swine. Capital, Raleigh. II. A N. E. county of Texas, bounded N. by the Sabine river and W. by the Neches, and drained by the sources of the Angelina; area, 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 16,532, of whom 7,131 were colored. The greater portion of the surface is prairie land, and the soil is fertile. It is traversed by the International and Great Northern railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 420,646 bushels of Indian corn, 22,017 of barley, 54,987 of sweet potatoes, 100,856 lbs. of butter, 1,878 gallons of molasses, and 9,322 bales of cotton. There were 1,988 horses, 1,189 mules and asses, 4,975 milch cows, 9,954 other cattle, 2,726 sheep, and 22,658 swine. Capital, Tyler. III. A N. county of Tennessee, intersected by the Cumberland river and drained by Caney fork; | area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,994, of whom 3,536 were colored. The surface is rough, but the soil is generally fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 126,837 bushels of wheat, 888,078 of Indian corn, 72,528 of oats, 17,996 of Irish and 15,163 of sweet potatoes, 2,250,202 lbs. of tobacco, 82,674 of wool, 255,723 of butter, 39,061 of honey, and 40,344 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 4,857 horses, 3,715 milch cows, 6,117 other cattle, 17,591 sheep, and 33,687 swine. Capital, Carthage. IV. A N. county of Kansas, bordering on Nebraska, and intersected by the N. fork of Solomon river; area, 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 66; in 1875, 3,876. The surface is undulating and fertile. Capital, Smith Centre. SMITH, Adam, a Scottish philosopher, born at Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, June 5, 1723, died in Edinburgh, July 8, 1790. He studied at the university of Glasgow for three years, and for seven years at Oxford. In 1748 he fixed his residence in Edinburgh, where under the patronage of Lord Kames he delivered lectures on rhetoric and belles-lettres. He was elected in 1751 professor of logic in the university of Glasgow, and was transferred in 1752 to the chair of moral philosophy in the same university, which he filled nearly 12 years. His course was divided into four parts. The first treated natural theology; in the second, devoted to ethics, he developed the doctrines contained in his "Theory of Moral Sentiments;" in the third, the subject of which was justice, he traced the gradual progress of jurisprudence and government; and in the fourth, the subject of which was expediency, he examined those political regulations which relate to commerce, finances, and ecclesiastical and military establishments, and which are calculated to increase the power and prosperity of a state. The last division included the substance of his work on the "Wealth of Nations." He published in 1759 his "Theory of Moral Sentiments," in which he maintains the doctrine that all moral emotions and distinctions spring from sympathy. (See MORAL PHILOSOPHY.) From this time he devoted a larger portion of his lectures to jurisprudence and political economy. Near the close of 1763 he | resigned his professorship to accompany the young duke of Buccleugh on his travels. They visited Paris, resided 18 months at Toulouse, passed two months at Geneva, and returning to Paris at the end of 1765, remained there nearly a year. He returned with his pupil to London in October, 1766, and soon after fixed his residence for ten years with his mother at Kirkcaldy, engaged in severe study, and occasionally visiting Edinburgh and London. For many years he enjoyed an intimate friendship with Hume. In 1776 appeared his "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," which was the first complete and systematic statement of the principles of political economy. It received several additions in the third edition (1784), and was translated into the principal European languages. A new edition by J. E. T. Rogers was published in London and New York in 1870 (2 vols. 8vo). (See POLITICAL ECONOMY, vol. xiii., p. 668.) Smith resided for two years after its publication chiefly in London, and in 1778 was appointed one of the commissioners of customs for Scotland, removing to Edinburgh. In 1787 he was elected lord rector of the university of Glasgow. A large proportion of his savings was allotted to secret charity. SMITH, Albert, an English author, born at Chertsey, May 24, 1816, died at Fulham, near London, May 23, 1860. He was educated for the surgical profession in London and Paris, and joined his father in practice at Chertsey, but soon became a writer for the periodical press. Settling in London in 1841, he became a contributor to "Bentley's Miscellany," and within a few years produced "The Wassail Bowl," "The Adventures of Mr. Ledbury," "The Scattergood Family," "The Marchioness of Brinvilliers," "Christopher Tadpole," and "The Pottleton Legacy." He was also engaged for some time upon "Punch," his contributions to which included "The Physiology of Evening Parties," "The Medical Student," and other light varieties; and in 1847 9 he produced a number of amusing trifles entitled "The Natural History of the Gent," "The Natural History of the Ballet Girl," "Stuck-up People," and "The Flirt." also wrote Christmas adaptations from the tales of Dickens, burlesques, and other stage pieces, and was the dramatic critic of the "Illustrated London News." A journey to Constantinople in 1849 furnished him with materials for his "Month at Constantinople " (1850), and also for the public entertainment called the "Overland Mail," first brought out in May, 1850. In August, 1851, he made the ascent of Mont Blanc, and his "entertainment" founded thereon proved his most successful venture, being constantly repeated till 1858. He then visited China, and after his return gave a Chinese entertainment, which in the spring of 1860 was replaced by the more popular story of Mont Blanc. This he repeated until within two days of his death. His entertainments He were published under the titles "Story of Mont | in preparing a new volume of "Cuneiform InBlanc" (1853), and "To China and Back" (1859); and since his death his brother, Arthur Smith, has published from his sketches "Wild Oats and Dead Leaves" (1860), and "Paris and London " (1867). SMITH, Alexander, a Scottish poet, born in Kilmarnock, Dec. 31, 1830, died at Wardie, near Edinburgh, Jan. 5, 1867. He was the son of a pattern designer, and himself became a pattern designer for a lace factory in Glasgow. In 1852 he published serially in the Critic" "his poem "A Life Drama," issued with other poems in book form in 1853. In 1854 he was appointed secretary of the university of Edinburgh (a post which he retained till his death), and about the same time delivered a series of lectures. His later poetical works are: "Sonnets of the War," in conjunction with Sydney Dobell (1855); "City Poems" (1857); and "Edwin of Deira" (1861). He also wrote in prose "Dreamthorp" (1863); "A Summer in Skye" (2 vols., 1865); "Alfred Hagart's Household" (2 vols., 1866); and "Miss Ŏona McQuarrie" (1866). A posthumous volume, "Last Leaves," was edited by P. P. Alexander, with a memoir (1868). scriptions of Western Asia" for the British SMITH, Ell, an American missionary, born at Northford, Conn., Sept. 15, 1801, died in Beyrout, Syria, Jan. 11, 1857. He graduated at Yale college in 1821, and at Andover theological seminary in 1826, and on May 23 of the latter year sailed as a missionary of the American board for Malta, where he took charge of the missionary printing establishment. In 1827 he went to Beyrout to study Arabic, and in 1828 returned to his work at Malta. In 1829 he made a tour with Dr. Anderson through Greece, and in 1830-'31 with Dr. Dwight of Constantinople through Armenia and Georgia to Persia, opening the way for the Nestorian mission at Urumiah. In 1832 he visited the United States, and published a work by himself and Dr. Dwight entitled "Missionary Researches in Armenia." He returned to Beyrout in 1833. In 1838 and again in 1852 he was the travelling companion and coadjutor of Dr. Edward Robinson in his explorations in Palestine. After the journey of 1838 he went to Leipsic to superintend the casting of a new font of Arabic type, in which he improved the form of the letters, making them more distinct and nearer the style of the writ-ly ten letters. He revisited the United States in 1839, and again, on account of illness, in 1845. From 1847 he was engaged upon a translation of the Bible into modern Arabic, which was completed by Dr. C. C. Van Dyke. He published a volume of sermons and addresses (1834). SMITH, Francis Hopkinson. See supplement. SMITH, George, an English oriental scholar, born in 1840, died in Aleppo, Aug. 19, 1876. In 1866 he discovered among the Assyrian paper casts in the British museum an inscription of Shalmaneser II., giving an account of the war against Hazael. In 1867 he assisted | In SMITH, Gerrit, an American philanthropist, born in Utica, N. Y., March 6, 1797, died in New York, Dec. 28, 1874. He inherited from his father Peter Smith, a partner of John Jacob Astor in the fur trade, one of the largest estates in the country, consisting chiefly of land in almost every county of New York and in nearly all the states of the Union. He graduated at Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y., in 1818, and for many years his chief occupation was the management of his property, his residence being at Peterboro, Madison co. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar when 56 years old (1853). In 1825 he joined the colonization society, and contributed large for the removal of colored people to Africa. Ten years later he withdrew from it and joined the American anti-slavery society. He gave away large quantities of land in public and private charity, and in 1848 distributed 200,000 acres, in parcels averaging 50 acres. In 1852 Mr. Smith was elected a representative in congress; but he did not like public life, and resigned at the close of the first session. While in congress he voted with the party opposed to slavery, and made several speeches on that side. A few years later he contributed largely to the struggle for free institutions in Kansas, in which his friend John Brown became | (1867); "Reorganization of the University of Oxford" (1868); and “Relations between America and England" (1869). prominent; and in 1859 he gave pecuniary aid to Brown in preparing for the attack on Harper's Ferry, though he probably had no precise knowledge of his plans. The failure of that attempt, and grief and anxiety for the loss of life which it occasioned, temporarily overthrew his reason, and for some months he was an inmate of the insane asylum at Utica. During the civil war he strongly advocated the cause of the Union and contributed largely for the raising of troops. After its close, he joined with Horace Greeley in 1867 in signing the bail bond by which Jefferson Davis was liberated. Mr. Smith was of a strongly religious nature, and he was in the habit of preaching in a church built by himself. His originally orthodox views underwent great changes, but he is said to have finally returned to them. He printed and distributed gratuitously many pamphlets, speeches, and addresses, and published in book form "Speeches in Congress" (1855); "Sermons and Speeches" (1861); "The Religion of Reason" (1864); "Speeches and Letters" (1865); "The Theologies" (2d ed., 1866); "Nature the Base of a Free Theology" (1867); and "Cor-sembly, and presented a report on a doctrinal respondence with Albert Barnes" (1868). SMITH, Goldwin, an English author, born in Reading, Aug. 13, 1823. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but never practised. In 1858 he became regius professor of modern history at Oxford. During the American civil war he was a warm friend of the federal government, and published "Does the Bible sanction Slavery?" (1863), “On the Morality of the Emancipation Proclamation" (1863), "Letter to a Whig Member of the Southern Independence Association" (1864), "England and America (1865), and "The Civil War in America" (1866). In September, 1864, he visited the United States. In 1866 he resigned his chair at Oxford, with a view of taking up his residence in America. Coming to this country in 1868, he became professor of English history in Cornell university, and resided at Ithaca till 1871, when he exchanged his chair for that of a non-resident professor, and removed to Toronto. He has since been appointed a member of the senate of the university of Toronto, and from 1872 to 1874 was the editor of the "Canadian Monthly." In 1874 he revisited England. He contributed to the "Anthologia Oxoniana," the "Oxford Essays," and the "Encyclopædia Britannica." His other publications are: "Inaugural Lecture before the University of Oxford" (1859); "Lectures on Modern History," "Lectures on the Study of History," "Foundation of the American Colonies," "On some supposed Consequences of Historical Progress," and "Rational Religion" (1861); "Irish History and Irish Character," and "On Church Endowments" (1862); "Empire, a Series of Letters" (1863); "Plea for Abolition of Tests in Oxford" (1864); "Three English Statesmen," sketches of Pym, Cromwell, and Pitt SMITH, Henry Boynton, an American clergyman, born in Portland, Me., Nov. 21, 1815, died in New York, Feb. 7, 1876. He graduated at Bowdoin college in 1834, was some time a tutor there, and studied theology at Andover and Bangor, and subsequently at Halle and Berlin. He became pastor of the Congregational church in West Amesbury, Mass., in 1842, and professor of mental and moral philosophy in Amherst college in 1847. In 1850 he became professor of church history in the Union theological seminary, New York, and in 1855 of systematic theology, which chair he resigned in 1873. He was elected in 1863 moderator of the New School general assembly of the Presbyterian church, and at the opening of the next general assembly in Dayton, Ohio, in 1864, delivered a discourse which was published under the title "Christian Union and Ecclesiastical Reunion." He was subsequently a member of the general assembly's committee on reunion with the Old School general as basis of union ("The Reunion of the Presby- His SMITH, James, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, born in Ireland about 1719, died in York, Pa., July 11, 1806. He came to America with his father's family in 1729, studied law in Lancaster, Pa., and after his admission to practice removed to the neighborhood of Shippensburg, and engaged in surveying. After a few years he removed to York, which became his permanent home, and entered upon the legal profession. In 1774 he was chosen a deputy to attend the provincial meeting, or rather "Committee for the Prov-|inburgh, purchased the books, manuscripts, and ince of Pennsylvania," which convened at Philadelphia July 15. At this meeting he was one of those who were appointed to “ prepare and bring in a draught of instructions to the representatives in assembly met." In 1776 he was chosen a member of the continental congress, in which he continued till 1778; and when congress held its sessions in York, the board of war occupied his law office. SMITH, James and Horace, English authors, associated together in literary history. The former was born in London, Feb. 10, 1775, and died there, Dec. 24, 1839; and the latter was born in London, Dec. 31, 1779, and died at Tunbridge Wells, July 12, 1849. They were the sons of Robert Smith, a legal practitioner of London, and were early trained to an active business life, James in the professional business of his father, and Horace as a member of the stock exchange, in which business he acquired a fortune. The poetical imitations entitled "Horace in London," originally contributed to the "Monthly Mirror," and afterward republished in England and America, were written principally by James. In 1812 the rebuilding of Drury Lane theatre led to the offer of a prize for an opening address; the brothers, in six weeks, completed a series of parodies on the popular authors of the day, in the form of addresses for the prize, and thus arose the well known volume of "Rejected Addresses." The publisher Murray originally declined giving £20 for the copyright, but after it had run through 16 editions (1819) he purchased it for £131. James Smith during the remainder of his life wrote anonymously for amusement or relief from physical suffering, contributing vers de société and epigrams to the magazines or annuals, or assisting Charles Mathews the actor in the preparation of his "Country Cousins," his "Trip to France," and other "entertainments." A collection of his miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse was published after his death by his brother (2 vols., 1840). Horace, subsequent to 1820, when he retired from business, was for 25 years one of the most industrious authors of England. In 1826 appeared "Brambletye House," of his earliest novels, and his most successful one. It was succeeded by "Tor Hill," ""Reuben Apsley," "Jane Lomax," "The New Forest," and other novels, few of which are now known outside of the circulating libraries. In 1845 the author took a formal leave of the public in the preface to "Love and Mesmerism." A selection from the poetical works of Horace and James Smith, including the "Rejected Addresses," with a memoir by Epes Sargent, was published in New York in 1857. "The Tin Trumpet" (2 vols. 8vo), published anonymously in 1836, was republished in 1869 as the work of Horace Smith. one SMITH, Sir James Edward, an English botanist, born in Norwich, Dec. 2, 1759, died there, March 17, 1828. He studied medicine at Ed herbarium of Linnæus, commenced the practice of his profession in London, received the degree of M.D. at Leyden, and in 1788 founded the Linnæan society of London, of which he was the first president. In 1796 he returned to Norwich, though he lectured on botany for two months each year at the royal institution. He wrote "English Botany" (36 vols., with 2,592 colored figures by Sowerby, London, 1792-1807); Flora Britannica (3 vols., 1800'4); "Exotic Botany" (2 vols., 1804-'5); "Introduction to Systematical Botany" (1807); and "The English Flora" (3 vols., 1823-'5); and he edited Sibthorp's Flora Græca (1808). SMITH, John, the founder of Virginia, born at Willoughby, Lincolnshire, England, in January, 1579, died in London, June 21, 1631. When young he took part in the wars in the Netherlands, and after four years' service returned home, but went abroad again to fight against the Turks. He distinguished himself by daring exploits in Hungary and Transylvania, and received from Sigismund Báthori a patent of nobility and a pension, but finally was taken prisoner, and sent as a slave to Constantinople. Here he gained the affection of his young mistress, who to secure his safety sent him to her brother, a pasha on the sea of Azov, with a letter in which she confessed her feelings. The proud prince, indignant at the attachment of his sister to a Christian, maltreated Smith, who at length, maddened by an insult, beat out his master's brains with a flail, put on the dead man's clothes, mounted his horse, and finally reached a Russian garrison on the Don. He was here kindly treated and helped on his journey to Transylvania, where he was furnished with money to repair his losses. Smith now returned to England, reaching it after a long journey and an attempt to take part in a war in Barbary, and was persuaded by Capt. Gosnold, who had already visited the coasts of America, to engage in the founding of a colony. The expedition, consisting of three vessels and 105 men, under the command of Newport, set sail Dec. 19, 1606. By the charter, the government of the colony was placed in the hands of a council appointed and removable by the crown; their names were in a sealed box, not to be opened until their arrival at Virginia. On the voyage dissensions sprang up among the leaders, and much enmity was shown to Smith. At the Canaries he was charged with a conspiracy to make himself king of Virginia, and was kept prisoner for the rest of the voyage. After landing the box was opened, and although Smith was named one of the council, he was excluded. With Newport he headed a party of 20 men to discover the source of the James. About six weeks after, when Newport was returning to England, Smith's enemies urged him to return and be reprimanded by the council in England rather than suffer the disgrace of a public conviction in the colony; but he demanded a trial, which resulted in his acquittal, and he was made a member of the council. Bad and scanty food brought on disease among the colonists and reduced their number. The president, Wingfield, embezzled the stores and was deposed. Ratcliffe was made his successor, but the real head was Smith, and to his efforts the salvation of the infant colony was owing. He set about the building of Jamestown, and after providing the settlers with lodgings made excursions into the neighboring country to obtain corn. On one of these expeditions he was taken prisoner by the Indians, and his life was saved, it is said, by the interference of Pocahontas. (See POCAHONTAS.) Sent back to Jamestown by Powhatan after an absence of seven weeks, he found the colony reduced to 40 men, and the most of these had determined to return to England. This, however, Smith prevented, and the arrival of Newport with 120 men raised the spirits of the colonists. In June and July, 1608, Smith explored the coasts of Chesapeake bay as far as the mouth of the Patapsco. On July 24 he started on another expedition, and explored the head of the Chesapeake, returning to Jamestown on Sept. 7. In these two voy- | ages Capt. Smith sailed, by his own computation, about 3,000 m., and from his surveys constructed a map of the bay and the country bordering upon it. Being now president of the colony, he administered its affairs with energy; and his influence restored quiet to the colony, which had been filled with dissensions and disturbed by fears of the Indians. Smith's administration, however, had not been satisfactory to the company in England, whose too brilliant hopes had been disappointed, and whose irritation Smith's soldierly bluntness did not conciliate. A new charter was granted, and the powers previously reserved to the king were transferred to the company. Lord Delaware was made governor, and three commissioners, Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Somers, were empowered to manage the affairs of the colony till his arrival. They set sail with more than 500 emigrants, and a part of the fleet, in a shattered condition, and without the commissioners, reached Virginia in August, 1609. The new emigrants were mostly "dissolute gallants, packed off to escape worse destinies at home, broken tradesmen, gentlemen impoverished in spirit and in fortune, rakes and libertines, men more fitted to corrupt than found a commonwealth." Disorders quickly ensued, and Smith, at the request of the better part of the colony, resumed the government. The refractory were put in prison, and new settlements established. Returning from one of them, he was severely injured by the explosion of a bag of gunpowder, and in September, 1609, returned to England. In 1614 he explored with two ships the New England coast, and on his return presented to Prince Charles a map of the country between the Penobscot and Cape Cod. In 1615 he sailed again to New England, to found a col ony. His vessel was captured by a French man-of-war, and he was carried to La Rochelle. He escaped, and on his return home wrote an account of his voyages to New England, which was published in 1616. The remainder of his life was passed in retirement. He published several works, the most important of which are "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles" (1626), and "The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captain John Smith, in Europe, Asia, Affrica, and America, from 1593 to 1629" (1630). These two works were reprinted at Richmond in 1819. In 1631 he published also "Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or anywhere, or the Pathway to Experience to Erect a Plantation." This has been reprinted with a facsimile of Smith's map of New England (4to, Boston, 1865); also the "Description of New England" (4to, 1865), and "A True Relation of Virginia," reprinted from the London edition of 1608, with an introduction and notes by Charles Deane (4to, 1866).-See "Life of Capt. John Smith," by G. S. Hillard, in Sparks's "American Biography," vol. ii. SMITH, John Augustine, an American physician, born in Westmoreland co., Va., Aug. 29, 1782, died in New York, Feb. 9, 1865. He went in 1809 to New York, where he edited the "Medical and Physiological Journal," and was a lecturer on anatomy in the college of physicians and surgeons. In 1814 he removed to Virginia, and was president of William and Mary college till 1826, when he resigned and returned to New York. He was president of the college of physicians and surgeons from 1831 to 1843, and editor of the "Medical and Physiological Journal." He published "Introductory Discourse at the New Medical College in Crosby_Street" (1827); "Select Discourse on the Functions of the Nervous System" (1840); "The Mutations of the Earth" (1846); "Monograph upon the Moral Sense, two Discourses" (1847); "Prelections on Moral and Physical Science" (1853); and numerous essays and lectures on moral philosophy, physical science, &c. SMITH, John Lawrence, an American chemist and mineralogist, born near Charleston, S. C., Dec. 16, 1818. He graduated at the university of Virginia and at the medical college of South Carolina, and for three years studied chemistry, physiology, physics, mineralogy, and geology in Europe. In 1844 he commenced the practice of medicine in Charleston, delivered lectures on toxicology, paid attention to agricultural chemistry, and ascertained the character and value of the marl beds extending 100 m. back of Charleston. In 1846 he was employed by the Turkish government to suggest improvements in the cotton culture in Asia Minor, and accepted the appointment of mining engineer. He remained four years, and in 1849 made a report on the "Thermal Waters of Asia Minor." His mining researches |