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sports, amusements, and holidays. On all great occasions the coffers of kings and nobles are opened widely for merrymaking for the people, and merit-making for themselves. The only honorable disposal of the dead is by burning. The badges of mourning are white robes and an entire shaving of the head. A limited and superficial education is afforded gratuitously at the temples, to the males, 80 or 90 per cent. of whom read. The drama is much cultivated, and dramatic companies are attached to the palaces and gaming houses. The music is unwritten, simple, plaintive, and pleasing. Bands of 10 or 12 instruments, most resembling Javanese, are a part of every wealthy establishment. Gaudy and incongruous paintings, of rude perspective, chiefly adorn the temples. The medical art is in a barbarous state. Nowhere else does Buddhism hold so pure and absolute a sway as in Siam. It is of the Ceylonese rather than Chinese type. The wats or temples, resembling not the Chinese, but distantly the Egyptian architecture, are among the most beautiful and splendid in the East. They are in vast, choicely situated, paved parks, with white walls gleaming through the leaves, serrate roofs and spacious domes and lofty prachadi spires, all painted and gilded and glazed, vocal with air-rung bells, and resplendent in the sunlight. One is estimated to have cost, with all its paraphernalia, over $800,000. (See BANGKOK.) Missions have been carried on by the Roman Catholics, under the greatest vicissitudes, since the middle of the 16th century. The missionaries are French, and their converts were reckoned in 1872 at 10,000 in 16 congregations. At the head of the mission is a vicar apostolic. Protestant missions date from the visits of Gützlaff, Tomlin, and Abeel in 1828-31, and properly from the settlement of Jones in 1833. Representatives of the American Baptist missionary union, of the Presbyterian board of foreign missions, and of the American missionary association have established several Protestant congregations, schools, and religious papers. The number of the Baptist congregations in 1874 was 154, and of Presbyterian 38.-In commerce Bangkok once ranked second only to Calcutta and Canton in the far East; but monopolies, exorbitant duties, and numberless restrictions had well nigh stifled production and banished trade till in 1855-'6 new treaties were negotiated for Great Britain, the United States, and France, by Sir John Bowring, Townsend Harris, and Count de Montigny. The purchase of land is now allowed; the monopolies and tonnage duties are abolished; imports pay 3 per cent. in money or kind, and exports one duty only, according to tariff. In 1873 the number of Siamese vessels entering the port was 157, tonnage 55,049; British 84, tonnage 32,406; German 15, tonnage 4,731; French 14, tonnage 5,198; American 1, tonnage 388. The total arrivals in 1873 were 386, tonnage 102,454; clearances 265, tonnage 97,212. The principal

exports are rice, sugar, pepper, sesamum, sapan wood, hides, and cardamoms. Their total value in 1873 was about $4,600,000; that of the imports, $4,000,000. The most important trade is that with China, carried on in junks built and navigated by Chinese. The junks leave the Menam generally in June, returning in December. The tical, a silver coin bearing the device of an elephant and weighing 236 grains troy, with bars of silver cut into pieces, stamped, and bent into an irregular oval, in value 7, 15, and 60 cents, with cowries, form the currency. Dollars are also current, though usually exchanged for silver ticals at the rate of three dollars for five ticals. The rate of interest is about 30 per cent. The inland trade is conducted chiefly by boats. Foreign steamers ply between Bangkok and Singapore. The United States and European treaty powers are represented by resident consuls at Bangkok. The government of Siam is theoretically a duarchy, practically a monarchy. While there is a second or vice king, the first or senior king is actual sovereign. The crown is hereditary, but without primogeniture, being bequeathed, with the sanction of princes and nobles, to any son of the queen; but intrigue and violence have often diverted the succession from the high royal line. A royal decree of May 8, 1874, announced that in future the king would give important laws only after consulting the council of state and the minis. try. The council of state comprises the first king as president, the ministers, who have no vote, from 10 to 20 councillors, who have to draft new laws and from their own number elect a vice president, and six princes of the royal house. Any two members of the council may submit a new law to the king. The ministry (senabodi) consists of an honorary president, three ministers of the interior (of the west, the north, and the east), and the ministers of agriculture, justice, the royal house, and finance. The minister of finance may be dismissed at any time; the dismissal of any other minister requires a sentence of the court. The country is divided into 41 provinces, each of which is governed by a phraya or council of the first class. There are also several territories which have their own princes, tributary to the king. The king is by title "sacred lord of heads," 'possessor of all," and property and life are at his will, to be taken at governmental necessity or caprice; but many considerations conspire to render a violent and arbitrary exercise of this absolute power comparatively unfrequent. The queen consort, the wife supreme among hundreds, must be of native and royal blood, and she is rigidly kept from all possible intercourse with an inferior of the other sex. She never becomes regent, or takes any part in political affairs, but is treated with the highest deference. She has a separate court, in which appear the princesses, who, not allowed to marry beneath them, rarely marry at all. She has her fe

ideas and improvements, wise and humane government, and liberal and enlightened intercourse with foreigners and foreign powers. In January, 1875, a conflict arose between the first and second kings, the latter for a time taking refuge with the British consul; but a reconciliation was soon effected.-The best books on Siam are Crawfurd's "Embassy to Siam and Cochin-China" (London, 1828); Pallegoix's Description du royaume Thai ou Siam (Paris, 1854); Bowring's "Kingdom and People of Siam" (London, 1857); Bastian's Reisen in Siam (Berlin, 1867); Mrs. Leonowens's "Eng

Governess at the Siamese Court" (Boston, 1870); McDonald's "Siam, its Government, Manners, Customs," &c. (Philadelphia, 1871); "Siam, or the Land of the White Elephant,' compiled by the Rev. George B. Bacon (New York, 1873); and "The Land of the White Elephant," by Frank Vincent, jr. (New York, 1874).

male guards in uniform and arms. The num-
ber of females within the palace is, on royal
authority, 5,000, and of males about the same.
The second king has also a separate palace,
seraglio, officers, retainers, and soldiers, only
second to those of the first. Though never
appearing at the audiences of the nobles with
the senior king, his opinion and sanction are
sought on important state policy, and his
name is associated in treaties. His position
seems to be that of counsellor, not of co-ruler
or successor. The larger portion of the public
revenue is embezzled by the numerous officers,
who receive only a nominal salary. The rev-lish
enue of the king is estimated at about $4,000-
000. There is a very ancient written code of
laws, the acts and decisions of the kings, and
an unwritten code, scarcely less authoritative,
of traditional usages; both are often absurd,
unjust, and cruel, and both liable to be disre-
garded at the royal will. More than 25 classes
are excluded from testifying, many for the
most trivial reasons. The penalties are vari-
ous, from bambooing to beheading. Capital
crimes are now very few. Treason, very com-
prehensive, is punished by beating the con-
vict, enclosed in a large sack, nearly to death,
and then casting him loaded into the river.
The military force is small, and is disciplined
by European officers. In time of war all male
inhabitants are liable to service. The fleet
consists of seven men-of-war carrying 40 guns.
-The history of Siam dates back some cen-
turies before Christ, but only the annals sub-
sequent to the founding of Ayuthia, the for-
mer capital, A. D. 1350, can be deemed au-
thentic. In the 16th century the dominion
extended to Singapore, and the first western
connection was made with the Portuguese and
Spanish. In 1604 the Dutch established rela-
tions; in 1662 an English ship arrived; and
the latter part of the century is remarkable
for the grand embassies from and to Louis
XIV. of France, and the later bloody and al-
most utter overthrow of French influence. In
1782 the present dynasty ascended the throne,
and transferred the seat of government from
Ayuthia (sacked by the Burmese) to Bang-
kok. In 1822 and 1825 treaties were made
with Great Britain, or rather with the East
India company, through Mr. Crawfurd and
Capt. Burney. In 1833 a treaty was made with
the United States through Edmund Roberts.
The first embassy from the country for nearly
two centuries was sent to England in 1857;
and another was sent to France in 1861. In
1868, on the death of his father, the reigning
king ascended the throne, with the title Phra-
bat Somdetya Chula Lankarana, and during his
minority a regent carried on the government;
he became of age Nov. 16, 1873. The name
of the present second king (1875) is Kroma
Phraratcha. The recent kings of Siam have
been among the most remarkable characters
of the East by their attainments in languages
and general information, adoption of foreign

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SIAM, Language and Literature of. Siamese is spoken from Burmah and British Burmah on the west to Anam and Cambodia on the east, and from the Malay state of Keddah on the south to the confines of China on the north. The dialectical variations are numerous, and the language is spoken well only in Bangkok and by persons educated there. (See INDOCHINESE RACES AND LANGUAGES.) The Siamese alphabet, supposed to be derived from the ancient Cambodian letters still used in Siamese sacred books, and ultimately from the original Pali alphabet, consists of 44 consonants and 20 vowels, including diphthongs and semi-vowels. The gradation of the vowel sounds is very delicate, and some of the consonants are but slightly changed forms of the same letter, indicating the tone in which they are to be uttered in certain syllables. The English g, j, v, x, and 2 are wanting. The th sound, though frequent in Burmese, is entirely unknown in Siamese, the th used in transcriptions of the latter representing an aspirated t, or a combined utterance of the two sounds t and h. According to the tone in which it is uttered, a word has several distinct meanings, by means of which the otherwise very meagre vocabulary is considerably increased. Thus hkai, hkai, hkai, pronounced in the same tone, would mean who? who? who?; but enunciating each with a different tone, it may be made to mean "Who sells eggs?" This same word hkai may further be made to signify a fever, to open, rough, fortress, or camp, by other intonations. Besides the parts of speech distinguished in English grammar, there is in Siamese a peculiar class of numeral or classifying nouns. Such a word is lam, which is used in conjunction with objects having the quality of length, as ships and palm trees; others of this class are an, toa, luk, ton, and met, all of which must be used when speaking of one or another class of objects. Three genders, masculine, feminine, and common, are distinguished by the grammarians, but in common speech and in poetry gender is

commonly disregarded, except in distinctions of sex, which is indicated by the addition of special words. The plural is expressed by adding some word like hlai, many, or mak, much. There are no inflections, and case is indicated by the use of a preposition, or by the position of the word in the sentence. There is a great variety of pronouns, or pronominal expressions, and the proper use of one or another depends on the relative rank of those writing or speaking. Moods and tenses are indicated by prefixes and suffixes, or by auxiliary verbs; thus hka bok, I say; hka dai bok, I have said; hka cha bok, I shall say, &c. The Siamese are very fond of using words in pairs, for euphony, distinctness, or figurativeness.-Siamese literature is not of a very high order. The works on history and medicine contain little else but fables and quackery. The law books are very elaborate, but wanting in legal acumen and precision. The religious and philosophical productions are based upon the Pali scriptures and Chinese learning, and exhibit nothing of an original growth. The books of Siamese proverbs, however, have been praised as containing much social wisdom sharply put. The best productions of Siamese literature are works of fiction, poems, and dramas, though a large portion of them are borrowed from or imitations and adaptations of Hindoo works. See Pallegoix, Grammatica Lingua Thai (Bangkok, 1850), and Dictionarium Lingua Thai (Paris, 1854); Bastian, Reisen in Siam (Berlin, 1867), which contains learned disquisitions on the language and literature of the country; Alabaster, "Wheel of the Law" (London, 1871); and the "Siam Repository," a journal published at Bangkok in English.

SIAMESE TWINS. See MONSTER. SIBERIA, a part of the Russian dominions occupying the whole of northern Asia, bounded N. by the Arctic ocean, E. and S. E. by Behring strait, Behring sea or the sea of Kamtchatka, and the seas of Okhotsk and Japan (inlets of the North Pacific), S. by China and the Russian provinces of central Asia, and W. by European Russia, from which it is separated by the Ural mountains. As officially bounded, it extends from lat. 41° 30' to 77° 50' N., and from lon. 59° 30' to 190° E.; length about 3,600 m., breadth 2,000 m.; area, 4,826,329 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,428,867. It is divided for administrative purposes into the four governments of Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk, and Irkutsk, and the four provinces of Transbaikal, Yakutsk, Amoor, and the Littoral or Primorsk. In a geographical sense, however, the four northern provinces of Russian Central Asia, Semipolatinsk, Akmolinsk, Turgai, and Uralsk, and portions of the governments of Perm and Orenburg, also belong to Siberia, and will be included in parts of this description. Tobolsk comprises the western end of Siberia, as officially constituted, and extends from the Arctic ocean to the Central Asian province of Akmolinsk. Tomsk lies E. of it

on the borders of the Central Asian province of Semirietchensk. Yeniseisk includes the Arctic coast from the gulf of Obi to the river Anabara, and extends S. to the borders of Mongolia. Irkutsk lies between Yeniseisk and Lake Baikal, and the Transbaikal province east of Lake Baikal. Yakutsk comprises the Arctic coast from the Anabara river to Cape Shelagski, extending S. to the Amoor province, which includes the country on the left bank of the Amoor from the Stanovoi mountains to the N. E. extremity of Mantchooria. The Littoral province covers the entire E. coast from Cape Shelagski in the Arctic ocean to the sea of Japan, including the Tchuktchi peninsula, Kamtchatka, the district of Okhotsk, the lower course of the Amoor, and the island of Saghalien.-The coasts of Siberia, both along the Arctic ocean and the seas on the east and south, are indented by many bays and inlets. On the N. coast the first large inlet, beginning at the W. extremity, is Kara bay, an offshoot of the Kara sea lying between Siberia and Nova Zembla. Next is the gulf of Obi, an inlet of the same sea, which forms between it and Kara bay the Yelmert or Samoyed peninsula. It receives the Obi or Ob at its S. W. extremity. A branch on its E. side is called the Taz gulf. The gulf of Yenisei, the outlet of the river of the same name, forms with Khatanga gulf, the outlet of the Khatanga river, the Taimyr peninsula. On the W. side of Taimyr bay is Cape Taimyr or Northwest cape, and on its E. side, at the extremity of a long peninsula, is Tcheliuskin or Northeast cape, the northernmost point of Asia, in lat. 77° 50' N. Between Khatanga gulf and Behring strait are many smaller bays, most of which are the outlets of some of the numerous rivers which empty into the Arctic ocean. The principal islands off the N. coast are the Liakhoff or New Siberia group, extending 205 m. opposite the shore between the mouths of the Yana and the Indigirka; the largest, Kotelnoi, is 100 m. long by 60 m. broad; the next in size is called Fadeyeff, and the next New Siberia. Between the main group and the coast are smaller islands called Liakhoff and Maloi. The surface of the islands is covered with alternate layers of sand and ice, and in their hills are immense alluvial deposits filled with wood and the fossil bones of animals. Great quantities of fossil ivory have been obtained from them and the neighboring coasts of the mainland. N. of the coast, about the 180th meridian, and separated from it by Long strait, is Wrangel's, Plover, or Kellett land, of unknown extent. Along the whole Arctic coast of Siberia the sea is frozen for more than half the year; and in the warmer seasons the ice floats in such masses as to render navigation always dangerous and often impossible. large part of the coast is unexplored, and all efforts to double Cape Tcheliuskin have been unsuccessful; but Lieut. Tcheliuskin, from whom it is named, reached its north

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ernmost point in 1742 in a sledge. The easternmost point of Siberia is Cape East at the end of the Tchuktchi peninsula, which juts into Behring strait, opposite Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska, the westernmost point of the American continent. On the S. side of this peninsula is the bay of Anadyr, an inlet of Behring sea. The coast follows thence a general southwesterly direction to the end of the peninsula of Kamtchatka, W. of which lies the Okhotsk sea, separated from the Pacific by the chain of the Kurile islands stretching from Kamtchatka to Yezo. Of the islands of Behring sea, only Behring and Copper islands and those lying close to the coast belong to Russia. The surface of Siberia is in its general form a vast diluvial plain, slightly undulating, and sloping gradually from the Altai mountains on the south to the Arctic ocean. In the W. part are the steppes of Ishim and Baraba, broad tracts of lowland in which grassy prairies alternate with reed marshes, fresh lakes with salt, and tracts of rich arable land with extensive forests. Parts of this region present in summer fine park scenery, in which beautiful wooded hills rise from grassy plains covered with flowers. Here the birches often attain a diameter of 4 ft. and a height of 150 ft., and the pines much greater dimensions. S. and E. of the steppes the spurs of the Altai mountains jut into the plain like the headlands of a seacoast. Many of the great rivers rise here, the upper part of their courses being through dense forests. In eastern Siberia the plain is more broken by hills, and has but little land fit for agriculture. In the S. part of Irkutsk and in Yakutsk the hills and mountains are covered for most of the year with good pasture, and in favorable places all the grains of temperate climates are grown. The greater part of the country is covered with open forests, in which there is tolerable pasturage at certain seasons. Between the Kolyma river and Behring sea the country is traversed by several mountain ranges having a general elevation of 2,000 to 3,000 ft. above the sea. The entire N. coast of Siberia is a dreary region of salt steppes and frozen swamps, called the tundra, where the soil is perpetually frozen to the depth of hundreds of feet. The surface is never thawed before the end of June, and is again ice-bound by the middle of September, and deep snow covers the ground nine or ten months in the year. The banks of the rivers are lined with vast numbers of uprooted trees brought down by floods, which eventually find their way into the Arctic ocean, to be drifted away by the current flowing from E. to W. along the Siberian coast.-The principal mountain range of Siberia is that which forms in the west its S. boundary with China, and which is called by various names in different parts. Its E. extremity is at East cape in Behring strait, whence it extends in a general S. W. direction, forming the boundary between the Littoral, the Amoor, and Yakutsk provinces, until it reaches 742 VOL. XV.-2

the Chinese frontier, when its course is first S., then W., and then N. W. to the boundary between Irkutsk and Yeniseisk, from which it again runs S. W. to the borders of Turkistan. In the east and along the shores of the sea of Okhotsk this range is called the Stanovoi mountains, W. of the Amoor province the Yablonnoi, further W. the Daurian and Sayanian mountains, and finally the Altai mountains in the narrower sense. The general height of the chain (the Altai in its widest sense) is about 3,000 ft., but the highest summits of the Altai proper reach an elevation of upward of 10,000 ft., and the Yablonnoi mountains are little more than an undulating plateau. There are many spurs from the main range, as well as several smaller ranges in the interior. (See ALTAI, AMOOR COUNTRY, and KAMTCHATKA.) -With the exception of the Amoor and a few streams of less importance, the rivers of Siberia all flow into the Arctic ocean. The Obi ranks among the largest rivers in the world, and many of its tributaries are of great size; the most important of these are the Irtish, Ishim, Tobol, and Tom. The Yenisei is by some authorities said to drain a greater extent of surface and to have a longer course than the Obi; its chief affluents are the Lower Tunguska, Stony Tunguska, and Upper Tunguska or Angara. The Lena is nearly as large, and the principal streams which join it are the Viliui, Vitim, Olekma, and Aldan. The other rivers of most importance which flow into the Arctic ocean are the Nadym, Pur, Taz, Piasina, Khatanga, Anabara, Olem, Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma, and Tchaun. The chief rivers flowing into the seas which bound Siberia S. E. are the Amoor or Saghalien, which forms part of the southern boundary and receives several considerable tributaries from the north; the Anadyr, flowing into the gulf of the same name; and the Okhota, which has its mouth on the W. shore of the sea of Okhotsk. Few of these rivers present any obstacles to navigation except ice. Frozen inundations are frequent. As the rivers flow from warm to cold latitudes, their lower and middle courses freeze while their head waters are still open. Near their mouths they freeze to the bottom, while above for hundreds of miles only the surface is frozen. The waters accumulating under the ice finally burst from confinement and flood the valleys with many thicknesses of ice. At the close of winter these accumulations are sometimes 20 ft. in depth. There are many lakes, but they are all small, with the exception of Baikal, between the Transbaikal province and the government of Irkutsk. (See BAIKAL.)-The geology of Siberia is but little known, excepting in a few parts. Granite and crystalline schists are found in the Ural mountains, and also in the Altai and its E. continuations, between lon. 85° and 120° and as far N. as lat. 57°, and again in the E. extremity of the country between lon. 165° and Behring strait. Volcanic

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wind blows from E. S. E., and the temperature rises to 29°. In June it is sometimes 72° at noon; and in July the heat is very great, and the atmosphere is filled with swarms of gnats, which compel the reindeer to migrate from the forests to the open country on the shores of the sea. In August frosts begin at night and the temperature rapidly decreases.— Forests cover a large part of southern and central Siberia, but the tundra on the N. coast is bare of trees. The birch, larch, fir, pine, willow, poplar, elm, and Tartar maple are the principal trees. The silver poplar is found as far north as lat. 60°; the silver fir ceases at about 60° 50'; the polar limit of birch is about 63°, although dwarf specimens are sometimes seen further north; the pine is found on arid slopes and heights in lat. 64°, and the red fir (pinus abies) disappears about the same parallel. Larch trees with twisted trunks and many branches are found in the southern part of the tundra. On the most desolate steppes and mountain sides, from the Okhotsk sea to the Arctic ocean, grows the trailing cedar, called kedreonik by the Russians. It has needles and cones like the common white pine; it never stands erect, but covers the ground under the snow with a network of gnarled, twisted, and interlocking trunks. It furnishes almost the only firewood of the wandering natives, and without it N. E. Siberia would be nearly uninhabitable. With the opening of summer the melting snows are rapidly followed by foliage and flowers, and the whole region is converted for a short time into a blooming garden. The flora of Irkutsk is richer than that of Berlin, exhibiting the plants of warmer countries beside those of the arctic regions. Turtchaninoff discovered 1,000

rocks occur chiefly in the south, and are found| March it begins to decrease perceptibly; the along with the granite and crystalline schists; and there are a few active volcanoes. Other rocks, belonging to the Silurian, Devonian, and carboniferous systems, are found in the south and extending toward the interior of the country. The tertiary formation is the most extensively developed, and is found throughout the whole of Siberia. The shores of the Arctic ocean are covered for a considerable distance inland, and for a great part of their extent, by a deep alluvial deposit which contains immense numbers of fossil remains of extinct species of elephants and other animals, from which large quantities of ivory are procured. (See MAMMOTH.) Mining operations in Siberia are confined to three parts of the country. The westernmost district is on the E. face of the Ural mountains, and occupies a tract about 40 m. broad, extending between lat. 56° and 60°; gold, silver, platinum, copper and iron ores, and precious stones, are all found in this territory. This region is, however, not officially included in Siberia. (See YEKATERINBURG.) The second district lies on the N. side of the Altai mountains, in the neighborhood of the head streams of the river Irtish; silver and copper are found here, and gold and lead in smaller quantities. The third district lies in the Yablonnoi mountains, E. of lon. 120°; in this gold, silver, lead, zinc, antimony, iron, and arsenic are all found, and there are emerald and topaz mines of great value. Diamonds are occasionally found on the E. slopes of the Ural mountains. Porphyry, jasper, and malachite, for ornamental uses, and mica, used as a substitute for window glass, are common. Salt is found in great abundance on the steppes, and on the surface of some of the lakes, where the summer heat rapidly evaporates the water and leaves mass-phanerogamous plants in its neighborhood, es of crystallized salt, sometimes 8 or 9 in. thick, and so solid that beasts of burden pass over in safety. The climate of Siberia is much colder than in corresponding latitudes in Europe. At Ustyansk, at the mouth of the river Yana, in lat. 70° 55', the mean annual temperature is 4.39° F., while at North cape in Europe, a few minutes further north, it is 32°. At Irkutsk, in lat. 52° 17', 1,240 ft. above the sea, the mean temperature is 31°; in winter quicksilver freezes, and remains so for about two months. In 1864 Pumpelly saw the thermometer indicate 70° below zero at a station near Irkutsk. The severity of the climate increases toward the east. At Nizhni Kolymsk, at the mouth of the Kolyma, in lat. 68° 31', lon. 160° 56', and nearly on a level with the sea, the river freezes over in the beginning of September, and is not again free from ice till the beginning of June. The sea begins to freeze in October, but the cold at this time is somewhat diminished by vapors which rise from it before the ice forms. In January the thermometer falls to 60° below zero, and respiration becomes difficult. The cold is almost as great in February, but in

many of them of unknown species.-Along the banks of the rivers, particularly in S. W. Siberia, is much land well suited for agricultural purposes. Wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat, oats, and hemp are grown, and some inferior tobacco. Grain is cultivated as far north as lat. 61°, and turnips and other vegetables of temperate climates thrive in favorable places. Reindeer and wild sheep are found on the mountains which separate Siberia from Mongolia, and the former roam in vast herds throughout the N. part of the country. The Bengal tiger and a species of panther (felis irbis) also inhabit these mountains, and are sometimes seen much further north. The Caspian antelope is found in the southwest, and the black and arctic or stone fox in the north. Sables, ermines, marmots, martens, and squirrels abound in the south. The white bear, the lynx, the wolf, the wild hog, and the glutton are common everywhere. The dog of the country, which bears a strong resemblance to the wolf, is used to drag sledges. The animals belonging to central Asia are nearly all found in the S. part of Siberia. Camels are kept by the Calmucks and some other tribes, but do not

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