are Banca and Rupat, the latter in lat. 2° N., | is believed to be confined to the N. W. portion extending about 25 m. each way, and separated of Sumatra. The tiger, the two-horned rhifrom Sumatra by a narrow strait, only naviga- noceros, and the elephant (E. Sumatranus) are ble by small vessels.-The large rivers of Suma- all found on the island. Many elephants were tra flow down the eastern watershed, and al- tamed in former times, but no attempt is now though there are many rivers on the W. coast, made to domesticate them. Other mammals they all have short courses and are very rapid. are the musk deer and great Malay deer, the The principal eastern watercourses are the tapir, the flying lemur, the Malayan sun bear, Rakan, flowing northward from the equator; squirrels, and bats. There are many beautithe Siak, 200 m. long, in the native state of ful pheasants, parrots, partridges, woodpeckSiak; the Kamper, still further S.; the Indra- ers, herons, and the large hornbill. Crocogiri, having a general eastward course not far diles and pythons are the most formidable from the 1st parallel of S. latitude, and said to reptiles. The forms of insect life are nube 300 m. long; the Jambi, in the country of merous and varied, including 21 papilionida, that name; and the Musi or Palembang, fall- among which is the leaf butterfly. In many ing into the strait of Banca, the largest river parts of the island travelling is rendered unin Sumatra and navigable 200 m. inland. In comfortable by swarms of leeches and mosthe lower part of their courses these rivers quitoes. Buffaloes, horses, goats, and Chinese are very sluggish, and they all have exten- pigs are the common domestic animals.-The sive deltas. Among the mountains in the inhabitants of Sumatra are of the Malay race, west are several lakes, of which the best of which the island is supposed to have been known is Sinkara, nearly 1° S. of the equator, the cradle. They are divided into several at a height of 1,700 ft. above the sea. It is tribes, who speak languages that are considered 10 m. long, 3 m. broad, and 1,182 ft. deep. as dialects of one common tongue. There are The Manindyu lake, in the same region, occu- tribes in the interior whose origin is involved pies the elliptic crater of an extinct volcano, in obscurity. The people of the N. part of and is 6 m. long by 4 m. in width, with a depth Sumatra, about Acheen, are taller, stouter, and of 2,060 ft.-The climate of Sumatra is warm of darker complexion than the other tribes, and moist, the thermometer ranging through- and are supposed to have a considerable infuout the year between 76° and 93°. There are sion of Hindoo blood. The Bataks or Battas, about 200 days of rain in the year on the who occupy the country immediately S. of these Padang plateau, 2,400 ft. above the ocean. people, are smaller and of lighter complexion, During the N. W. monsoon, which blows from and in some respects a very singular race. November to January, the weather is exces- (See BATAK.) Mohammedanism is the prevailsively rainy; but from June to September, ing religion, but it is in a relaxed state, and when the S. E. monsoon prevails, the rainfall the people of the interior cannot be said to beis limited to showers. Except in the marshy long to any particular faith. Polygamy is not districts, the coasts are moderately healthful. common except among the chiefs. The Malays Sumatra is overspread with vast forests, rich round the coast appear to be collected from in the most valuable products of the tropics. different parts of the archipelago, and it is estiMuch of the E. coast is covered with mangrove mated that more than 6,000 Chinese have setbushes. Further inland are found palms, and tled in the Dutch possessions. Among the trees of gigantic growth, many of them being natives the ordinary dress is a turban and loose more than 100 ft. high. On the W. shore, trowsers reaching to the knee; the upper part besides the myrtle and several varieties of fig, of the body is commonly uncovered in both all the fruit trees common to the archipelago sexes, but a scarf is sometimes worn about the abound, and most of the mountains are covered shoulders. The houses are raised on posts or to their summits with jungle. In the forests pillars from 4 to 8 ft. from the ground, and in are many valuable timber trees, immense tree some parts of the country they are erected in ferns, bamboos, rattans, the camphor tree, trees. Those of the poorer classes are made of caoutchouc, and benzoin. The parasitic Raf- bamboo and thatched with grass, but the houses flesia bears a flower with a calyx a yard in of the more wealthy are generally framed of diameter. The soil of Sumatra is remarkable wood and the sides enclosed by large sheets of for its fertility, and yields large and valuable bark. Agriculture is in a very rude state. The crops of rice, coffee, pepper, and tobacco, and only important manufactures are of utensils some cotton. The cocoanut tree, the betelnut, and cloth for domestic purposes. Iron for naand the sago palm also afford important pro- tive use is now wholly imported. The trade ducts. There is a considerable export of coffee of Sumatra is principally carried on with Java, to the United States from Padang, where it is Madura, Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and Britgrown on the plateau. In Acheen pepper is ish India. The chief exports are pepper, gold the chief crop.-The Sumatran fauna corre- dust, camphor, nutmegs, cloves, mace, benzoin, sponds closely with that of Java and Borneo, gutta percha, copper, tin, sulphur, and coral. the other great islands of the Indo-Malay group. Of the quadrumana it comprises 11 species, among them the siamang ape, and the orangoutang, whose sole other habitat is Borneo; it

For administrative purposes the Dutch colonial possessions are divided into districts, each under a controller, who visits the various villages from time to time. The native inhabi

are Banca and Rupat, the latter in lat. 2° N., | is believed to be confined to the N. W. portion extending about 25 m. each way, and separated from Sumatra by a narrow strait, only navigable by small vessels.—The large rivers of Sumatra flow down the eastern watershed, and although there are many rivers on the W. coast, they all have short courses and are very rapid. The principal eastern watercourses are the Rakan, flowing northward from the equator; the Siak, 200 m. long, in the native state of Siak; the Kamper, still further S.; the Indragiri, having a general eastward course not far from the 1st parallel of S. latitude, and said to be 300 m. long; the Jambi, in the country of that name; and the Musi or Palembang, falling into the strait of Banca, the largest river in Sumatra and navigable 200 m. inland. In the lower part of their courses these rivers are very sluggish, and they all have extensive deltas. Among the mountains in the west are several lakes, of which the best known is Sinkara, nearly 1° S. of the equator, at a height of 1,700 ft. above the sea. It is 10 m. long, 3 m. broad, and 1,182 ft. deep. The Manindyu lake, in the same region, occupies the elliptic crater of an extinct volcano, and is 6 m. long by 4 m. in width, with a depth of 2,060 ft.-The climate of Sumatra is warm and moist, the thermometer ranging throughout the year between 76° and 93°. There are about 200 days of rain in the year on the Padang plateau, 2,400 ft. above the ocean. During the N. W. monsoon, which blows from November to January, the weather is excessively rainy; but from June to September, when the S. E. monsoon prevails, the rainfall is limited to showers. Except in the marshy districts, the coasts are moderately healthful. Sumatra is overspread with vast forests, rich in the most valuable products of the tropics. Much of the E. coast is covered with mangrove bushes. Further inland are found palms, and trees of gigantic growth, many of them being more than 100 ft. high. On the W. shore, besides the myrtle and several varieties of fig, all the fruit trees common to the archipelago abound, and most of the mountains are covered to their summits with jungle. In the forests are many valuable timber trees, immense tree ferns, bamboos, rattans, the camphor tree, caoutchouc, and benzoin. The parasitic Rafflesia bears a flower with a calyx a yard in diameter. The soil of Sumatra is remarkable for its fertility, and yields large and valuable crops of rice, coffee, pepper, and tobacco, and some cotton. The cocoanut tree, the betelnut, and the sago palm also afford important products. There is a considerable export of coffee to the United States from Padang, where it is | grown on the plateau. In Acheen pepper is the chief crop.-The Sumatran fauna corresponds closely with that of Java and Borneo, the other great islands of the Indo-Malay group. Of the quadrumana it comprises 11 species, among them the siamang ape, and the orangoutang, whose sole other habitat is Borneo; it

of Sumatra. The tiger, the two-horned rhinoceros, and the elephant (E. Sumatranus) are all found on the island. Many elephants were tamed in former times, but no attempt is now made to domesticate them. Other mammals are the musk deer and great Malay deer, the tapir, the flying lemur, the Malayan sun bear, squirrels, and bats. There are many beautiful pheasants, parrots, partridges, woodpeckers, herons, and the large hornbill. Crocodiles and pythons are the most formidable reptiles. The forms of insect life are numerous and varied, including 21 papilionida, among which is the leaf butterfly. In many parts of the island travelling is rendered uncomfortable by swarms of leeches and mosquitoes. Buffaloes, horses, goats, and Chinese pigs are the common domestic animals.-The inhabitants of Sumatra are of the Malay race, of which the island is supposed to have been the cradle. They are divided into several tribes, who speak languages that are considered as dialects of one common tongue. There are tribes in the interior whose origin is involved in obscurity. The people of the N. part of Sumatra, about Acheen, are taller, stouter, and of darker complexion than the other tribes, and are supposed to have a considerable infusion of Hindoo blood. The Bataks or Battas, who occupy the country immediately S. of these people, are smaller and of lighter complexion, and in some respects a very singular race. (See BATAK.) Mohammedanism is the prevailing religion, but it is in a relaxed state, and the people of the interior cannot be said to belong to any particular faith. Polygamy is not common except among the chiefs. The Malays round the coast appear to be collected from different parts of the archipelago, and it is estimated that more than 6,000 Chinese have settled in the Dutch possessions. Among the natives the ordinary dress is a turban and loose trowsers reaching to the knee; the upper part of the body is commonly uncovered in both sexes, but a scarf is sometimes worn about the shoulders. The houses are raised on posts or pillars from 4 to 8 ft. from the ground, and in some parts of the country they are erected in trees. Those of the poorer classes are made of bamboo and thatched with grass, but the houses of the more wealthy are generally framed of wood and the sides enclosed by large sheets of bark. Agriculture is in a very rude state. The only important manufactures are of utensils and cloth for domestic purposes. Iron for native use is now wholly imported. The trade of Sumatra is principally carried on with Java, Madura, Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and British India. The chief exports are pepper, gold dust, camphor, nutmegs, cloves, mace, benzoin, gutta percha, copper, tin, sulphur, and coral. -For administrative purposes the Dutch colonial possessions are divided into districts, each under a controller, who visits the various villages from time to time. The native inhabi

tants are forbidden to bear firearms. The entire | and Papakat. The island is mountainous, and number of Europeans in the country probably lies within the volcanic belt of the Indian does not exceed 2,000. The chief towns are archipelago, containing Mt. Tomboro, a volAcheen in the north, Palembang in the south-cano near the N. coast, 8,940 ft. high, the east, Bencoolen in the southwest, and Padang eruption of which in 1815 caused a subsidence on the W. coast.-The first historical notice of of the surface, and was characterized by treSumatra occurs in Arab manuscripts narrating mendous explosions which were heard over voyages made thither in the 9th century. The an area having a radius of more than 800 m. island was visited in 1292 by Marco Polo, who Nearly 12,000 persons were killed; the ashes described it very accurately under the name of fell in Java and Flores to the depth of several Java the Less. It began to be known to for- inches, and even in Sumatra, 840 m. from the eigners as Sumatra in the last half of the 14th volcano. In Lombok immense damage was century. Before the middle of the 15th cen- done and many lives were lost. In 1836 a less tury it was reached by the Venetian traveller destructive eruption occurred. Gold, sulphur, Nicolò di Conti. The Portuguese first arrived and saltpetre are found. Sumbawa is not well there in 1509, visiting the Acheen coast, where wooded, but sandal and sapan wood and teak they found a powerful king, who effectually occur to a limited extent. Its horses, among opposed their efforts to obtain a footing. The the best in the archipelago, are largely exporthostilities thus begun between Portugal and ed. The pearl oyster is found. The manners Acheen continued with but little intermission and language of the natives strongly resemble till 1641, when the Portuguese lost Malacca. those of the inhabitants of Celebes. The island Sumatra was first visited by the Dutch in 1599 has been subject to the Dutch since 1676. and by the English in 1602. The Dutch formed SUMBUL. See supplement. a settlement at Padang in 1649, got possession of some districts in the S. part of the island, and established several factories. In 1795 all their Sumatran territories fell into the hands of the English, who had established a station at Bencoolen in 1685. They were restored in 1815, but Bencoolen was retained till 1824, when all the British possessions in Sumatra were ceded to the Netherlands in exchange for Malacca and small settlements upon the coasts of India. The Dutch have since found means to annex a great extent of territory. At the time of the treaty of 1824, the Dutch government pledged itself not to assail Acheen, but for many years the prevalence of piracy and the ill treatment of foreign vessels on the N. coast have led to much complaint. All objections on the part of Great Britain to the extension of Dutch rule in Sumatra were removed by a treaty made in 1871, and in consequence of repeated violations of faith on the part of the sultan of Acheen, a naval and military expedition was despatched from the Netherlands to the N. coast of Sumatra in 1873. It was repulsed by the Acheenese with heavy loss, and the war has since been carried on with varying success.

SUMBAWA, an island of the Indian archipelago, in the Sunda chain, lying between Flores on the cast and Lombok on the west, the S. W. point in lat. 9° 2′ S., lon. 116° 42′ E.; length E. and W. about 170 m., extreme breadth 50 m.; estimated area, 6,000 sq. m.; pop. about 80,000. Wallace classifies it zoologically in the Timor group. A deep bay penetrates the N. coast, and it is separated from Flores by Sapi and Mangerai straits, between which lies the island of Comodo. Sumbawa is divided into six native states, each governed by a rajah who acknowledges the supremacy of the Dutch. They are Tomboro and Sumbawa on the N. coast, Bima on the E. coast, where the Dutch have a resident, and Dompo, Sangar,

SUMMER, the warm season of the year, including astronomically the time between the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, or from about the 21st of June till about the 22d of September. The calendar summer comprises in the United States the months of June, July, and August; in England, May, June, and July. In the southern hemisphere the summer months are December, January, and February according to the American method of regarding the seasons, or November, December, and January according to the English method. Between the tropics there is no summer properly so called, the hottest times being those when the sun passes to the zenith at noon, which at the equator will correspond to the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the two dates being on our summer side of the equinoxes for places N. of the equator, and on our winter side in places S. of the equator.-The Indian summer is a period of warm, pleasant weather, which usually occurs every year over the northern portion of the United States after the autumnal storms, and continues often without interruption two or three weeks. It appears to be a more decided season in the interior than near the coast, and in the region of the great lakes is especially noticeable, the waters during its continuance remaining placid, and the atmosphere filled with a peculiar haziness. The Indians regarded it as the gift of their most honored deity, the god of the southwest, who sends the S. W. winds, and to whom they believed their souls to go after their decease.

SUMMERFIELD, John, an American clergyman, born in Preston, England, Jan. 31, 1798, died in New York, June 13, 1825. He was educated at a Moravian school, removed to Dublin in 1813, joined the Wesleyan society at the age of 19, and became a preacher. In 1821 he removed to New York, where his eloquence drew crowds to hear him. In 1822 he visited Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Wash

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