LITERARY CHRONICLE. pastor, after dividing among the poor what money was in the poor's-box, quietly retired from his parish, having few supporters when forsaken by the government. ment at his uncouth appearance struck them dumb. his joy was too great for utterance, while their astonishUntil the year 1695, Alexander continued at home feet and legs were bare, his thighs and body covered He had at this time his last shirt upon his back; his working with his father; but he was still very unsettled, and gave to his parents much cause of uneasiness by with the skins of wild animals. His beard which had his wayward humours and irregular conduct, which at not been shaved for four years and four months, was length brought him under church censure. Being now of a great length, while a rough goat's-skin cap covered eighteen years of age, and spurning the control of his his head. He appeared to them as wild as the original father, he went to sea, rather than be rebuked in church began to converse, and he invited them to his hut; owners of the skins which he wore. for his improper behaviour. For a period of six years At length they he remained abroad; but in what situation, or in what only Captain Fry accompanied him over the rocks but its access was so very difficult and intricate, that particular part of the world, there are no documents to prove. That he was with the Buccaneers in the South which led to it. When Alexander had entertained Seas I am much inclined to believe for the two follow-boat, our hero bearing a quantity of his roasted goats'them in the best manner he could, they returned to the ing reasons:-1st, His boisterous conduct to his younger brother, Andrew, who was weak in his intelflesh for the refreshment of the crew. During their fects, for only laughing at his drinking salt water by stay upon the island, at which they were much surrepast he gave them an account of his adventures and mistake, and his attempt to seize a pistol (probably prised. Captains Dover and Fry invited him to come brought home with him from sea,) shows a recklessness of consequences which he could only have acquired satisfied him that Dampier had no command in this on board; but he declined their invitation, until they among that body. 2dly, His appointment to be sailing- expedition; after which he gave a reluctant consent.'— master of the Cinque Ports galley, a situation of trust, pp. 91-93. requiring a previous knowledge of the seas to be navigated, when a fit person can be obtained. At this period there is no probability that they were scarce; and Dampier himself, an able seaman, knew well how to choose his officers, and never would have given his consent to the nomination of a master not fully qualified, pp. 22-28. The voyage in the Cinque Ports galley, Captain Dampier, of which he was master, is given at great length. The cause of his landing at Juan Fernandez is thus stated: 'From this period, until the end of August, the Cinque Ports kept cruising along the shores of Mexico, or among the islands, without any success, the St. George having gone to the coast of Peru. During this period a violent quarrel arose between "Honest Selkirk," as Harris call our hero, and Captain Stradling. So high did the dispute arise, that Selkirk resolved to leave the vessel, whatever might be the consequence. At length want of provisions, and the crazy state of the ship, compelled Stradling to sail for the island of Juan Fernandez, to refit. He was in hopes of recovering the stores and men which they had left there at the commencement of their cruise in these seas; in which, as has been already remarked, he was disappointed, as the two French whalers had taken away every thing, and he only recovered two of his men, who had been successful in concealing themselves. Their account of the manner in which they had spent their time, fixed the resolution that Selkirk had formed some time before, to leave the ship and remain upon the island. 'From the beginning to the end of September the vessel remained undergoing repairs. The disagreement, instead of being made up, became greater every day, and strengthened the resolution which Selkirk had made to leave the vessel. Just before getting under weigh, he was landed with all his effects, and he leaped on shore with a faint sensation of freedom and joy. He shook hands with his comrades, and bade them adieu in a hearty manner, while Stradling sat in the boat urging their return to the ship, which order they instantly obeyed; but no sooner did the sound of their oars, as they left the beach, fall on his ears, than the horrors of being left alone, cut off from all human society, perhaps for ever, rushed upon his mind. His heart sunk within him, and all his resolution failed. He rushed into the water, and implored them to return and take him on board with them. To all his entreaties Stradling turned a deaf ear, and even mocked his despair; denouncing the choice he had made of remaining upon the island as rank mutiny, and describing his present situation as the most proper state for such a fellow, where his example would not affect others, pp. 62-64. His feelings on the island we will not give after Mr. Howell, because, as the name does not make much difference in this matter, we take it that Defoe's account of them may be altogether as true. His rescue we give : 'Alexander saw the boat leave the Duke and pull for the beach. He ran down joyfully to meet his countrymen, and to hear once more the human voice. He took in his hand a piece of linen tied upon a small pole as a flag, which he waved as they drew near to attract their attention. At length he heard them call to him, inquiring for a good place to land, which he pointed out, and, flying as swift as deer towards it, arrived first, where he stood ready to receive them as they stepped on shore. He embraced them by turns; but however, are well worthy of record, and are well 'For a few days Selkirk was happy in the com- of him, and used to watch his return. He often said ་ Attached to his father's house was a piece of Dr. Lamond, who resided in Largo, and died there a very old man, used often to point out to John Selcraig, the teacher, the spot where the cave was formed, as he remembered, when a child, to have seen the solitary Alexander seated under its roof. himself, and often, when the weather would permit, he self; he felt oppressed by the kind attentions of all solitary; his pleasures were derived wholly from himstrangers. At length chance threw an object in his way, that awakened in his mind a new train of thoughts and feelings, and roused him from of Keil's Den to the ruins of Balcruivie Castle and his lethargy. its romantic neighbourhood, he often met a young In his wanderings up the burn-side perty of her parents. Her lonely occupation and girl seated alone, tending a single cow, the proHe watched her for hours unseen, as she amused herinnocent looks made a deep impression upon him. self with the wild flowers she gathered, or chanted her rural lays. At each meeting the impression became stronger, and he felt more interested in the her, and they joined in conversation: he had no averyoung recluse. At length he addressed himself to sion to commune with her for hours together, and began to imagine that he could live and be happy with a companion such as she. were now neglected. Even his cave became not so His fishing expeditions sweet a retreat. His mind led him to Keil's Den and ashamed, after his discourses to them, and the prothe amiable Sophia. He never mentioned this adventure and attachment to his friends; for he felt fession he had made of dislike to human society, to acknowledge that he was upon the point of marrying, firmly resolved not to remain at home to be the suband thereby plunging into the midst of worldly cares. ject of their jests. This resolution being formed, he him, and bid adieu to the romantic glen. Between But he was determined to marry Sophia, though as lovers, matters are soon arranged, and, accordingly, soon persuaded the object of his choice to elope with without the knowledge of their parents, they both set him for many years after; still they kept bis effects and his friends knew nothing and heard nothing of off for London. Alexander left his chest and all his clothes behind; nor did he ever claim them again; untouched in hopes of his return. Both his father and mother were dead, when, in the end of the year 1724, or beginning of 1725, twelve years after his elopeCragie Well. She produced documents to prove her ment with Sophia Bruce, a gay widow, by name Frances Candis or Candia, came to Largo to claim the right; from which it appeared that Sophia Bruce lived property left to him by his father, the house at the This is farther established by the will and power of but a very few years after her marriage, and must have died some time between the years 1717 and 1720. attorney, preserved in the Scots Magazine, vol. xlvii., page 672, which is dated in 1717.'-pp. 128-135. that the work is not the less amusing because Our readers will perceive from these extracts much pains have been bestowed upon it. LETTER TO SIR ALEXANDER MALET, BART. 'Etonian.' A Letter to Sir Alexander Malet, Bart., in reference to his Pamphlet, touching the late Expulsions from Winchester School; with a Word, in passing, to the Editor of 'The Literary Gazette. By an Old Etonian. pp. 26. Wilson. London. 1829. We wish we had any authority for saying, that falsely assumed the designation of an the writer of this pamphlet had impudently and It would be perfectly consistent with the whole spirit of his pamphlet that he should have done so; yet it has so often been our misfortune to degree, the brains of idiots and the hearts of coxmeet with young men combining, in a remarkable issue from that ancient foundation, that we should combs, who, we were positively assured, did be afraid to impeach the veracity of any new person similarly endowed, who should put forth the like pretensions. In his Fortunately the true Etonians, gentlemen alike in feeling and in exterior, are also very numerous; and to those we must trust the defence of which such a person as this would entail upon their venerable institution from the disgrace it, if he could be believed, for a moment, to be a fair representative of its feelings. evidently far from being happy or contented. The vi- meaning person maintains that fagging is to be attempt to answer the excellent pamphlet of Sir 'It was thus he lived during his short stay at home, sions he had formed of domestic life could not be rea-preserved, because it is not expedient to part Alexander Malet, this very foolish and very illlized, and he remained among his friends only because he knew not what better to do with himself. He found that he was not fitted for society; his enjoyments were schemes of education for the schemes that were with our public schools, and to substitute modern contrived by our forefathers, We should not have conceived it possible for their descendants. Hermes Britannicus. A Dissertation on the Celtic Deity Teutates, the Mercurius of Cæsar, in further Proof and Corroboration of the Origin and Designation of the Great Temple at Abury, in Wiltshire. By the Rev. W. L. Bowles, M.A. J. B. Nichols and Son. THIS learned treatise, by a learned man and a poet, is well worthy the attention of our readers. We have not now time to go into an antiquarian discussion, but Present State of Van Diemen's Land; comprising an Account of its Agricultural Capabilities, with Obser- vations on the Present State of Farming, &c. &c. pur- sued in that Colony and other Important Matters connected with Emigration. By Henry Widowson. THIS work must be exceedingly useful to Emigrants. Its contents do not possess enough of general interest to warrant us in making extracts; but we heartily re- Dews of Castalie; Poems, composed on various Subjects and Occasions. By J. Johns. R. Hunter. London, THESE Poems are evidently the production of an The Companion to the Almanac; or Year-book of Ge- WE noticed some weeks ago 'The British Almanac,' The Origin of Life, the Cause of Diseases, and the Source of our Feelings and Senses Explained and Demon- strated. By James Morrison, the Hygeist. 8vo., pp. 16. Sherwood and Co. London, 1828. THIS beats cock-fighting. A man undertaking in the monstrous than that of other materialists; for if No. IV. of Select Subjects from Haydn's Creation and Seasons, newly adapted as Divertimentos for the Piano- forte. By J. B. Cramer, and inscribed to Miss Hall of Totteridge, Herts. Cramer and Co. Price 4s. It was with much pleasure we noticed the three pre- vious parts of this estimable work in the former num- bers of The Athenæum ;' and we also derive an in- creased satisfaction in recommending this the fourth part. It is wholly arranged from Haydn's de- lightful Seasons, and the indefatigable Cramer has very judiciously chosen an interesting variety of movements. It commences with two pages of the overture in G minor, expressing the passage from winter to spring; this is relieved by the soothing allegretto in G 6-8ths, 'Come, gentle Spring,' (varied and embellished in Cramer's best manner,) and the third movement in C,' With joy the impatient Husbandman,' is well con Lassie, let us stray together.' A Ballad, sung by Mr. Sinclair; the Music composed and dedicated to Miss Syle. By B. Horne. Horne and Son, 2s. A very pleasing and flowing melody in the Scottish style, well suited to Sinclair's voice and manner, and being within the compass of nine notes only, the highest being F on the fifth line,) quite applicable to the voices of amateurs in general. The author is a clever and intelligent professor, occasionally residing Brilliant Rondo for the Piano-forte; composed and de- dicated to Mrs. J. C. Wilkinson. By W. Wilkinson. Op. 2. Ewer and Johanning, 4s. Thirteen pages of one uniform and monotonous move- ment, in the noisy, military, common-place key of D, unrelieved by the smallest contrast or variety. About one-third of the quantity, preceded by a slow move- ment, would have made an acceptable publication, for the general arrangement is not devoid of imagination, and the modulations are tolerably grammatical and in- This is by far the best specimen we have yet seen of Barnett's writing: it abounds with excellent modula- tion, appropriate expression, and good taste, in every particular. It presents a grand scena of three move- ments, and although overflowing with chromatic changes, yet the vocal part is by no means difficult of execution; it may be caviare to the multitude,' but it must be admired by the connoisseur and well-informed The favourite Airs in Pacini's Opera, L'Ultimo Giorno di Pompei,' arranged for two Performers on the Piano- forte. By A. Diabelli. Book I. Boosey and Co. 5s. Three pieces, extending to twenty-three pages, form this first book, and present a well-arranged variety of clever music. The opera is not very well known in this country, (not having yet been performed here,) but to those who are acquainted with it, we may notice that the pieces chosen are as follow: 1st. Viva Sal- lustio,' preludio ed introduzione, andante in C, 3-4th time, modulating into two other movements in A, and concluding with an allegro in C. 2d. Di porporine rose vezzose,' a very pleasing chorus in A minor, and afterwards major. And 3d. Marcia D'entrata di Sal- lustio,' a clever march in F, à la Rossini. The whole is well adapted for the performers, (which we have with pleasure proved in the trial,) and is not only the newest piece published but one of the best. It is unusually Mozart's Operas, arranged with embellishments for the Flute. By Charles Suust. No. I. Cocks and Co. 3s. Twelve of the most estimable beauties from Mozart's inimitable Le Nozze di Figaro,' form the first book An awful statue, by a veil half hid, At Sais stands: one came to whom was known All lore committed to Etruscan stone; And all sweet voices that dull time has chid To silence now, by antique pyramid, Skirting the desert, heard; and all the deep May in its dimly-lighted chamber keep, Where genii groan beneath the seal-bound lid :--- He came, and raised that yet unlightened veil With hands not pure, but never did unfold What he had seen the shadow, madness, fell On his few days, before he went to dwell ACROSS the main my spirit was beguiled: Amid the blackness of a cypress wood, By the slow windings of a sable flood, An ancient mound, o'ergrown with flowers, was piled: Upon it stood a Sachem and a child, Sole heirs of that so fiercely-squandered blood, Whose sires, the hunters of the western wild, Beneath them lay in the dim solitude. Last of his nation, long the chieftain gazed Upon his silent boy with steadfast eye; Then, with untrembling arm, the hatchet raised, And sternly whisper'd ""Tis the hour to die !" He hid his son in that ancestral tomb, Cheap Pleasures.-How little is requisite to supply the necessities of nature! and in a view to pleasure what comparison between the unbought satisfaction of conversation, society, study, even health and the com- mon beauties of nature, but, above all, the peaceful reflection on ones own conduct: what comparison I say, between those and the feverish empty amusements of luxury and expense? These natural pleasures, in- deed, are really without price, both because they are below all price in their attaintment, and above it in their enjoyment.-Hume, on qualities agreeable to our- A book is the most singular production in the world: printed by people who do not understand it, sold by people who do not understand it, and I had almost people who do not understand it; bound and read by said, written by one who does not understand it. The finest satire is unquestionably that which carries the least venom and the most conviction, so that it even moves the smiles of those it assails. Such was the character of Lord Chesterfield's speeches in the upper house. Dr. Maty, says of him that, he reasoned best affections of his hearers, he turned the laugh on his when he appeared most witty; and while he gained the opponents, often compelling them to join in it.' Dugald Stewart.-The Plymouth subscription for the monument to the late Dugald Stewart already amounts Rochefoucault's maxim, dans l'adversité de nos meilleurs amis nous trouvons toujours quelque chose, qui ne nous deplait pas,' certainly sounds strangely, but NOTES ON LISBON. No. IV. EXECUTIONS. CAPITAL punishments are very rare in Portugal, perhaps not once in two years. The usual mode is hanging, in which case the criminal is turned off a ladder, as was formerly the practice in England; but here, the moment the unhappy wretch is launched into eternity, the hangman jumps off the ladder after him, and, by throwing himself upon his shoulders, breaks his neck, and terminates his struggles in an instant. But for very heinous offences they have a more imposing execution, well adapted to impress the the mind with awe, though not more painful to the suffering party than the other. The following is an account of an execution of this kind which I witnessed: Two men had been found guilty of forging the paper currency of the country to a very considerable amount, and to make a proper example of them, an old law, which had lain dormant for nearly a century, was put in force; this law submitted them to be burnt alive. But as even the Portuguese, (as well as ourselves,) are too refined now to relish roasting our fellow creatures, as an epicure does a lobster, they were first allowed to be strangled. These wretched men were, on the day of execution, brought from the prison accompanied by several priests, and attendants, bearing the banner of some saint, preceding the criminals, and marched very slowly to the Caes do Soctrè.* They wore only a long loose white dress, which reached from the shoulders to the ground: it hung very full, and was confined round the middle by a white sash. They were bareheaded and barefooted: indeed, they had no article of dress on but the white robe. In the centre of the square a stage was erected, the flooring of which was of thick oak; but the planks were left about an inch asunder, to admit the ascending flames when the fuel, which was placed beneath, should be lighted. The stage itself was about six feet from the ground; in the middle of it was a post about eight feet high, and in front of that, and connected with it, was a seat for one person. When the men arrived at the place of execution, a priest addressed them for some time, after which one of them ascended the platform, and was placed on the seat with his back against the post. The executioner then bound him, by a rope passed round his middle, to the stake; another rope confined his thighs to the seat, and his feet were also firmly tied down to the flooring; his hands were tied before him, secured at the wrists, his sides. Thus secured, he could not by any and a cord behind him bound his elbows close to exertion or convulsion move a limb. head, so as to entirely conceal his face, and then passed a circular rope over his head, bringing one part of it round the front of his neck, and passing the other part (or bite) of it through a hole in the post behind, and then through the loop of that he passed a short stick, by turning which round he gradually tightened the rope round the man's neck, and then, instantly, with all his might, and with the utmost velocity, twisted the cord, by means of the stick, till it not only strangled the man, but actually broke his neck, as was perceived by his head suddenly falling forward on his breast with a jerk; indeed I thought I heard the neck break. In this situation he was left for twenty minutes, after which he was unbound from the post and seat, and laid on his back on the stage by the side of the post. The other criminal, who had stood a miserable, trembling spectator of his associate's execution, was then supported up to the same place, for by this time terror had rendered him too feeble to walk without assistance; and the horror he had endured for the last hour, in being obliged to witness such a scene, and in which he was soon to bear a principal part, must have been a punishment far greater than the death itself. The same ceremony and execution again took place; and after this man was also laid on the stage the executioner left it, and the fire was applied to the fuel beneath. The flames soon rose through the openings of the floor, which had been left for that purpose, and seized the linen robes that covered the bodies, which in about half an hour, were entirely consumed. prised and pleased, upon hearing and seeing the clergy in Lisbon address their congregations. Sermons are not considered in Portugal as church fixtures, but are only given upon particular occasions, such as some remarkable saint's day,some public rejoicing, or grieving, &c.; and the report that a sermon is to be preached on such a day, in such a church, ia sure to attract as full an attendance as ever Garrick or Siddons could command in even their happiest efforts. Nor do I wonder at it. The discourse, which I believe is actually studied and weighed prior to delivery, is always conveyed to the hearers by speech, not read from an ill-written manuscript, and therefore has this advantage, that it leaves the body and every limb at liberty. Whereas, I have in England felt a kind of painful fidget, when I have seen the preacher in evident fear of not reading it right, or, as sometimes happened, of turning over two leaves at once, which would produce a kind of cross-reading, calculated to call forth any thing but serious attention in the auditors; or, should he be near-sighted, and not quite master of his subject, you might imagine he was smelling as well as looking at it. Here, on the contrary, the orator being made fully acquainted with what he intends to say, having his head, body, and a full clear voice, it is no ways astonishing that limbs free from restraint, besides being possessed of they should at once instruct, delight, and claim our unqualified approbation. * Though by no means a proficient in the Portuguese language, yet their delivery is so distinct, their emphasis so just, and their action so accordant with their subject, a person may always understand the substance, and much of the detail of their discourses, which, as with us, last about STREETS AND HOUSES. twenty minutes. Their ashes were then collected and thrown into the river, according to the sentence. One curious circumstance attended the burning of these men. They were placed on the platform side by side; and after the rope, which conThe streets in Lisbon are, to a stranger, the fined their arms behind was burnt, the contraction of the muscles of the arms by fire, caused greatest obstacle to his pleasure, comfort, or exthem gradually to rise in a perpendicular direc-ercise. Like Rome, Lisbon may be said to stand on tion from the stage, extending towards heaven; its seven hills, or rather on its seventy; for, with the and the cords, which confined the wrists together, exception of the three beautiful streets leading from the Praça do Commercio to the Rocio, and not being burnt through, the hands remained those crossing them at right angles, the whole city clasped, as in the act of supplication. The arms continued in this posture till the whole of the is one continued jumble of up and down, nearly bodies were consumed, when they fell into the every street being in itself a hill, and many of flames. The effect of this circumstance was un- them are so steep that it would be extremely dancommonly awful; even after death, they seemed gerous to ride down them with any other animal than a mule, being quite as much so, as the hill of to implore mercy from their God, while one atom of their persons existed. roly-poly-celebrity in Greenwich Park. They are all paved in the same manner as the carriage-way in the streets of London, nor is there any part appropriated to the accommodation of foot-passengers. Upon the whole, I could not but consider the method of thus strangling a criminal, infinitely superior to our indecent mode of hanging. Here the whole person was concealed by a white full drapery; and so secured that not a motion or convulsion could be perceived through the whole time of their suffering; whereas with us, every struggle of agonised expiring nature is exposed to view, with savage and indecent inhumanity. It appears as if, in paving them, the la. to place upwards, and such is really the case. The bourers had chosen the sharpest point of the stone want of flagged foot-pavement, and the sharp very much inclined, every time I walked out, to roughness of these, at first annoyed me; and I felt quarrel with what I thought the perverseness and laziness of the people, for they have inexhausticonsideration convinced me that they were right, ble quarries of stone all round Lisbon; but a little and, that I, like all those who form hasty conclusions from first appearances, was wrong. The fact is, the streets are in general so very steep, that it would be, if not impossible, at any rate ex 1796-7,) on a gallows, and that being very narrow they were necessarily hung rather close together; the consequence was, that in the spasmodic struggles of death, by jerking up their knees, and turning round and round, as suspended by the rope, they were for five minutes alternately kick-tremely dangerous, to walk on a smooth surface; ing each other on the breech: an effect that, in spite of the solemnity of the scene, was indecently ludicrous. Never can I forget an execution I was once A priest then mounted the platform, and stood for a long time talking to the poor wretch, who forced to witness. Three men were hung toseemed occasionally to answer to questions put together (for rebellion in Grenada, West Indies, in him. The priest then came forward to the front of the stage, and addressed the multitude, in a sermon, for about a quarter of an hour, or twenty minutes. His figure was commanding, his face handsome, and uncommonly expressive, his action graceful, and his voice clear though deep. The subject of his discourse was suited to the sad occasion, and he sometimes turned towards and addressed the criminal. When this discourse was ended, he once more approached the culprit, and receiving the cup and wafer from an attendant, administered the sacrament to him. He then prayed over him, kissed him on the forehead, and sprinkled him with holy water. The priest now quitted the scaffold, and the executioner proceeded to his office; he pulled the hood of the white dress the criminal wore over his A small square so called, near the river, and open towards it. Cares signifies a Quay. PUBLIC PREACHERS. I have often lamented the monotonous tone and action of the generality of our clergymen in the pulpit; the latter is most times wholly wanting, except in giving the unfortunate pulpit cushion a few clumsy thumps, which generally produce more dust than they awaken attention; or should the reverend gentleman be the owner of a very white hand, it may tempt him to display that and his cambric handkerchief together. How much, on the contrary, have I been sur while, on the contrary, by being thus roughpaved, every stone becomes a step, or hold for the foot, both in ascending and descending. That they have been thus paved from an idea of security is evident from the three streets abovementioned, and all those lesser ones which cross them at right angles, (on a level about half a mile square,) being paved the same as our best streets, * I have been informed by themselves, that those who are brought up in the respective convents as public preachers, are always, besides other qualifications, chosen from among those who possess, naturally, a clear, strong, and harmonious voice. Nor are the advantages of mauly beauty disregarded. ། ་། with broad flat stones. The channels for carrying off the rain, &c., run along the centre of every street. But there is one abominable nuisance which can never meet with justification in any shape, particularly when it is considered that perhaps no city in the world possesses a finer supply of water, by means of which, notwithstanding the steepness of the streets, there are few parts in which sewers and drains might not be made,* (though now the overflowings and waste water of all the fountains is supposed to run unprofitably down the streets.) But that not being the case, every species of dirt is thrown from the windows of the houses into the streets, where what is not devoured by the city dogs is left to putrify. This olio of filth is only partially taken away about once in seven weeks, in their dirt-carts, or in hampers on mules, and the stench caused by disturbing it for removal is insupportablet. In the lesser streets, lanes, and alleys, it is never removed, except when the violence of the winter rains carries it into the Tagus. THE ATHENEUM. SKETCH OF COUNT A. DE LA BORDE'S ADDRESSED TO THE PARISIAN ACADEMY OF INSCRIP- You have asked me, gentlemen, to afford you education, and being extremely desirous that be should one day claim a place in your esteem, I Having devoted myself particularly to my son's thought I could not do better than subject him to a new, more extended, and more laborious system of education,-a system, indeed, which appears pace with the ideas and attainments of the age. to me to be requisite at the present time of day, if we would have our childrens' education keep There is, however, a law, though it is very lit-ings would lead me into a discussion far too prolix To develope this system to you in all its beartle attended to, which strictly forbids the throw- for the present occasion; I shall merely remark ing of any thing from the windows before the that it consists, as respects its first portion, in hour of ten at night, and then the person who combining with classical studies, and several mothrows it ought to give warning by first calling out dern languages, exploratory travels through the three times Aguva vai (water is coming); a transgression of this regulation incurs the penalty of a most celebrated regions of antiquity, or, in other fine, which, if not paid, is changed into imprison- will be evident to you, that althongh such a design words, the periplus of the Mediterranean. ment. Nevertheless you are in danger of, at It least, dirty water every hour in the day; though, contemplate them as a principal object. as this does not exclude discoveries, it does not should this happen, the occupier of the house, (or floor,) from whence the annoyance was thrown, is obliged, on application, to pay you the full price of the article which may be thus wetted and spoiled, whether hat, coat, or any other part of your dresst. Should he refuse, the party injured has only to fetch a police-soldier, who, on a further refusal, lugs him off to prison till he complies; and, at all events, is himself entitled to four dollars for being called in to settle the dispute. The only difficulty is to ascertain from which window the offence was committed; for most of the houses being many stories high, and every story inhabited by a different family, you must be very sure that you fix on the right floor, before you make your demand or complaint; and, in general, the offending person withdraws from the window so quick, that it is almost impossible to detect him. The surest way of avoiding a salute of the kind, which at night is doubly unpleasant, is, in passing through a wide street, to walk in the middle of it, and in narrow streets to keep as close as possible under the houses, at the same time being on the watch whenever you see a dirt heap; for as one window on each floor is ever used to throw their filth from, (generally a passage window,) it consequently always falls in the same place, and there accumulates. The window set apart for this purpose may always be known by the filthy wall of the house under it. * Though there are numerous wells, and might be as many more, I never could learn that there was a single pump in all Lisbon. + I should imagine that this prevalence of offensive smells may have originally been the cause that produced the disgusting custom of spitting I have mentioned. I certainly think, that very strong effluvias may be tasted as well as smelt, and then spitting instinctively follows. Thomson had the same idea relative to sweets, 'Or taste the smell of dairy.'-Spring-THоurPSON. I had an opportunity of knowing that the same penalty is incurred if a person's dog injures you. I saw the flap of a gentleman's coat torn off, as he was walking very quietly along, by a dog which had laid hold of it slyly. The gentleman followed the dog into his master's house, who, on finding what he done, paid the gentleman twenty-four dollars for a new coat. The dog belonged to a rich lawyer, on whom I was billetted at the time. (To be continued.) ciating several juvenile companions with my son, With a view of rendering this undertaking more attractive and less costly, I was desirous of assowith him in the species of studies in which he was that they might, at the same time, take a part engaged; and I had the good fortune to meet entirely such as I wished for. One of them was with some young men, whose qualifications were that name, and himself an officer of the Etatmajeur, a youth full of zeal and talent; a second Mr. Becker, the son of the worthy general of third was the Duc de Richelieu, who was obliged was Mr. Hall, an Englishman of rank; and the wished, fo the purpose of discharging a debt of to leave us much sooner than we could have gratitude. After devoting a considerable space of time to studies in Italy, and making a short stay in the Greece, where a galaxy of interesting scenes Ionian islands, we set foot on the classic soil of awaited our inquiries. The political state of the country, however, compelled us to invert the order of our labours, and to commence them from another quarter of the Ottoman territories. The first of our researches, therefore, which can pretend to any thing like a character of importance, dated from Smyrna, where we arrived on the fifteenth of July. [No. 63. their diameter enables us to estimate their elevation at fifty feet. On the declivity of the hill on the opposite side are seen a theatre and stadium. There is not one solitary human being to be found enliven the banks of the Pattolo; nor are any in this once celebrated place. The tents of the other monuments to be discovered from the sumindigent Uraks, a nomadic race, here and there huge mounds of earth, (tumuli,) about seventy in mit of the rock of Croesus, excepting the tombs of the Lydian kings. These consist of a species of number; and amongst them may be recognised the tomb of Alijattes, the father of Croesus, which Herodotus records to have been the most extensive monument he had beheld, with the exception of the pyramids; in truth, it bears a close resemfrail ones of Sardis, it is reasonable to infer from blance to an actual hill. As the historian adds, its size, that the morals of that capital were not that this tomb was raised at the expense of the of the most rigid order. of mountains known by the name of Youssouf- tlemen; it offers nothing which is more familiar paltry splendour of its public edifices. During is not altogether so familiar to us as it might be; picion on the part of the inhabitants, nor received interior of Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine. As OF MR. PEEL. When we had taken our departure from Nico- A PROPOSAL FOR THE CONSIDERATION evil of the imperceptible diminution of our funds, media and Nicæa, which offer many noble ruins to the inquiring eye, we took an easterly course towards the banks of the Sangar, and had scarcely reached the vicinity of lake Sobariju, the ancient Sofone, when we fell in with a Roman monument of noble dimensions; this was a bridge of six arches, preceded by a triumphal arch, and terminated by a similar structure in the form of a vault, resting against a hill, and opening on both sides for the thoroughfare of a Roman road. At a distance of ten leagues, south-west of Cutahia, the most elevated point of this part of Asia, we reached a Roman town, which has never been visited by any former traveller; nor is it adverted to by any of the ancient Itineraries. Its principal structures consist of a large theatre, a stadium, several porticoes in a good state of preservation, though of diminutive elevation, and an Ionic temple of the most elegant style of architecture, the columns of which are fluted, and composed of a single slab of marble, thirty feet in heighth; they sustain a frieze, decorated profufely and with the most exquisite taste. From the fragments of an inscription belonging to the façade, we gathered that this temple was restored during the reign of Adrian and was dedicated to Apollo. The Turks call this place Chapder; it is watered by a stream, which is crossed by a Roman bridge of five arches, in as perfect a state at this hour as the Roman vault to which it leads. From Chapder we journeyed to the Phrygians ruins, described by Colonel Leake, and had the good luck to discover a second ruin of the same description in the same valley: nay, six leagues beyond this, we found a third, having an inscription in similar characters. But our greatest anxieties were directed, and two months of our time nccessarily devoted, to exploring the region comprised between Affiom-Karahissar, Denislu, and Isporta: our object was to determine the sources and course of the Meander, the Lico, and the Marsia, and the sites of a variety of ancient towns, seated on their banks; especially those of Hierapolis and Aphrodysia. The former, which was constantly celebrated for its mineral waters, still retains the mephitic cavern, mentioned by Strabo, in which birds fall lifeless to the ground; the ruins of the temple of Apollo, and a long list of magnificent tombs. From the centre of Aphrodysia, the present Guera, rises the temple of Venus, which is of the Ionic order, and of which a considerable portion is still existing. On its left are the Theatre and Stadium: and from side to side extends an Ionic portico of the most con'summate elegance. Aphrodysia is indisputably the city of Venus; a sort of Cupids support the garlands which decorate the frieze of the portico; and a chase, which is led by Loves, in pursuit of all kinds of animals, adorns the internal frieze of the temple, many fragments of which still exist in a good state of preservation: a hundred Greek inscriptions, scattered among the ruins, serve to enhance the intense interest which the sight of such a spot cannot fail to inspire. The road from Guera to Konïe, through Isporta, traverses a region of mountains, intersected with spacious lakes. This district may be styled theSwitzerland of Asia Minor.' Eyerdir resembles the Isola bella' of the Lago Maggiore. This great chain of mountains incloses several ancient towns, which had not been previously recognized, and the site of which it became our task to ascertain; amongst them are Salagasso, Antioch of Pisidia, Grenna, and Selga, though none of them were so deservedly entitled to our researches as Konie, the ancient Iconium. This city contains curious vestiges of all its various stages, and particularly the Arabic remains of the Seljuk Sultans, which are no ways inferior to the Moorish edifices of Spain, whether for the elegance of their structure, or the excellence of their architectural design. (To be continued.) THE invention of the present circulating medium has generally been regarded as the foundation of that extended system of commerce which mankind. Whether it was expedient, in barbarous has contributed so largely to the happiness of times, to use such a method of facilitating exchanges, we cannot pretend to decide; but that it be made obvious to the meanest capacity. The is not the best adapted to the present times, may matured commercial energies of the nineteenth century need not lean on the props which assisted the infancy of traffic. To vulgar minds, and such are those of all practical and all theoretical men, the divisibility and portability of the precious metals have always appeared the qualities which particularly adapted them for a medium of exchange. These we have long considered as precisely the causes of some of the greatest evils of our social intercourse; evils which we can see no mode of obviating, except that of boldly renouncing the dangerous use of metals, returning to the wise customs of our antediluvian forefathers, and effecting all exchanges by the natural process of barter, or, at any rate, permitting no other than the ancient circulating medium, horned cattle. Pounds, we are ready to admit, would not be such bad things, if it were not for their detestable division into shillings and pence. There would be few objections to the revival of the ancient talent; but, as long as we have our present scale of small monies, so long must the great practical evil of existence, the demand for ready money and prompt payment, harass that unfortunate class of men, the payers. The payment of small bills is the greatest annoyance of man in a civilized state. For large bills he makes up his mind; these he generally incurs with some deliberation, and the prospect of being called on to pay them is always present to his mind, and induces him to shape his expenses accordingly; and, at any rate, he is generally allowed to take time to discharge them. But a small bill is an active poison; no long day is allowed by it to its victim, and their number makes up for their diminutive size. Their name is a legion; they come in quick and awful succession, like the train of phantoms that haunt the opium-eater. They do not, once and calmly, drain the life-blood from you with the deadly avidity of a vampire, but haunt your waking and sleeping hours with the pertinacious sting of the mosquito, and render life a constant and burdensome succession of petty but maddening annoy ances. --- would be prevented by the substitution of the pecoral for the pecuniary medium. You could never be bored into the payment of a small bill, because you never would have any coin sufficiently small to pay it with. Suppose a tradesman came to ask you but it won't be fat for a couple of months.' 'I to pay him six and eight-pence; your answer would be, I have got a fine ox do'vn in Devonshire, make it a rule,' he would answer, never to book change for a ram which you'll find down at Smiththese small accounts.' 'Very well,' would be your reply. In that case, you have probably got field. Here you have made him a legal tender. Is it likely that he can give you change in wethers or lambs? He mutters out that he has'nt the change about him; it will do another time-he rids you of his odious presence, and you are fearless of any recurrence of his importunities. The other evil would of course vanish with the first. No man would fling away sheep and calves, as he does half-crowns and shillings: and the most thoughtless could hardly spend a herd of oxeu without thinking of it. It may be suggested, that it would be inconvenient to tradesmen to be kept so long out of their money. The experience of all London shows that the wish for payment so prevalent among that class, is a mere vulgar prejudice; and that a shop-keeper is just as well off when he is unpaid as when he is paid. And at any rate, the interests of a class comparatively so small as that of sellers, can never be put in competition with the welfare of the many, that is the purchasers. But the use of cattle, or other heavy goods, as money, would produce even greater benefits by reason of their not being portable. No man could be expected every time he walked out, to drive a herd of live stock before him through the streets. A tradesman thinks it now no impertinence to ask you to put your hand into your pocket, and pull out a few shillings, to pay for any article you have bought. But even if he should have the hardiness to make such a request after the substitution of flocks and herds for gold and silver, the purchaser would, of course, answer, my good fellow, do you think I carry horses and cows in my breeches pockets, or bales of cotton in my purse. Send your man with the things, and l'il give you a draft on my grazier for an edge-bone of beef at the next Taunton fair.' What could he do but obey? Every other customer would make him much the same answer. There would then be no need for a Mendicity Society, because beggars would get nothing for their begging. The wretches who bore us at the crossings of the streets, would be heard with contempt by the pennyless proprietor of cattle. Guards and coachmen would learn the futility of demands which could not be gratified. Donations to servants would not exhaust the finances of the visitor of country friends. And the unblushing importunity of the lower orders would fail of extorting the ponderous bulk ofa Christmas box, or a summut to drink.' And then, who is there on whom they produce that impression which the payment of money ought always to make on those who possess it in but a limited supply? Alas! it is in these small driblets that our money imperceptibly glides from our hands. We forget that great law of nature, that the sum of the parts makes up the whole: we heed not the evanescence of our 10. and 81. notes in the shape of small change, we convert the The security of property would be greatly increased by every increase in the size of the mesolidity of sovereigns into the fluidity of shillings,dium of exchange. Horse-stealing and sheepthe pence-table is not before our eyes. Who is there that keepeth watch and ward over single pounds?-who counteth the outgoings of shillings and sixpences?-who cherisheth the penny and its moiety as the seeds of greater coins? Few, indeed, there be, who are endowed with such wisdom, and few who do not repent over the emptiness of a gradually eviscerated* purse. Both these great evils-the evil of constant demand and constant payments, and the consequent This singularly beautiful and expressive word is adopted from Blackstone's Commentaries. But we hope that the application of it to the reduced form of empty purses will be considered as a less jarring stroke than the Learned Judge's ferocious injunction to tear out the bowels of truth stealing abound much in this country; but they are at any rate crimes much more difficult of commission than the picking a pocket. The country gentleman, who had received a dividend in Lancashire cattle, might safely commit his horned balance to a driver, and return to the White-Horse-Cellar without fear or the necessity of keeping his hands in his breeches pockets. The banker and the philanthropist will observe with delight that this change in the monetary system would put a simultaneous end to the crime, and the sanguinary punishment of the forgery of bank notes. Bank notes there would be none; and who could forge sheep, or pass off forged bullocks? The confidence in banks would be greatly |