most intimately associated with Spanish viti- | culture are the several varieties of sherry, so called from the town of Jerez de la Frontera, in Andalusia, around which lie perhaps the choicest vineyards of Spain. They form part of the wine district of Cadiz, which also includes San Lucar de Barrameda, on the banks of the estuary of the Guadalquivir; Trebujena, N. of San Lucar; and Puerto de Santa Maria, S. of Jerez, on the W. bank of the estuary of the Rio Guadalete, which forms the eastern frontier of the sherry district. The vineyards of all qualities in the district of Cadiz cover about 24,000 acres, and yield not less than 6,000,000 gallons annually, which is very little in excess of the yearly consumption of so-called sherry in England alone. Between natural sherries and the sherries of commerce, which find their principal market in Great Britain | and the United States, there is an important difference. The former are generally lightcolored and dry, and after the primary fermentation is complete contain an average of 26 per cent. of proof spirit naturally generated. Under this class may be mentioned the so-called vinos | de pasto, or table wines, which are light, dry, spirituous, and highly flavored. The wines exported under that name exhibit these qualities in a marked degree, although more or less brandied to suit the English and American taste. But the greater part of the sherries leaving Cadiz have previously been subjected to a treatment which renders them as much a factitious product as champagne. The manufacturers generally buy much more must or wine from other growers than they produce themselves. The juice is deposited in butts of 108 gallons each, and after the first fermentation is racked from the lees, each butt receiving from two to ten gallons of spirit, according to the quality of the wine, the inferior sorts requiring most reënforcement. The wine is subsequently flavored with a liqueur called dulce, made from the must of over-ripe grapes, the fermentation of which has been checked by the addition of over-proof spirit; and colored by an admixture of vino de color, which is simply must boiled until it is reduced to one fifth of its bulk, and has acquired the consistency of treacle. It is deep reddish brown, and has a harsh and bitter flavor. By means of this agent all the popular shades of color are given to the conventional sherries of commerce. Thus pale sherry requires but 7 gallons to the butt, the golden 15, the pale brown 20, and the rich old brown as much as 25 gallons. The choicest wines of the Cadiz district are not customarily sold or drunk, but are reserved for admixture with poorer sorts, whereby the latter, in addition to the flavoring and coloring processes they have undergone, acquire a premature character of age and ripeness. Hence the custom prevalent among manufacturers of sherry, of keeping up the so-called soleras, or stock wines. A solera wine is described as 66 a fine old mother wine,

which by care and attention has acquired body and character. Such wines are kept in stock in butts or double butts, and are perpetuated in the following manner: Of say 20 butts of existing ready solera wine the proprietor draws off one half for mixing with the wine about to be exported. He then fills up the voids created in his 20 butts by means of 10 butts of the finest wine of a later vintage which he can obtain. In old established houses solera wine is therefore a mixture of a great number of wines, of which the latest addition forms one half, the last but one a quarter, and the last but two an eighth of the whole bulk, and so forth, in a ratio which terminates only with the first solera produced without any mother wine. The production of this solera wine is a kind of chemical infection whereby good wine is induced to undergo quickly a process of etherification. This process becomes so potent in some soleras that they are absolutely nasty and undrinkable, like most essences, but command prices of from £800 to £1,000 a butt, on account of the large quantity of flavorless wine which a certain small amount of them will infect with the desired sherry flavor." (Thudicum and Dupré's "Treatise on Wines.") Repeated brandyings of the poorer wines take place previous to shipment, until the 26 per cent. of proof spirit contained in the newly fermented natural wine has been increased to an average of about 37 per cent. Some specimens tested by the London custom house officers have exhibited as much as 50 per cent. The finer sherries are free from this extreme alcoholic character. Those from the neighborhood of Jerez often develop a peculiar etherous flavor called the amontillado, which is supposed to arise from the presence of aldehyde, and is very noticeable in some white Greek wines. Around San Lucar are produced the well known manzanillas, which derive their name from a certain similarity both in flavor and fragrance to the manzanilla or camomile flower. In their highest perfection they are thin and almost colorless, with a bitter aromatic taste. They are said to be the purest wines of their class, from the fact that they will not mingle readily with other growths. The fine wines of Montilla, long famous throughout Spain, are reputed to develop the amontillado flavor in a remarkable degree, but require several years to reach their best condition. Elsewhere in Andalusia are produced wines assimilating in flavor and in general character to those of Jerez, but greatly inferior in quality. The district of Condado de Niebla, between the coast and Seville, yields a wine so perishable that it has to be largely reënforced with alcohol, after which it is taken to Cadiz and made into sherry for shipment to England.-Malaga has long been famous for the production of wines, both sweet and dry, and raisins. The entire country between the port of Malaga and Granada may be said to form one great vineyard, the

mountainous parts of which near Malaga, owing to exceptional climatic advantages, produce not less than three crops of grapes annually. The first is used exclusively for raisins, while the second yields dry wines and the third sweet wines. The most noted of the latter are rich and of a dark amber color, imparted by the addition of boiled must intentionally burned in the boiling. They are said to keep for more than a century, with the aid doubtless of added spirit, but with age lose much of their sweetness. Toledo and La Mancha produce some excellent red wines, those of the latter district being distinguished by ample body and a peculiar subbitter flavor. The muscat of Juencaral near Madrid is one of the brightest colored and most agreeable wines of Spain. Murcia, Valencia, and Catalonia, which border on the Mediterranean, produce immense quantities of deep-colored, full-bodied wines. Those of Murcia are coarse, rough, and inferior, while those of certain districts of Valencia, notably Alicante and Benicarlo, have considerable reputation. The lower grades of Valencia wines are perishable unless reenforced with alcohol, and are largely employed in making imitation port or in mixing with genuine port wine. Many thousands of butts of spirits are also distilled from them. The Alicante wines, produced from the grape of that name, are sweet, strong, luscious, and often of an almost sirupy consistence. Like other wines of their class, they have to be brandied in order to keep any length of time. Those of Benicarlo are sweet and heady, and are in considerable demand for mixing with the red wines of southern France. The Catalan wines are numerous and of many varieties of flavor, the greater part being cheap and of medium quality. The red kinds predominate, and it is asserted that those of the deepest tint, called in England "Spanish reds," derive their color from a liberal admixture of elderberry juice. They require brandying, and are extensively used for building up the poorer growths of Bordeaux. Much of the cheap claret used in England and America is largely impregnated with Spanish Mediterranean wines. In Aragon, Valladolid, Biscay, Navarre, Asturias, and elsewhere are produced red and white wines of fair quality, but mostly of local reputation. Of late years attempts have been made to naturalize the choice wines of Médoc and Burgundy in northern Spain, in the hope of obtaining wine equal to the products of those districts; but the results have, as a rule, been far from satisfactory. The Balearic islands yield considerable quantities of wine, chiefly muscats and malmseys; while the Canaries, where was made the famous vino secco or sack of Shakespeare's time, have almost ceased to be a wine-growing country.

SPALATO, or Spalatro (anc. Spalatum or Spolatum), a town of Dalmatia, Austria, on a bay of the Adriatic formed by islands, 74 m. S. E. of Zara; pop. in 1870, 15,784. It has been ately much improved and provided with piers

and quays. The archbishop of Spalato is primate of Dalmatia and Croatia. It contains a cathedral (anciently a temple of Jupiter) and other churches, an episcopal palace and seminary, a nautical and other schools, and a museum for Roman antiquities, which abound here. The harbor is spacious, and the trade is especially active with Turkey. Spalato belonged for several centuries to Venice, during the Napoleonic era to France, and since 1815 to Austria.-Three miles E. N. E. of Spalato is the village of Salona, which preserves the name of the ancient capital of Dalmatia. Ancient Salona was an extensive city, and a bulwark of the Romans against the Goths and other barbarians. Some of its buildings and many ruins remain. The emperor Diocletian, who was born near it, resided there during his retirement. A portion of Spalato is on the site of his immense palace, built in 303, and occupying about eight acres, in which the people of Salona took refuge on the destruction of their city by the barbarians; and the name Spalatum is a corruption of Salonæ Palatium.

SPALDING, a W. county of Georgia, bounded W. by Flint river; area, about 190 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,205, of whom 4,878 were colored. The surface is slightly undulating and the soil fertile. It is traversed by the Macon and Western and the Savannah, Griffin, and North Alabama railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 18,634 bushels of wheat, 125,984 of Indian corn, 17,164 of oats, and 3,630 bales of cotton. There were 460 horses, 728 mules and asses, 1,169 milch cows, 1,554 other cattle, 1,521 sheep, and 4,256 swine. Capital, Griffin.

SPALDING, Lyman, an American physician, born in Cornish, N. H., June 5, 1775, died in Portsmouth, N. H., Oct. 31, 1821. He graduated at Harvard college in 1797, assisted Prof. Nathan Smith in establishing the medical school at Dartmouth college, delivered the first course of lectures on chemistry in that institution, and published "A New Nomenclature of Chemistry, proposed by Messrs. De Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy, with Additions and Improvements" (1799). He entered upon the practice of medicine at Portsmouth in 1799. In 1812 he was elected president and professor of anatomy and surgery in the college of physicians and surgeons at Fairfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., and in 1813 he removed to the city of New York. He originated the plan for the formation of the "Pharmacopoeia of the United States," the first edition of which was published in 1820, under the supervision of delegates from all the medical schools and societies. Dr. Spalding published "Reflections on Fever, and particularly on the Inflammatory Character of Fever" (1817); "Reflections on Yellow Fever Periods" (1819); and "A History of the Introduction and Use of Scutellaria Lateriflora as a Remedy for preventing and curing Hydrophobia" (1819).

SPALDING, Martin John, an American prelate, born in Marion co., Ky., May 23, 1810, died in Baltimore, Feb. 7, 1872. He graduated at St. Mary's college, Lebanon, in 1826, studied theology, and went to Rome in 1830 to complete his course at the college of the propaganda. He was ordained priest on Aug. 13, 1834, returned to Kentucky, and was appointed pastor of the cathedral of Bardstown. In February, 1835, he founded the "Catholic Advocate," with which he was connected till 1858. He also founded the "Louisville Guardian" in 1854. In 1838 he was elected president of St. Joseph's theological seminary, Bardstown; in 1840 became pastor of St. Peter's church, Lexington, and in 1841 again pastor of the cathedral at Bardstown. He was invited to deliver a series of discourses on the Roman Catholic church in the cathedral of Nashville in 1843; and he afterward lectured in the chief cities of the United States and Canada. His yearly lectures from 1844 to 1847 were published with the title of "Evidences of Catholicity" (1847; 4th ed., Baltimore, 1866). He was appointed coadjutor bishop of Louisville, Aug. 10, 1848, with the title of bishop of Lengone in partibus infidelium, and was consecrated on Sept. 10. He established a colony of Trappist monks at Gethsemane near Bardstown, and a house of Magdalens in connection with the convent of the Good Shepherd. In 1850 he became bishop of Louisville as successor of Dr. Flaget, whose life he wrote (Louisville, 1852), and built a magnificent cathedral. In May, 1852, he was present at the first plenary council of Baltimore, obtained the erection of the new see of Covington, and urged the establishment of a system of parochial schools in every diocese. He went to Europe in November, 1852, obtained in Belgium Xaverian brothers for the parochial schools of Louisville, and from Archbishop Zurysen of Utrecht several priests and a colony of sisters to instruct the deaf and dumb. Having taken steps for the foundation of an American college at Louvain, he returned to the United States in April, 1853, and was involved in a controversy with George D. Prentice of the Louisville "Journal" at the beginning of the Know-Nothing movement in 1855. He published his "Miscellania" during this agitation. In the three provincial councils of Cincinnati, in 1855, 1858, and 1861, Bishop Spalding bore a leading part, and drew up the collective address of the bishops at their close. Another controversy with George D. Prentice grew out of a review by Bishop Spalding of Joseph Kay's work on common school education in Europe, the bishop advocating a denominational system of common schools, such as exists in most European states. In his own diocese he introduced a system of church government calculated to secure the rights of the inferior clergy, and preserve them from arbitrary rule. In 1860 he published "A History of the Protestant Reformation in Germany

and Switzerland" (2 vols. 8vo, Louisville; 4th ed., Baltimore, 1866), enlarged from a review of D'Aubigné first published in 1844, and delivered a course of lectures at the Smithsonian institution on the history and elements of modern civilization. He succeeded Dr. Kenrick as archbishop of Baltimore, May 12, 1864, and took possession of his see on July 31. One of his first cares was to found an industrial school for boys intrusted to the Xaverian brothers, which was opened Sept. 8, 1866. As apostolic delegate, he convened the second national council of Baltimore, Oct. 7, 1866, and had the principal part in preparing the measures submitted to its deliberations, and in drawing up the acts of the council in so complete a form as to make the work a standard manual of American canon law (Concilii Plenarii Baltimorensis II. Acta et Decreta, Baltimore, 1868). To him is mainly due the foundation of the "Catholic Publication Society " of New York, and of the monthly periodical called the "Catholic World." He took a conspicuous part in the council of the Vatican (1869-'70). Together with other bishops of the United States, he wished for an immediate and final doctrinal judgment on the question of pontifical infallibility, but preferred an indirect and implied definition, consisting in the formal condemnation of every sentiment opposed to the inerrancy of the supreme teaching office of the pope. On Archbishop Spalding's arrival in Rome a postulatum in this sense was drawn up by him and signed by the American bishops. Subsequently some of the leading reasons on which the postulatum was grounded were publicly quoted by Bishop Dupanloup as arguments against the opportuneness of a doctrinal definition. Passages from the late Archbishop Kenrick's theology were also alleged in support of the opposition. This was resisted by Archbishop Spalding in a letter to Bishop Dupanloup (April 4, 1870), in which he vindicated the orthodoxy of his predecessor, and explained the opinions of the American bishops. At the opening of the council he had been appointed a member of the commission of 16 on postulata, and the decided stand taken by the majority of the council in favor of an immediate and formal definition finally induced him and his co-signers to make no further opposition. Archbishop Spalding edited with an introduction and notes Abbé Darras's "General History of the Catholic Church" (4 vols., New York, 1866).

SPALDING, Solomon. See MORMONS, vol. xi., p. 833.

SPALLANZANI, Lazaro, an Italian naturalist, born at Scandiano, in the duchy of Modena, Jan. 12, 1729, died Feb. 12, 1799. He studied at Reggio and Bologna, and was chosen in 1754 to fill the chair of logic, metaphysics, and Greek in the university of Reggio. In 1761 he accepted a professorship at Modena, and began to obtain a wide reputation by his researches in natural science. In 1767 he produced a work

on the phenomena of generation, showing the preexistence of germs to fecundation; in 1768 he published the result of his investigations on the production and circulation of the blood; and in 1769 translated Bonnet's Contemplations de la nature. In 1775 he contested, in opposition to Needham, the spontaneous generation of the infusoria, and maintained by a long series of ingenious experiments the production of these animalcules from atmospheric germs. In 1770 he was appointed professor of natural history in the university of Pavia. In order to add to the museum of Pavia, he travelled at different times through the principal countries of Europe, resided 11 months in Constantinople about 1785, and on his return lectured to more than 500 students. In later publications he announced remarkable discoveries and theories concerning volcanoes, discussed curious problems in regard to swallows, and suspected the existence of a sixth sense in bats, by which they are guided with precision though deprived of sight. His works are numerous, and many of them have been translated into the principal European languages.

SPANDAU, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, at the junction of the Spree and the Havel, 7 m. W. of Berlin; pop. in 1871, 19,013. It is a fortress of the third class, and the treasury of the German empire is deposited in the citadel, and can be unlocked only by two keys simultaneously, one of which is in the custody of the chancellor and the other in that of the president of the committee for the debts of the empire. Spandau has a large central prison, new barracks and military hospital, an artillery school for infantry, a royal foundery of artillery, and various manufactories. It is one of the oldest towns of the Mittelmark, and was repeatedly the residence of the electors of Brandenburg. It was occupied by the Swedes from 1631 to 1635, surrendered to the French Oct. 25, 1806, and recovered by the Prussians April 26, 1813.

SPANGENBERG, August Gottlieb, first bishop of the Moravian church in America, born at Klettenberg, Prussia, July 15, 1704, died at Berthelsdorf, Saxony, Sept. 18, 1792. Ile graduated at Jena in 1726, began to lecture as a junior professor, and in conjunction with a number of students established free schools in the suburbs of Jena for the children of the poor. In 1731 he was appointed adjunct professor at Halle, and assistant superintendent of Francke's orphan house. His liberal views in respect to such as were not in connection with the established church, and especially his strong love for the Moravians, led to his dismissal from his offices in 1733. He went to Herrnhut, and was appointed assistant to Count Zinzendorf, in which capacity he visited various parts of the continent. Toward the close of 1734 he went to England, where he entered into successful negotiations with the trustees for Georgia relative to a Moravian settlement in that colony. Fifty acres

of land were granted him, and 500 acres were made over to Count Zinzendorf. One of these tracts formed a part of the present site of Savannah, and the other lay on the Ogeechee river. Spangenberg arrived at the former tract with nine immigrants in the spring of 1735, and immediately commenced a settlement, which was the first formed by the Moravians in America. Having spent four years partly in Georgia and partly in Pennsylvania, where he preached among his German countrymen, he returned to Europe. His report upon the state of religion in Pennsylvania induced the church to begin an enterprise in that province, and the town of Bethlehem was founded. In 1741 he visited London, where he was made general deacon of the brotherhood, and founded the first organized Moravian society in England. In 1744 he returned to Germany, and, after being consecrated a bishop, went again to America, in order to superintend the entire work of the Moravians in this country, in which he continued for 18 years, interrupted by occasional visits to Europe. He undertook frequent journeys to the Indian country, and was adopted into the Oneida nation. Soon after the conquest of Canada, Spangenberg was appointed a member of the college of bishops and elders elected, subsequently to Count Zinzendorf's death, to govern the three provinces and the missions of the Moravian church. He left America in June, 1762, arrived at Herrnhut in November, and immediately entered upon the duties of his new office, and for 30 years was the leading spirit among his colleagues. In 1764 he was appointed supreme inspector in upper Alsace, and in 1789 president of the general directory. Among his principal works are his Leben Zinzendorf's (3 vols., 1772-5), and Idea Fidei Fratrum (1779). The latter is the standard of theology among the Moravians. It was translated into English by Latrobe in 1784, under the title of "An Exposition of Christian Doctrine as taught in the Protestant Church of the United Brethren."

SPANGENBERG, Friedrich, a German painter, born in Göttingen in 1843, died while ascending Mt. Vesuvius, June 8, 1874. He studied in Munich, and became known by his picture of Genseric, king of the Vandals, leading the empress Eudoxia and her children into captivity after the sack of Rome. In conjunction with the Belgian painter Pauwel he executed at Weimar "The Triumph of the Union," commemorating the close of the civil war in the United States. While in Rome he painted "A Young Ostrogoth entering into friendly Relations with Citizens of Rome."

SPANHEIM, Ezechiel, a Swiss author, born in Geneva, Dec. 7, 1629, died in London, Nov. 7, 1710. He studied at Leyden, was a professor at Geneva, represented the elector palatine in various countries, and subsequently the elector of Brandenburg for many years in Paris, and in the last eight years of his life was Prussian ambassador in London. His works include