in Asia Minor led to the subsequent discovery of emery and corundum in localities in the United States. After his return in 1851 he invented the inverted microscope, and was professor of chemistry in the university of Virginia, and subsequently in the medical department of the university of Louisville, Ky., and is now (1876) scientific superintendent of the Louisville gas works. In 1867 he was a commissioner to the Paris exposition, making a report on "The Progress and Condition of Several Departments of Industrial Chemistry," and in 1873 to the Vienna exhibition. In 1872 he was elected president of the American association for the advancement of science. His scientific reports are numerous, and his original researches, about 50 in number, have been collected in a volume, "Mineralogy and Chemistry: Original Researches" (8vo, Louisville, 1873). (See EMERALD, and EMERY.) | against them, and their speedy removal to Hancock county, Ill., where they built a city called Nauvoo, and constructed another costly temple. Here Smith, who combined in his own person the chief military, municipal, and ecclesiastical offices, introduced polygamy under a pretended revelation; but several outraged husbands revolted and established an opposition press, which Smith with a mob demolished. For this warrants were issued against Smith, his brother Hyrum, and others. The Smiths refused obedience to the authorities, the state militia were summoned, and war was threatened; but they were finally induced to surrender, and were imprisoned. Fearing their release, a mob gathered, overcame the prison guard, and shot the prisoners dead, Joseph defending himself with a revolver till his ammunition failed. (See MORMONS.) SMITH, Joseph Mather, an American physician, born at New Rochelle, N. Y., March 14, 1789, died in New York, April 22, 1866. He graduated in medicine in 1815 at the college of physicians and surgeons, New York. In 1826 he was appointed professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the college of physi SMITH, John Pye, an English clergyman, born in Sheffield, May 25, 1774, died in Guildford, Surrey, Feb. 5, 1851. In his 22d year he entered the Independent academy at Rotherham, and in 1800 was chosen classical tutor in the Homerton theological academy. He subsequently became pastor of a church at Homer-cians and surgeons, and in 1829 attending phyton, and in 1813 he was appointed divinity tutor. From 1843 to 1850 he was again classical tutor; but on the consolidation of Homerton, Highbury, and Coward academies into New college, he resigned. He was a fellow of the royal and of the geological society. His principal works are: "The Scripture Testimony to the Messiah" (3 vols., 1818-21; 5th ed., 2 vols., 1868); "Four Discourses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ" (3d ed., 1827); "On the Personality and Divinity of the Holy Spirit" (1831); "The Mosaic Account of the Creation and the Deluge illustrated by the Discoveries of Modern Science " (1837); and "Scripture and Geology" (1839; 4th ed., greatly enlarged, 1848; 5th ed., 1854). -See "Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John Pye Smith," by J. Medway (1853). SMITH, Joseph, founder of the Mormon church, or church of Latter Day Saints, born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805, killed at Carthage, Ill., June 27, 1844. His parents, of Scotch descent, early removed to Palmyra, N. Y. The family was disreputable, and Joseph's education was very defective. With the aid of Sidney Rigdon he brought forth the "Book of Mormon," which he pretended to have discovered under angelic guidance, written on plates and hidden in the earth; and on this he founded and organized his church in Manchester, N. Y., April 6, 1830. In 1831 he went with his disciples to Kirtland, O., and erected a costly but very singular temple. Here Smith and Rigdon engaged in fraudulent banking, were tarred and feathered for this and other offences in 1832, and after the failure of their bank in January, 1838, fled to Missouri. There, in a town named Far West, Smith's disciples gathered; but their irregularities occasioned an outbreak sician to the New York hospital. In 1855 his chair was exchanged for that of materia medica and clinical medicine. His most important publications are: "Elements of the Etiology and Philosophy of Epidemics" (New York, 1824); "Report on Practical Medicine " ("Transactions of the American Medical Association," 1848, vol. i.); “Report on Public Hygiene" (ibid., 1850, vol. iii.); "Medical Topography and Epidemics of the State of New York" (ibid., 1860, vol. xiii.); and "Therapeutics of Albuminuria " ("Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine," 1863, vol. ii.). SMITH, Robert Payne, an English orientalist, born in Gloucestershire in November, 1818. He graduated at Pembroke college, Oxford, in 1841, took orders, was curate of Trinity church and master of the academy in Edinburgh, and subsequently was head master of the proprietary school in Kensington. In 1857 he was appointed sub-librarian of the Bodleian library, with special charge of the oriental manuscripts. In 1865 he was made canon of Christ church, Oxford, and regius professor of divinity in the university. Since 1871 he has been dean of Canterbury. He has published annotated copies and English versions of Syriac manuscripts, including "Cyril of Alexandria's Commentary on St. Luke's Gospel" (4to, Oxford, 1858; English version, 2 vols. 8vo, 1859) and "Ecclesiastical History of John of Ephesus" (8vo, 1860). He has also published a Latin "Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the Bodleian Library" (4to, 1864), "Authenticity and Messianic Interpretation of the Prophecies of Isaiah" (8vo, 1862), and "Prophecy a Preparation for Christ" (Bampton lectures for 1869). In 1873 he prepared a paragraphic Bible for the society for promoting Christian knowledge. In 1874 he was understood to be preparing a commentary on Jeremiah, for the "Speaker's Commentary," and was engaged upon the Thesaurus Syriacus, of which up to 1872 two parts had been published. as a lecturer. Among her later publications are: "Hints on Dress and Beauty (1852); "Shadow Land" (1852); "The Newsboy" (1855); “Bald Eagle, or the last of the Ramapaughs" (1867); "Two Wives" (1871); and "Kitty Howard's Journal" (1871). She now (1876) resides at Hollywood, Carteret co., N. C. SMITH, Sydney, an English author, born at Woodford, Essex, June 3, 1771, died in London, Feb. 22, 1845. He was educated at New college, Oxford, where in 1790 he obtained a fellowship of £100 a year. He took orders, and in 1794 became curate in the parish of Netheravon, in Salisbury plain; but three years later he went to Edinburgh as a private tutor. In 1802 he was associated with Murray, Jeffrey, Brougham, Horner, and others in first number of which, as editor, he contributed seven articles. Soon afterward he went to London, where his sermons attracted large and fashionable congregations, and in 1804-'6 he delivered courses of lectures on moral philosophy before the royal institution. A posthumous volume, entitled "Elementary Sketches of Moral Philosophy" (1850), contains the substance of these. Upon the return of the whigs to power in 1806, he was presented to the living of Foston-le-Clay in Yorkshire, worth about £500 a year. In 1807-'8 ap SMITH, Samuel Stanhope, an American clergyman, born at Pequea, Pa., March 16, 1750, died in Princeton, N. J., Aug. 21, 1819. He graduated at Princeton college in 1767, and from 1770 to 1773 was tutor there. He was then for some time a missionary in western Virginia, and was principal of the seminary which became the Hampden Sidney college. In 1779 he was appointed professor of moral philosophy in the college of New Jersey, of which he was president from 1794 to 1812. In 1786 he was associated with several other clergymen of the Presbyterian church in pre-establishing the "Edinburgh Review," to the paring the form of presbyterial government which continues to the present time. He published "Causes of the Variety in the Figure and Complexion of the Human Species" (8vo, 1787); "Sermons" (1799); "Lectures on the Evidences of the Christian Religion" (12mo, 1809); and "A Comprehensive View of the leading and most important Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion" (8vo, 1816). His "Sermons," with a memoir of his life and writings, were published in 1821 (2 vols. 8vo). SMITH. I. Seba, an American author, born in Buckfield, Me., Sept. 14, 1792, died in Patch-peared anonymously his "Letters on the Subogue, L. I., July 29, 1868. He graduated at ject of the Catholics, by Peter Plymley," which, Bowdoin college in 1818, and settled in Port- owing to an admirable mixture of sound sense, land, where he edited the "Eastern Argus irony, and pleasantry, had an immense circu(1820-224) and the "Courier" (1830-'37). In lation; and his efforts in the cause of Cath1842 he removed to New York. He published olic emancipation were never relaxed until "Life and Letters of Major Jack Downing that measure was accomplished. In 1809 he (Boston, 1833), a celebrated series of humorous published two volumes of sermons, and in political letters; "Powhatan," a metrical ro- the summer of that year removed with his mance (1841); "Dewdrops of the Nineteenth family to Heslington, near York, where he reCentury," miscellanies (1846); "New Ele-sided for a few years, in the hope of being ments of Geometry" (1850); "Way Down East, or Portraitures of Yankee Life" (1854); and "My Thirty Years out of the Senate, by Major Jack Downing " (1859-'60). II. Elizabeth Oakes (PRINCE), an American authoress, wife of the preceding, born in North Yarmouth (now Cumberland), Me. She married Mr. Smith at the age of 16, and about the same time became an anonymous contributor of poems to the periodical press. After her removal with her husband to New York in 1842 she frequently appeared before the public as a lecturer. In 1843 appeared the first considerable collection of her poetical pieces under the title of "The Sinless Child and other Poems," and her metrical contributions to the magazines have since been numerous. She is the author of "The Roman Tribute" and "Jacob Leisler," tragedies; "The Western Captive" and "Bertha and Lily," novels; "The Salamander, a Legend for Christmas;" and children's books and miscellaneous publications. In 1851 she published "Woman and her Needs," a work devoted to the rights of woman, which Mrs. Smith has at various times advocated by her pen and able to exchange Foston-le-Clay for some more desirable parish. Failing in this, he turned his thoughts toward Foston, the forlorn condition of which he characteristically described by saying it was "actually twelve miles from a lemon," constructed a parsonage, and in the spring of 1814 moved with his family into his new quarters. In 1828 Lord Lyndhurst appointed him canon of Bristol and rector of Combe-Florey, near Taunton, and three years later he received a prebendal stall in St. Paul's. The remainder of his life was devoted to the discharge of his official duties, and to literary labors; but he wrote nothing for the "Edinburgh Review" subsequent to 1827. Having come into the possession of a considerable estate by the death of his brother Courtenay in 1843, he invested largely in the public stock of Pennsylvania; and the neglect of that state to pay the interest on her bonds called out his "Petition to Congress" and "Letters on American Debts," writings overflowing with humorous invective. His humor never left him, and under the last regimen of his physician he expressed his longing for "even the wing of a roasted butterfly." A collection of his writings, comprising his review articles, "Peter Plymley's Letters," and various pamphlets and miscellanies, was published in 1839-40 (4 vols. 8vo; afterward in several other forms). He left also in manuscript an account of English misrule in Ireland, which his widow was advised by Macaulay not to publish. In 1855 appeared a memoir of him by his daughter Saba, the wife of Sir Henry Holland; and a volume of his writings and sayings, entitled "The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith," was collected with a memoir by E. A. Duyckinck (New York, 1856). SMITH, Thomas Southwood, an English physician, born at Martock, Somersetshire, Dec. 21, 1788, died in Florence, Italy, Dec. 10, 1861. He studied medicine at the university of Edinburgh, and settled in the country, but in 1820 removed to London, and was one of the founders of the "Westminster Review." His work on "The Use of the Dead to the Living," reprinted from the earlier numbers of the "Review," was instrumental in the passage by parliament of the anatomy act, which put an end to the business of "resurrection." În 1824 he was appointed physician to the London fever hospital, and somewhat earlier to the eastern dispensary. In 1832 he was one of the commissioners to inquire into the condition of factory children, and his report led to the passage of the factory act. In 1838 he presented to the poor-law commissioners the first of a series of reports on the "Physical Causes of Sickness and Mortality which are capable of Removal by Sanitary Regulations." This led to the appointment of a sanitary committee by the house of commons in 1840, and of the health of towns commission in 1842. Dr. Smith was appointed in 1840 a commissioner to inquire into the condition of children and young persons in the mines and factories not reached by the factory act, and his reports induced the exclusion of young children and women from mining labor. In 1847, as one of the metropolitan sanitary commissioners, he made a report on the means requisite for the improvement of the health of the metropolis, of which the result was the public health act of 1848 and the establishment of a general board of health. On its abolition he received a pension of £300. His principal works are: "Illustrations of the Divine Government" (Glasgow, 1814; 5th ed., London, 1866); "Treatise on Fever" (1830), long a standard with the profession; and "The Philosophy of Health" (2 vols. 12mo, 1835-'7; 12th ed., 1868). SMITH, William, called the father of English geology, born at Churchill, Oxfordshire, March 23, 1769, died in Northampton, Aug. 28, 1839. In his youth he was a land surveyor and civil engineer, and was led to geological studies by his professional observations. He began in 1794 a "Map of the Strata of England and Wales," and in 1799 published in tabular form "The Order of the Strata and their Organic Remains in the vicinity of Bath, examined and proved prior to 1799." In 1801 a small geological map of England was produced, and in 1815 the "Geological Map of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland," with a treatise. Between 1819 and 1824 he published 21 geological maps of English counties, colored to represent the strata, and some works on organic remains. In 1824-'8 he lectured on geology. In 1831 he received from the geological society the Wollaston medal for his discoveries in geology. SMITH, William, an English scholar, born in London in 1814. He was educated at University college, London, and studied law, but became professor of the Greek, Latin, and German languages at the Independent collegiate schools of Highbury and Homerton. In 1850 he was appointed professor of Greek and Latin in New college, London, and in 1853 classical examiner in the university of London. In 1867 he became editor of the "Quarterly Review." He has edited a 66 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" (8vo, 1842); "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology" (3 vols. 8vo, 1843-'9); "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography" (2 vols., 1854-7); and "Dictionary of the Bible" (3 vols., 1860-'63). All these dictionaries have been abridged by him for the use of schools. The first and the abridged edition of the second and third combined have been edited by Charles Anthon (New York, 1843 and 1850). The "Dictionary of the Bible" has been abridged by the Rev. S. W. Barnum (New York, 1868), and edited and enlarged by Prof. H. B. Hackett (4 vols., New York, 1868-'70). He has also published a "History of Greece," and an abridgment of the same, an edition of Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," and a "Student's Gibbon," a "Student's Hume," and "Student's Hallam's Middle Ages," each in one volume; a Latin-English dictionary (1855), based on Forcellini and Freund; with J. D. Hall, "A copious and critical English-Latin Dictionary" (1870); with George Grove, a "Historical Atlas of Ancient Geography, Biblical and Classical " (1873); and "Modern Geography for Schools" (1873). In 1874 he was preparing "A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities" and "A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Doctrines." He has also published Latin and Greek courses for schools, and other educational works, of which numerous editions have been issued. SMITH, William Andrew, an American clergyman, born in Fredericksburg, Va., Nov. 29, 1802, died in Richmond, March 1, 1870. In 1825 he was admitted to the Virginia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1833 he became agent of Randolph Macon college, after which he served as pastor of the principal Methodist churches of Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk, and Lynchburg. He was a member of every general conference from 1832 to 1844, and also of the Louisville convention at which was organized the Methodist Episcopal church, South, and of every general conference of this body until his death. From 1846 to 1866 he was president of Randolph Macon college, and during this period not only filled the chair of moral science and presided over the college, but lectured extensively in Virginia and North Carolina. In the autumn of 1866 he was transferred to the St. Louis conference, and in 1869 was chosen president of Central university, Missouri. He was for a time editor of the Richmond "Christian Advocate," and published "Lectures on the Philosophy of Slavery" (Richmond, 1860), a defence of the institution as it existed in the southern states. SMITH, Sir William Sidney, an English admiral, born at Midgham, Sussex, in 1764, died in Paris, May 26, 1840. He entered the navy at the age of 12, and before he was 20 was post captain, serving to the close of the American war. He subsequently participated in the war between Sweden and Russia as a captain in the Swedish service. Afterward, in command of a small English flotilla, he harassed French commerce in the channel, but in April, 1796, was captured by a superior force and confined in the prison of the Temple in Paris. The French government refused to exchange him, but he escaped by French aid after an imprisonment of two years. In 1798 he was put in command of a squadron to operate against the French on the coast of Egypt, and conducted the memorable defence of St. Jean d'Acre against Gen. Bonaparte. He signed a treaty with Gen. Kléber for the evacuation of Egypt by the French, which was disavowed by the British government; and he continued to participate in the war until compelled by wounds to return to England in 1801. He afterward returned to service, and at the close of the war received a pension of £1,000. In 1821 he was made an admiral. He was an early advocate of the abolition of the slave trade. Memoirs of his "Life and Times" were written by Sir John Barrow (2 vols., London, 1847). SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, a scientific establishment in Washington, D. C., organized by act of congress in August, 1846, to carry into effect the provisions of the will of James Smithson. The condition on which the bequest was to take effect in favor of the United States having occurred in 1885, by the death of a nephew of the testator without issue, the Hon. Richard Rush was sent to London to prosecute the claim. On Sept. 1, 1838, he deposited in the United States mint the proceeds in English sovereigns, which amounted to $515,169. Suggestions were invited by the president as to the mode of disposing of the fund, which was in the mean time lent to Arkansas and other states to aid in internal improvements. The first section of the act of 1846, passed after several years' discussion of conflicting plans, creates an "establishment" for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men, to consist of the president and vice president of the United States, the several members of the cabinet, the chief justice of the supreme court, the commissioner of the patent office, and the mayor of Washington, during their respective terms of office, with such other persons as these may elect honorary members of the institution. The second declares the original fund to be lent in perpetuity to the treasury of the United States at 6 per cent., payable semi-annually; appropriates the interest from Sept. 1, 1888, when the money was received, to July 1, 1846, amounting to $242,129, or so much thereof as might be necessary, for the erection of buildings and other current incidental expenses; and SMITHSON, James, an English physicist, foun- provides that all expenditures and appropriader of the Smithsonian institution, born about tions shall in future be made exclusively from 1765, died in Genoa, June 27, 1829. He was the accruing interest and not from the princia natural son of Hugh, third duke of North- pal of the fund. By the third section a board umberland, and Mrs. Elizabeth Macie, heiress of managers is constituted, under the name of of the Hungerfords of Audley, and niece of "Regents of the Smithsonian Institution," to Charles, duke of Somerset. In 1786 he took be composed of the vice president of the United the honorary degree of A. M. at Oxford, under States, the chief justice, the mayor of Washthe name of James Lewis Macie, but between ington, three members of the senate and three 1791 and 1803 adopted the name of Smithson, of the house of representatives, to be selectthe family name of his father. At the univer-ed by the president and speaker thereof, with sity he distinguished himself as a chemist, and was one of the first to adopt the method of minute analysis. He became the friend and associate of Wollaston, Banks, and Davy, and in 1787 was elected a fellow of the royal society and contributed eight papers to its "Transactions." His papers subsequent to 1818 were published in the "Annals of Philosophy" and six other persons not members of congress, of whom two shall be resident in the city of Washington and the other four inhabitants of the United States, but no two of the same state. This board is required to elect one of its members as presiding officer, to be styled the chancellor of the institution, and also a suitable person to act as secretary both of the institu tion and the board. To this body is assigned | The museum, enriched by the fruits of governthe duty of a general superintendence, and of making an annual report to congress on the operations, expenditures, and condition of the institution. Sections 4, 5, and 6 assign a location and give power for "the erection of a suitable building of sufficient size, with apartments for the reception and arrangement upon a liberal scale of objects of natural history, including a geological and mineralogical cabinet; also a chemical laboratory, a library, a gallery of art, and the necessary lecture rooms;" and provision is made that all objects of art, natural history, &c., belonging to the United States, with such as may be collected from whatever source by the institution itself, shall be deposited in the, building. Section 7 devolves on the secretary the charge of the building and property, and the duties of librarian and keeper of the museum, with the power of employing assistants, subject to the approval and removable at the discretion of Smithsonian Institution. the regents. Section 8 defines the visitorial relations of the members of the establishment toward the board of regents, and also limits the expenditure for the library. Section 9 authorizes the managers to dispose of such portion of the interest of the fund as the act has not otherwise appropriated, in such manner as they shall deem best suited for the promotion of the purpose of the testator. On this clause the present organization of the institution principally depends. In accordance with the requirements of this act of congress, a spacious building was erected, making provision for a library, museum, gallery of art, and lectures. The entire cost of the building, improvement of the grounds, &c., has been upward of $500,000. A library was begun, consisting chiefly of transactions and proceedings of learned societies obtained by exchange, and of other works by purchase necessary for general use, which has become unequalled in this country as a resource for scientific reference. mental expeditions and the contributions of individual explorers under the direction of the institution, has attained a magnitude and completeness seldom surpassed in collections for the illustration of natural science. A gallery of art was commenced, consisting principally of Indian portraits, engravings, and such articles as were presented to the institution by foreign governments; and lectures, chiefly on scientific subjects, were delivered up to 1865, when they were abandoned in consequence of a fire which destroyed the lecture room and afforded an opportunity of making important changes in the operations of the institution. The library was incorporated with that of congress, making the latter at once the largest in the United States, to which the institution annually contributes a copy of the transactions and proceedings of each of the principal societies of the world, and in return receives the use of all the books in the collection. Mr. W. W. Corcoran of Washington having founded a free public gallery of art, the institution has deposited in it its art collection. This is in accordance with the general plan of cooperating with the different establishments in the city of Washington, the institution having transferred to the department of agriculture its botanical collections, and to the army medical museum all specimens relating to medicine and anatomy, while it receives in return from these departments everything which relates to natural history and ethnology. The expense of the care of the grounds around the building, which at first devolved upon the institution, has been subsequently defrayed by government, and congress has been induced to make an annual appropriation for the support of the museum of $20,000. By these changes the burdens which congress placed upon the institution have been removed, and an opportunity is afforded for the expenditure of the income of the Smithson legacy, in strict conformity with the terms of the will, for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge among men."-In December, 1846, the board of regents selected Prof. Joseph Henry, then of the college of New Jersey at Princeton, as their secretary, which office he still holds (1876). His assistants are Prof. Spencer F. Baird, formerly of Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in the natural history department (appointed in 1850), and William J. Rhees as chief clerk (appointed in 1853). The board of regents from its composition has necessarily changed to some extent almost every year, and of its original members none now remain. Soon after his appointment Prof. Henry submitted to the board a "programme |