles. They however have certain hemihedral faces which are developed on op777. VOL. XV.-37

posite sides of the two crystals, so that one crystal is like the reflected image of the other, and may be denominated morphologically right-handed and left-handed crystals. If these crystals are selected and separately recrystallized, each variety will produce its own particular form of crystal, and one will have righthanded and the other left-handed rotatory powers on polarized light. The acids obtained from these two varieties of crystals have also corresponding right-handed and left-handed rotatory powers, one being in fact ordinary or dextrotartaric, the other lævotartaric acid. As these two acids have equal rotatory powers in opposite directions, if their solutions are mingled in equal proportions the mixture will have no effect upon polarized light. When concentrated solutions of the two acids are mingled, crystals of racemic acid are deposited with sensible evolution of heat. Both acids also exhibit pyro-electricity, but in opposite directions. Pasteur also found that racemic acid may be artificially produced by the action of heat upon certain compounds of tartaric acid which are capable of resisting a high temperature; for instance, when tartrate of cinchonine is exposed to a temperature of about 338° F. and afterward repeatedly boiled in water and treated with chloride of calcium, racemate of calcium is formed. Left-handed tartaric acid may in like manner be converted into racemic acid. The formation of racemic acid in these reactions is accompanied by the production of a fourth modification, which Pasteur calls inactive acid, having, like racemic, no action on polarized light, but which, unlike racemic, cannot be resolved into right-handed and left-handed acids.

TARTARS, a branch of the Mongolian or Turanian division of the human race, principally inhabiting Asia. The name is one of indefinite and indiscriminate application, used with varying comprehensiveness by different writers. In its widest sense it may be regarded as embracing the Altaian group of Mongolians, according to Virchow; that is, all the various tribes and nations inhabiting the table lands of central and northern Asia who are not of Aryan blood, including the Tartars proper, the Kirghiz, the Calmucks, the Mantchoos (sometimes called the Mantchoo Tartars), the Mongols proper, or people of Mongolia (who, however, probably constitute a separate branch), and the Tungusians, who are thought by Huxley to share the physical characteristics of the Esquimaux. In a more restricted application of the word, the Tartars comprise the Turanian inhabitants of Turkistan and the adjacent regions. These are the nomad Kirghiz, who dwell in Khokan and Kashgar, on the Pamir steppe, and in the adjacent valleys; the Uzbecks, who have advanced furthest toward settled civilization and constitute the governing class in Turkistan; the Kiptchaks, a semi-nomadic people living in Khokan, who travel with their flocks

during the grazing season; the Buddhist Cal- | mucks of eastern Turkistan, extending into Dzungaria; the Kazaks, in the region of the Sir Darya; and many smaller tribes. The predatory Turkomans inhabiting the country E. of the Caspian, from the Oxus to the Persian frontier, are of Tartaric origin, although the pure Tartar features are preserved in but few of the tribes, owing to the large admixture of Aryan blood. The characteristic Tartar physiognomy appears most distinctively at the present day among the Kirghiz, who have high cheek bones, noses thick but depressed, narrow eyes, and little or no beard. Almost every grade of variance from this type, however, is met with. In central Asia, the word Turk is used as synonymous with Tartar, merely to indicate Mongolians. According to Col. Yule, the two classes of people whom Marco Polo would identify with Gog and Magog represent the two genera of the Tartar race, namely, the White Tartars, or Turks, and the Black Tartars, or Mongols proper, who formed the bulk of the followers of Genghis Khan. Indeed, the name Mongol (bold), which he is said first to have given to the tribes who followed his standard, has been regarded as directly derived from Magog.-The word Tartar or Tatar (also Ta-ta) appears to be of Chinese origin, and was applied to early invaders of China from the upper Amoor region. They were a warlike and savage race; and possessing vast numbers of horses, they often descended upon the peaceable Chinese, and plundered their villages. Their predatory characteristics came to be so closely associated with their name as to lead to its eventual application to numerous other robber hordes. The Altai mountains appear to have been the centre of the great Mongolian migratory movement which began in the 4th century and lasted until the 10th, extending over the neighboring Asiatic countries, and under Attila far into Europe, where its results may still be traced in the Tartar population of eastern and southern Russia. The vast military expeditions of Genghis Khan and Timour were subsequent movements of a like character. Shamanism was the original faith of the Mongols. This was succeeded by Buddhism, which was abandoned for Lamaism about the end of the 16th century. Sunni Mohammedanism is now professed by the western Tartars generally, both in Asia and Europe. TARTARUS, in the Grecian mythology, a son of Ether and Gæa, and the father of the giants Typhæus and Echidna. In the Iliad Tartarus is a place as far below Hades as heaven is above the earth, and there by later writers the spirits of the wicked are said to be punished. By the later poets also the name is often used synonymously with Hades.

TARTARY, a geographical designation now usually limited to Turkistan and the adjoining regions, but formerly of much wider signification, embracing a broad belt stretching across the centre of the Asiatic continent from the

Japan and Okhotsk seas on the east to the Caspian on the west, and according to some geographers extending westward into Europe as far as the river Don. Tartary in its most extended sense therefore includes, in Asia, Mantchooria, Mongolia, Dzungaria, East Turkistan or High Tartary, Turkistan proper, including Khokan, Bokhara, and Khiva (formerly known as Independent Tartary), and all the southern part of the Russian possessions in Asia; and in Europe, the greater part of the Russian governments of Orenburg, Astrakhan, and Yekaterinoslav, the Don Cossack territory, and the Crimea, the last of which was formerly called Little Tartary, and also Crim Tartary, from the name of the horde which settled there in the 13th century. The name Tartary, however, is now seldom applied to any region outside of that bounded N. by Siberia, E. by Mantchooria, S. by China proper, Thibet, India, Afghanistan, and Persia, and W. by the Caspian sea.

TARTINI, Giuseppe, an Italian violinist, born at Pirano, Istria, in 1692, died in Padua in 1770. He gave up law and theology, acquired unrivalled proficiency as a violinist, eloped with one of his pupils, and lived for two years concealed in the convent of Assisi. There he diligently studied music, and being at length forgiven, came out of the convent the best player in Europe. Among his celebrated pupils were Pagin, La Houssaye, and Pugnani. most remarkable composition is his Sonate du diable, or "Tartini's Dream."

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