all found on the island. Many elephants were tamed in former times, but no attempt is now made to domesticate them. Other mammals are the musk deer and great Malay deer, the tapir, the flying lemur, the Malayan sun bear, squirrels, and bats. There are many beautiful pheasants, parrots, partridges, woodpeckers, herons, and the large hornbill. Crocodiles and pythons are the most formidable reptiles. The forms of insect life are numerous and varied, including 21 papilionida, among which is the leaf butterfly. In many parts of the island travelling is rendered uncomfortable by swarms of leeches and mosquitoes. Buffaloes, horses, goats, and Chinese pigs are the common domestic animals.-The inhabitants of Sumatra are of the Malay race, of which the island is supposed to have been the cradle. They are divided into several tribes, who speak languages that are considered as dialects of one common tongue. There are tribes in the interior whose origin is involved in obscurity. The people of the N. part of Sumatra, about Acheen, are taller, stouter, and of darker complexion than the other tribes, and are supposed to have a considerable infusion of Hindoo blood. The Bataks or Battas, who occupy the country immediately S. of these people, are smaller and of lighter complexion, and in some respects a very singular race. (See BATAK.) Mohammedanism is the prevailing religion, but it is in a relaxed state, and the people of the interior cannot be said to belong to any particular faith. Polygamy is not common except among the chiefs. The Malays round the coast appear to be collected from different parts of the archipelago, and it is estimated that more than 6,000 Chinese have settled in the Dutch possessions. Among the natives the ordinary dress is a turban and loose trowsers reaching to the knee; the upper part of the body is commonly uncovered in both sexes, but a scarf is sometimes worn about the shoulders. The houses are raised on posts or pillars from 4 to 8 ft. from the ground, and in some parts of the country they are erected in trees. Those of the poorer classes are made of bamboo and thatched with grass, but the houses of the more wealthy are generally framed of wood and the sides enclosed by large sheets of bark. Agriculture is in a very rude state. The only important manufactures are of utensils and cloth for domestic purposes. Iron for native use is now wholly imported. The trade of Sumatra is principally carried on with Java, Madura, Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and British India. The chief exports are pepper, gold dust, camphor, nutmegs, cloves, mace, benzoin, gutta percha, copper, tin, sulphur, and coral. are Banca and Rupat, the latter in lat. 2° N., | is believed to be confined to the N. W. portion extending about 25 m. each way, and separated of Sumatra. The tiger, the two-horned rhifrom Sumatra by a narrow strait, only naviga-noceros, and the elephant (E. Sumatranus) are ble by small vessels.-The large rivers of Sumatra flow down the eastern watershed, and although there are many rivers on the W. coast, they all have short courses and are very rapid. The principal eastern watercourses are the Rakan, flowing northward from the equator; the Siak, 200 m. long, in the native state of Siak; the Kamper, still further S.; the Indragiri, having a general eastward course not far from the 1st parallel of S. latitude, and said to be 300 m. long; the Jambi, in the country of that name; and the Musi or Palembang, falling into the strait of Banca, the largest river in Sumatra and navigable 200 m. inland. In the lower part of their courses these rivers are very sluggish, and they all have extensive deltas. Among the mountains in the west are several lakes, of which the best known is Sinkara, nearly 1° S. of the equator, at a height of 1,700 ft. above the sea. It is 10 m. long, 3 m. broad, and 1,182 ft. deep. The Manindyu lake, in the same region, occupies the elliptic crater of an extinct volcano, and is 6 m. long by 4 m. in width, with a depth of 2,060 ft.-The climate of Sumatra is warm and moist, the thermometer ranging throughout the year between 76° and 93°. There are about 200 days of rain in the year on the Padang plateau, 2,400 ft. above the ocean. During the N. W. monsoon, which blows from November to January, the weather is excessively rainy; but from June to September, when the S. E. monsoon prevails, the rainfall is limited to showers. Except in the marshy districts, the coasts are moderately healthful. Sumatra is overspread with vast forests, rich in the most valuable products of the tropics. Much of the E. coast is covered with mangrove bushes. Further inland are found palms, and trees of gigantic growth, many of them being more than 100 ft. high. On the W. shore, besides the myrtle and several varieties of fig, all the fruit trees common to the archipelago abound, and most of the mountains are covered to their summits with jungle. In the forests are many valuable timber trees, immense tree ferns, bamboos, rattans, the camphor tree, caoutchouc, and benzoin. The parasitic Rafflesia bears a flower with a calyx a yard in diameter. The soil of Sumatra is remarkable for its fertility, and yields large and valuable crops of rice, coffee, pepper, and tobacco, and some cotton. The cocoanut tree, the betelnut, and the sago palm also afford important products. There is a considerable export of coffee to the United States from Padang, where it is grown on the plateau. In Acheen pepper is the chief crop.-The Sumatran fauna corresponds closely with that of Java and Borneo, the other great islands of the Indo-Malay group. Of the quadrumana it comprises 11 species, among them the siamang ape, and the orangoutang, whose sole other habitat is Borneo; it -For administrative purposes the Dutch colonial possessions are divided into districts, each under a controller, who visits the various villages from time to time. The native inhabi tants are forbidden to bear firearms. The entire number of Europeans in the country probably does not exceed 2,000. The chief towns are Acheen in the north, Palembang in the southeast, Bencoolen in the southwest, and Padang on the W. coast.-The first historical notice of Sumatra occurs in Arab manuscripts narrating voyages made thither in the 9th century. The island was visited in 1292 by Marco Polo, who described it very accurately under the name of Java the Less. It began to be known to foreigners as Sumatra in the last half of the 14th century. Before the middle of the 15th century it was reached by the Venetian traveller Nicolò di Conti. The Portuguese first arrived there in 1509, visiting the Acheen coast, where they found a powerful king, who effectually opposed their efforts to obtain a footing. The hostilities thus begun between Portugal and Acheen continued with but little intermission till 1641, when the Portuguese lost Malacca. Sumatra was first visited by the Dutch in 1599 and by the English in 1602. The Dutch formed a settlement at Padang in 1649, got possession of some districts in the S. part of the island, and established several factories. In 1795 all their Sumatran territories fell into the hands of the English, who had established a station at Bencoolen in 1685. They were restored in 1815, but Bencoolen was retained till 1824, when all the British possessions in Sumatra were ceded to the Netherlands in exchange for Malacca and small settlements upon the coasts of India. The Dutch have since found means to annex a great extent of territory. At the time of the treaty of 1824, the Dutch government pledged itself not to assail Acheen, but for many years the prevalence of piracy and the ill treatment of foreign vessels on the N. coast have led to much complaint. All objections on the part of Great Britain to the extension of Dutch rule in Sumatra were removed by a treaty made in 1871, and in consequence of repeated violations of faith on the part of the sultan of Acheen, a naval and military expedition was despatched from the Netherlands to the N. coast of Sumatra in 1873. It was repulsed by the Acheenese with heavy loss, and the war has since been carried on with varying success. SUMBAWA, an island of the Indian archipelago, in the Sunda chain, lying between Flores on the east and Lombok on the west, the S. W. point in lat. 9° 2′ S., lon. 116° 42′ E.; length E. and W. about 170 m., extreme breadth 50 m.; estimated area, 6,000 sq. m.; pop. about 80,000. Wallace classifies it zoologically in the Timor group. A deep bay penetrates the N. coast, and it is separated from Flores by Sapi and Mangerai straits, between which lies the island of Comodo. Sumbawa is divided into six native states, each governed by a rajah who acknowledges the supremacy of the Dutch. They are Tomboro and Sumbawa on the N. coast, Bima on the E. coast, where the Dutch have a resident, and Dompo, Sangar, | and Papakat. The island is mountainous, and lies within the volcanic belt of the Indian archipelago, containing Mt. Tomboro, a volcano near the N. coast, 8,940 ft. high, the eruption of which in 1815 caused a subsidence of the surface, and was characterized by tremendous explosions which were heard over an area having a radius of more than 800 m. Nearly 12,000 persons were killed; the ashes fell in Java and Flores to the depth of several inches, and even in Sumatra, 840 m. from the volcano. In Lombok immense damage was done and many lives were lost. In 1836 a less destructive eruption occurred. Gold, sulphur, and saltpetre are found. Sumbawa is not well wooded, but sandal and sapan wood and teak occur to a limited extent. Its horses, among the best in the archipelago, are largely exported. The pearl oyster is found. The manners and language of the natives strongly resemble those of the inhabitants of Celebes. The island has been subject to the Dutch since 1676. SUMBUL. See supplement. SUMMER, the warm season of the year, including astronomically the time between the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, or from about the 21st of June till about the 22d of September. The calendar summer comprises in the United States the months of June, July, and August; in England, May, June, and July. In the southern hemisphere the summer months are December, January, and February according to the American method of regarding the seasons, or November, December, and January according to the English method. Between the tropics there is no summer properly so called, the hottest times being those when the sun passes to the zenith at noon, which at the equator will correspond to the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the two dates being on our summer side of the equinoxes for places N. of the equator, and on our winter side in places S. of the equator.-The Indian summer is a period of warm, pleasant weather, which usually occurs every year over the northern portion of the United States after the autumnal storms, and continues often without interruption two or three weeks. It appears to be a more decided season in the interior than near the coast, and in the region of the great lakes is especially noticeable, the waters during its continuance remaining placid, and the atmosphere filled with a peculiar haziness. The Indians regarded it as the gift of their most honored deity, the god of the southwest, who sends the S. W. winds, and to whom they believed their souls to go after their decease. SUMMERFIELD, John, an American clergyman, born in Preston, England, Jan. 31, 1798, died in New York, June 13, 1825. He was educated at a Moravian school, removed to Dublin in 1813, joined the Wesleyan society at the age of 19, and became a preacher. In 1821 he removed to New York, where his eloquence drew crowds to hear him. In 1822 he visited Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Wash ington, and in December went to Paris, and then to England. In 1824 he returned to New York, and continued for a time to travel and preach. He was a founder of the American tract society. His biography has been written by John Holland (8vo, New York, 1829), and by William M. Willett (Philadelphia, 1857). His "Sermons and Sketches of Sermons" were published at New York in 1842. ments, 10 of brick, 23 of carriages and wagons, 11 of cheese, 16 of cooperage, 1 of cutlery and edge tools, 1 of anchors and chains, 8 of iron castings, 9 of tanned and 6 of curried leather, 7 of machinery, 3 of paper, 26 of stone and earthen ware, 3 of woollen goods, 10 flour mills, and 15 saw mills. Capital, Akron. II. A N. W. county of Colorado, bordering on Utah, and watered by the Grand, White, and Bear rivers; area, about 8,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 258. This county formerly occupied the whole N. W. corner of the territory W. of the Rocky mountains, but in 1874 Grand co., with an area of about 11,000 sq. m., was formed from the N. portion. The E. includes a portion of the Middle park, and is crossed by the Rocky mountains. The W. portion is densely timbered with pine and spruce, and there are immense beds of coal. Gold, copper, lead, iron, and zinc are found. On the Grand and Blue rivers and their tributaries are good grazing lands; little is known of the agricultural capabilities of the county. The popula tion is chiefly in the S. E. corner, on the head waters of the Blue river, and is almost exclusively engaged in gold placer mining. Capital, Breckinridge. III. A N. E. county of Utah, bordering on Wyoming, and containing the head waters of Bear and Weber rivers; area, 1,250 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,512. It is crossed by the Union Pacific railroad. The surface is mountainous. Coal, gold, silver, and lead are found. The chief productions in 1870 were 18,955 bushels of wheat, 2,028 of oats, 1,352 of barley, 12,149 of potatoes, 13,540 lbs. of butter, and 2,569 tons of hay. The value of live stock was $65,353. Capital, Coalville. SUMMER RED BIRD. See TANAGER. SUMMERS, a central county of West Virginia, bounded S. W. by the Meadow river, and intersected by Gauley river. It has been formed since the census of 1870 from Nicholas co. The surface is greatly diversified, and the valleys are productive. The staples are wheat, corn, oats, hay, and dairy products. Capital, Hinton. SUMMERS, Thomas Osmond, an American clergyman, born near Corfe Castle, Dorsetshire, England, Oct. 11, 1812. He emigrated to the United States in 1830, and became a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church, at first in Virginia. In 1840 he went to Texas as one of nine ministers to constitute the first conference there. In 1844 he joined the Alabama conference, and as secretary of the convention at Louisville, Ky., assisted in organizing the Methodist Episcopal church, South. By appointment, he assisted in editing the "Southern Christian Advocate" and in compiling a new hymn book. In 1850 the general conference elected him editor of their books and tracts, and of the "Sunday School Visitor," and in 1858 also of the "Quarterly Review." In 1866 he was elected editor of the "Nashville Christian Advocate," and in 1874 professor of systematic theology in the new Vanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn. His wri- SUMNER. I. A N. central county of Missistings include "Commentaries on the Gospels sippi, formed in 1874 from Choctaw, Montand on the Acts of the Apostles;" "Com-gomery, and Oktibbeha counties; area, 408 sq. mentary on the Ritual of the M. E. Church, South;" "A Treatise on Baptism;" "A Treatise on Holiness;" "Sunday School Teacher, or the Catechetical Office;" "Seasons, Months, and Days;""Talks Pleasant and Profitable ;" "The Golden Censer:" "Scripture Catechism" (2 vols., Old and New Testament); "Refutation of Thomas Paine's Theological Writings;" and an enlargement and revision of Watson's "Biblical and Theological Dictionary." SUMMIT. I. A N. E. county of Ohio, drained by the Cuyahoga river and the head streams of the Tuscarawas, and traversed by the Ohio canal and several railroads; area, 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 34,674. It is the most elevated land on the line of the Ohio canal. The surface is uneven and the soil highly fertile. Coal is mined in large quantities. Water power abounds. The chief productions in 1873 were 307,123 bushels of wheat, 633,619 of Indian corn, 386,714 of oats, 98,489 of potatoes, 32,587 tons of hay, 105,639 lbs. of wool, 749,370 of butter, and 1,586,842 of cheese. In 1874 there were 8,223 horses, 23,911 cattle, 28,065 sheep, and 9,594 hogs. In 1870 there were 5 manufactories of agricultural imple m.; pop. about 8,000. It is drained by the Big Black river. The surface is somewhat undulating and the soil productive. The chief crops are Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and cotton. Capital, Mt. Tabor. II. A N. county of Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, bounded S. by the Cumberland river and drained by affluents of Big Barren river; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 23,711, of whom 7,777 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The Louisville, Nashville, and Great Southern railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 163,114 bushels of wheat, 1,155,914 of Indian corn, 233,837 of oats, 35,253 of Irish and 25,074 of sweet potatoes, 4,921 tons of hay, 909,568 lbs. of tobacco, 38,860 of wool, 224,295 of butter, 15,668 of honey, and 38,563 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 7,582 horses, 3,078 mules and asses, 5,378 milch cows, 9,500 other cattle, 20,421 sheep, and 37,304 swine. Capital, Gallatin. III. A S. county of Kansas, bordering on Indian territory, and intersected in the northeast by the Arkansas river; area, 1,152 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 22; in 1875, 4,925. It consists of fertile prairies. Capital, Sumner. SUMNER, Charles, an American statesman, the whig party and association with the freeborn in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1811, died in soilers, to whose candidates, Van Buren and Washington, D. C., March 11, 1874. His fa- Adams, he lent efficient support in the presither, who died in 1839, was a graduate of Har- dential contest of 1848. After the withdrawal vard college, a lawyer, and for 14 years high of Mr. Webster from the senate of the United sheriff of the county of Suffolk. The son re- States by his entrance into the cabinet of Mr. ceived his early education at the Boston Latin Fillmore in 1850, Mr. Sumner was nominated school, and graduated at Harvard college in for the vacancy by a coalition of freesoilers 1830. He was appointed reporter of the cir- and democrats in the Massachusetts legislature, cuit court of the United States, in which ca- and was elected on April 24, 1851, after a pacity he published three volumes known as most earnest and protracted contest. He took Sumner's Reports," containing decisions of his seat on Dec. 1, 1851, and retained it by Judge Story. He also at the same time edited successive reëlections till his death. His first the "American Jurist," a quarterly law jour- important speech was upon the fugitive slave nal of high reputation. During the first three act, against which he argued that congress winters after his admission to the bar, while had no power under the constitution to legisJudge Story was absent in Washington, Mr. late for the rendition of fugitive slaves; and Sumner was appointed lecturer to the law that if it had, the act in many essential parstudents, and part of the time he had sole ticulars conflicted with the constitution, and charge of the school. His favorite topics were was also cruel and tyrannical. In this speech those relating to constitutional law and the Mr. Sumner laid down as a guide for political law of nations. He visited Europe in 1837, action the formula to which he ever aftertravelled in Italy, Germany, and France, and ward adhered, that "freedom is national and resided for nearly a year in England. He car- slavery sectional." In the debate on the reried to England a letter of introduction from peal of the Missouri compromise and on the Judge Story, in which he was described as "a contest in Kansas, Mr. Sumner took a very young lawyer giving promise of the most emi- prominent part. His last speech upon this nent distinction in his profession, with truly topic, which was printed under the title of extraordinary attainments, literary and judi- "The Crime against Kansas," occupied two cial; and a gentleman of the highest purity days in its delivery, May 19 and 20, 1856. and propriety of character." He was received Some passages in it greatly incensed the memwith unusual distinction in the highest circles, bers of congress from South Carolina, one was introduced by eminent statesmen on the of whom, Preston S. Brooks, on May 22 asfloor of the houses of parliament, and invited saulted Mr. Sumner while he was writing at by the chief judges to sit with them in West- his desk in the senate chamber, and with a minster hall. He returned to Boston in 1840, gutta percha cane struck him on the head till and in 1844-'6 published an elaborate edition he fell to the floor insensible. (See BROOKS, with annotations of "Vesey's Reports" in 20 PRESTON S.) The injury thus received proved vols. Though voting with the whig party, he very serious, and was followed by a severe and took no active part in politics till 1845, when long disability, from which his recovery was on the 4th of July he pronounced before the not complete till three or four years later. municipal authorities of Boston an oration on His term of office as senator expired March 4, "The True Grandeur of Nations," in which, 1857, and in the preceding January the legisprompted by the menacing aspect of affairs lature of Massachusetts reëlected him by a between the United States and Mexico, he de- unanimous vote in the senate, while in the nounced the war system as the ordeal by bat- house of representatives, consisting of several tle still unwisely continued by international hundred members, he received all but seven law as the arbiter of justice between nations, votes. Under the advice of physicians he and insisted that this system ought to give way went to Europe for the benefit of his health in to peaceful arbitration for the adjudication of March, 1857, and returned in the autumn to reinternational questions. His oration attracted sume his seat in the senate. His health being unusual attention, led to much controversy, still impaired, he went abroad again in May, and was widely circulated both in America 1858, remaining till the autumn of 1859, and and Europe. It was followed by a rapid suc- submitted to a course of extraordinarily secession of public addresses on kindred themes, vere medical treatment in Paris. His next which were also widely circulated. Mr. Sum- serious effort was an elaborate speech in the ner earnestly engaged in the opposition to the senate, denouncing the influence of slavery annexation of Texas on the ground of slavery. on character, society, and civilization, which In 1846 he made an address to the whig state was printed under the title of "The Barconvention of Massachusetts on "The Anti- barism of Slavery." In the presidential conSlavery Duties of the Whig Party," and short-test of 1860 he made several speeches in bely afterward published a letter of rebuke to Mr. Robert C. Winthrop, who then represented Boston in congress, for his vote in favor of the war with Mexico. These steps led eventually to Mr. Sumner's separation from half of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. In the senate and in popular addresses during the civil war he earnestly opposed all concession to or compromise with slavery, and early proposed emancipation as the speedi |