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and gold mines were worked in Tmolus itself, though by the time of Strabo the proceeds had become so small as hardly to pay for the expense of working them (Strabo xiii. 591). Maeonia on the east contained the curious barren plateau known to the Greeks as the Katakekaumenē ("Burnt country "), once a centre of volcanic disturbance. The Gygaean lake (where remains of pile dwellings have been found) still abounds with carp.

which enabled him to turn from elaborate epics to quite popular poems like the Mumming at Hertford, A Ditty of Women's Horns and London Lickpenny. The humour of this last is especially bright and effective, but, unluckily for the author, the piece is believed to have been retouched by some other hand. The longer efforts partake of the nature of translations from sundry medieval compilations like those of Guido di Colonna and Boccaccio, which are in Latin. See publications of the Early English Text Society, especially the Temple of Glass, edited by Dr Schick; Koeppel's Lydgate's Story of Thebes, eine Quellenuntersuchung (Munich, 1884), and the same Herodotus (i. 171) tells us that Lydus was a brother of Mysus scholar's Laurents de Premierfait und John Lydgates Bearbeitungen von and Car. The statement is on the whole borne out by the few Boccaccios De Casibus Illustrium Virorum (Munich, 1885); Warton's Lydian, Mysian and Carian words that have been preserved, as History of English Poetry; Ritson's Bibliotheca Anglo-Poetica; Furnivall's Political Poems (E. E. T. S.); and Sidney Lee's article well as by the general character of the civilization prevailing in the Dict. Nat. Biog. (F. J. S.) among the three nations. The race was probably a mixed one, LYDIA, in ancient geography, a district of Asia Minor, the consisting of aborigines and Aryan immigrants. It was characterboundaries of which it is difficult to fix, partly because they ized by industry and a commercial spirit, and, before the Persian varied at different epochs. The name is first found under the conquest, by bravery. The religion of the Lydians resembled form of Luddi in the inscriptions of the Assyrian king Assur- that of the other civilized nations of Asia Minor. It was a nature bani-pal, who received tribute from Gyges about 660 B.C. In worship, which at times became wild and sensuous. By the side Homer we read only of Maeonians (Il. ii. 865, v. 43, X. 431), and of the supreme god Medeus stood the sun-god Attis, as in Phrygia the place of the Lydian capital Sardis is taken by Hyde (II. xx. the chief object of the popular cult. He was at once the son and 385), unless this was the name of the district in which Sardis bridegroom of Cybele (q.v.) or Cybebe, the mother of the gods, stood (see Strabo xiii. p. 626).1 The earliest Greek writer who whose image carved by Broteas, son of Tantalus, was adored mentions the name is Mimnermus of Colophon, in the 37th on the cliffs of Sipylus (Paus. iii. 22). The cult may have been Olympiad. According to Herodotus (i. 7), the Meiones (called brought westward by the Hittites who have left memorials of Macones by other writers) were named Lydians after Lydus, the themselves in the pseudo-Sesostris figures of Kara-bel (between son of Attis, in the mythical epoch which preceded the rise of the Sardis and Ephesus) as well as in the figure of the MotherHeraclid dynasty. In historical times the Maeones were a tribe goddess, the so-called Niobe.. At Ephesus, where she was adored inhabiting the district of the upper Hermus, where a town called under the form of a meteoric stone, she was identified with the Maeonia existed (Pliny, N.H. v. 30; Hierocles, p. 670). The Greek Artemis (see also GREAT MOTHER OF THE GODS). Her Lydians must originally have been an allied tribe which bordered mural crown is first seen in the Hittite sculptures of Boghaz upon them to the north-west, and occupied the plain of Sardis or Keui (see PTERIA and HITTITES) on the Halys. The priestesses Magnesia at the foot of Tmolus and Sipylus. They were cut off by whom she was served are depicted in early art as armed with from the sea by the Greeks, who were in possession, not only of the the double-headed axe, and the dances they performed in her Bay of Smyrna, but also of the country north of Sipylus as far as honour with shield and bow gave rise to the myths which saw in Temnus in the pass (boghaz), through which the Hermus forces its them the Amazons, a nation of woman-warriors. The preway from the plain of Magnesia into its lower valley. In a Hellenic cities of the coast-Smyrna, Samorna (Ephesus), Homeric epigram the ridge north of the Hermus, on which the Myrina, Cyme, Priene and Pitane-were all of Amazonian origin, ruins of Temnus lie, is called Sardenē. Northward the Lydians and the first three of them have the same name as the Amazon extended at least as far as the Gygacán Lake (Lake Coloe, mod. Myrina, whose tomb was pointed out in the Troad. The prostiMermereh), and the Sardeně range (mod. Dumanli Dagh). The tution whereby the Lydian girls gained their dowries (Herod. i. plateau of the Bin Bir Tepe, on the southern shore of the Gygaean 93) was a religious exercise, as among the Semites, which marked Lake, was the chief burial-place of the inhabitants of Sardis, and their devotion to the goddess Cybele. In the legend of Heracles, is still thickly studded with tumuli, among which is the "tomb Omphale takes the place of Cybele, and was perhaps her Lydian of Alyattes" (260 ft. high). Next to Sardis the chief city was title. Heracles is here the sun-god Attis in a new form; his Magnesia ad Sipylum (q.v.), in the neighbourhood of which is the Lydian name is unknown, since E. Meyer has shown (Zeitschr. d. famous seated figure of " Niobe" (Il. xxiv. 614-617), cut out of the Morg. Gesell. xxxi. 4) that Sandon belongs not to Lydia but to rock, and probably intended to represent the goddess Cybele, to Cilicia. By the side of Attis stood Manes or Men, identified later which the Greeks attached their legend of Niobe. According to with the Moon-god. Pliny (v. 31), Tantalis, afterwards swallowed up by earthquake in the pool Sale or Saloe, was the ancient name of Sipylus and "the capital of Maeonia" (Paus. vii. 24; Strabo xii. 579). Under the Heraclid dynasty the limits of Lydia must have been already extended, since according to Strabo (xiii. 590), the authority of Gyges reached as far as the Troad. Under the Mermnads Lydia became a maritime as well as an inland power. The Greek cities were conquered, and the coast of Ionia included within the Lydian kingdom. The successes of Alyattes and of Croesus finally changed the Lydian kingdom into a Lydian empire, and all Asia Minor westward of the Halys, except Lycia, owned the supremacy of Sardis. Lydia never again shrank back into its original dimensions. After the Persian conquest the Maeander was regarded as its southern boundary, and in the Roman period it comprised the country between Mysia and Caria on the one side and Phrygia and the Aegean on the other.

Lydia proper was exceedingly fertile. The hill-sides were clothed with vine and fir, and the rich broad plain of Hermus produced large quantities of corn and saffron. The climate of the plain was soft but healthy, though the country was subject to frequent earthquakes. The Pactolus, which flowed from the fountain of Tarnē in the Tmolus mountains, through the centre of Sardis, into the Hermus, was believed to be full of golden sand; 1 Pliny (v. 30) makes it the Maeonian name. RS

2 See Sir W. M. Ramsay in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, ii. 2.

According to the native historian Xanthus (460 B.C.) three dynasties ruled in succession over Lydia. The first, that of the Attiads, is mythical. It was headed by a god, and included geographical personages like Lydus, Asies and Meles, or such heroes of folk-lore as Cambletes, who devoured his wife. To this mythical age belongs the colony which, according to Herodotus (i. 94), Tyrsenus, the son of Attis, led to Etruria. Xanthus, however, puts Torrhebus in the place of Tyrsenus, and makes him the eponym of a district in Lydia. It is doubtful whether Xanthus recognized the Greek legends which brought Pelops from Lydia, or rather Maeonia, and made him the son of Tantalus. The second dynasty was also of divine origin, but the names which head it prove its connexion with the distant East. Its founder, a descendant of Heracles and Omphale, was, Herodotus tells us (i. 7), a son of Ninus and grandson of Belus. The Assyrian inscriptions have shown that the Assyrians had never crossed the Halys, much less known the name of Lydia, before the age of Assur-bani-pal, and consequently the theory which brought the Heraclids from Nineveh must be given up. But the Hittites, another Oriental people, deeply imbued with the elements of Babylonian culture, had overrun Asia Minor and established themselves on the shores of the Aegean before the reign of the Egyptian king Rameses II.

The subject allies who then fight under their banners include the Masu or Mysians and the Dardani of the Troad, while the

was born on the 14th of November 1797, on the family estate in | married Mary (1809-1873) eldest daughter of Leonard Horner Scotland. His father (1767-1849) was known both as a botanist and as the translator of the Vita Nuova and the Convito of Dante: the plant Lyellia was named after him. From his boyhood Lyell had a strong inclination for natural history, especially entomology, a taste which he cultivated at Bartley Lodge in the New Forest, to which his family had removed soon after his birth. In 1816 he entered Exeter College, Oxford, where the lectures of Dr Buckland first drew his attention to geological study. After taking his degree of B.A. in 1819 (M.A. in 1821) he entered Lincoln's Inn, and in 1825, after a delay caused by chronic weakness of the eyes, he was called to the bar, and went on the western circuit for two years. During this time he was slowly gravitating towards the life of a student of science. In 1819 he had been elected a fellow of the Linnean and Geological Societies, communicating his first paper, " On a Recent Formation of Freshwater Limestone in Forfarshire," to the latter society in 1822, and acting as one of the honorary secretaries in 1823. In that year he went to France, with introductions to Cuvier, Humboldt and other men of science, and in 1824 made a geological tour in Scotland in company with Dr Buckland. In 1826 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, from which in later years he received both the Copley and Royal medals; and in 1827 he finally abandoned the legal profession, and devoted himself to geology.

At this time he had already begun to plan his chief work, The Principles of Geology. The subsidiary title, "An Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface by Reference to Causes now in Operation," gives the keynote of the task to which Lyell devoted his life. A journey with Murchison in 1828 gave rise to joint papers on the volcanic district of Auvergne and the Tertiary formations of Aix-en-Provence. After parting with Murchison he studied the marine remains of the Italian Tertiary Strata and then conceived the idea of dividing this geological system into three or four groups, characterized by the proportion of recent to extinct species of shells. To these groups, after consulting Dr Whewell as to the best nomenclature, he gave the names now universally adopted-Eocene (dawn of recent), Miocene (less of recent), and Pliocene (more of recent); and with the assistance of G. P. Deshayes he drew up a table of shells in illustration of this classification. The first volume of the Principles of Geology appeared in 1830, and the second in January 1832. Received at first with some opposition, so far as its leading theory was concerned, the work had ultimately a great success, and the two volumes had already reached a second edition in 1833 when the third, dealing with the successive formations of the earth's crust, was added. Between 1830 and 1872 eleven editions of this work were published, each so much enriched with new material and the results of riper thought as to form a complete history of the progress of geology during that interval. Only a few days before his death Sir Charles finished revising the first volume of the 12th edition; the revision of the second volume was completed by his nephew Mr (after wards Sir) Leonard Lyell; and the work appeared in 1876.

In August 1838 Lyell published the Elements of Geology, which, from being originally an expansion of one section of the Principles, became a standard work on stratigraphical and palaeontological geology. This book went through six editions in Lyell's lifetime (some intermediate editions being styled Manual of Elementary Geology), and in 1871 a smaller work, the Student's Elements of Geology, was based upon it. His third great work, The Antiquity of Man, appeared in 1863, and ran through three editions in one year. In this he gave a general survey of the arguments for man's early appearance on the earth, derived from the discoveries of flint implements in post-Pliocene strata in the Somme valley and elsewhere; he discussed also the deposits of the Glacial epoch, and in the same volume he first gave in his adhesion to Darwin's theory of the origin of species. A fourth edition appeared in 1873

In 1831-1833 Lyell was professor of geology at King's College, London, and delivered while there a course of lectures, which became the foundation of the Elements of Geology. In 1832 he

(q.v.), and she became thenceforward associated with him in
all his work, and by her social qualities making his home a centre
of attraction. In 1834 he made an excursion to Denmark and
Sweden, the result of which was his Bakerian lecture to the
Royal Society "On the Proofs of the gradual Rising of Land
in certain Parts of Sweden." He also brought before the
Geological Society a paper "On the Cretaceous and Tertiary
Strata of Seeland and Möen." In 1835 he became president
of the Geological Society. In 1837 he was again in Norway
and Denmark, and in 1841 he spent a year in travelling through
the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. This last journey,
together with a second one to America in 1845, resulted not only
in papers, but also in two works not exclusively geological,
Travels in North America (1845) and A Second Visit to the United
States (1849). During these journeys he estimated the rate of
recession of the falls of Niagara, the annual average accumulation
of alluvial matter in the delta of the Mississippi, and studied
those vegetable accumulations in the "Great Dismal Swamp"
of Virginia, which he afterwards used in illustrating the forma-
tion of beds of coal. He also studied the coal-formations in
Nova Scotia, and discovered in company with Dr (afterwards Sir
J. W.) Dawson (q.v.) of Montreal, the earliest known landshell,
Pupa vetusta, in the hollow stem of a Sigillaria. In bringing
a knowledge of European geology to bear upon the extended
formations of North America Lyell rendered immense service.
Having visited Madeira and Teneriffe,
in company with
G. Hartung, he accumulated much valuable evidence on the age
and deposition of lava-beds and the formation of volcanic cones.
He also revisited Sicily in 1858, when he made such observations
upon the structure of Etna as refuted the theory of craters
of elevation "upheld by Von Buch and Elie de Beaumont (see
Phil. Trans., 1859).

Lyell was knighted in 1848, and was created a baronet in 1864, in which year he was president of the British Association at Bath. He was elected corresponding member of the French Institute and of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, and was created a knight of the Prussian Order of Merit.

During the later years of his life his sight, always weak, failed him altogether. He died on the 22nd of February 1875, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Among his characteristics were his great thirst for knowledge, his perfect fairness and sound judgment; while the extreme freshness of his mind enabled him to accept and appreciate the work of younger

men.

The LYELL MEDAL, established in 1875 under the will of Sir Charles Lyell, is cast in bronze and is to be awarded annually (or from time to time) by the Council of the Geological Society. The medallist may be of any country or either sex. Not less than one-third of the annual interest of a sum of £2000 is to be awarded with the medal; the remaining interest, known as the LYELL GEOLOGICAL FUND, is to be given in one or more portions at the discretion of the Council for the encouragement of geological science.

See Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., edited by his sister-in-law, Mrs Lyell (2 vols., 1881); Charles Lyell and Modern Geology, by T. G. Bonney (1895). (H. B. Wo.)·

LYLY (LILLY, or LYLIE), JOHN (1553-1606), English writer, the famous author of Euphues, was born in Kent in 1553 or 1554. At the age of sixteen, according to Wood, he became a student of Magdalen College, Oxford, where in due time he proceeded to his bachelor's and master's degrees (1573 and 1575), and from whence we find him in 1574 applying to Lord Burghley "for the queen's letters to Magdalen College to admit him fellow." The fellowship, however, was not granted, and Lyly shortly after left the university. He complains of what seems to have been a sentence of rustication passed upon him at some period in his academical career, in his address to the gentlemen scholars of Oxford affixed to the second edition of the first part of Euphues, but in the absence of any further evidence it is impossible to fix either its date or its cause. If we are to believe Wood, he never took kindly to the proper studies of the university. so it was that his genius being naturally bent to the pleasant paths of poetry (as if Apollo had given to him a wreath of his own bays without snatching or struggling) did in a manner

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may be inferred from the second petition of 1593. Thirteen yeres your highnes servant but yet nothing. Twenty freinds that though they saye they will be sure, finde them sure to be slowe. A thousand hopes, but all nothing; a hundred promises but yet nothing. Thus casting up the inventory of my friends, hopes, promises and tymes, the summa totalis amounteth to just nothing." What may have been Lyly's subsequent fortunes at court we do not know. Edmund Blount says vaguely that Elizabeth "graced and rewarded" him, but of this there is no other evidence. After 1590 his works steadily declined in influence and reputation; other stars were in possession of the horizon; and so far as we know he died poor and neglected in the early part of James I.'s reign. He was buried in London at St Bartholomew the Less on the 20th of November, 1606. He was married, and we hear of two sons and a daughter.

Comedies. In 1632 Edmund Blount published "Six Court Comedies," including Endymion (1591), Sappho and Phao (1584), Alexander and Campaspe (1584), Midas (1592), Mother Bombie (1594) and Gallathea (1592). To these should be added the Woman in the Moone (Lyly's earliest play, to judge from a passage in the prologue and therefore earlier than 1584, the date of Alexander and Campaspe), and Love's Metamorphosis, first printed in 1601. Of these, all but the last are in prose. A Warning for Faire Women (1599) and The Maid's Metamorphosis (1600) have been attributed to Lyly, but on altogether insufficient grounds. The first editions of all these plays were issued between 1584 and 1601, and the majority of them between 1584 and 1592, in what were Lyly's most successful and popular years. His importance as a dramatist has been very differently estimated. Lyly's dialogue is still a long way removed from the dialogue of Shakespeare. But at the same time it is a great advance in rapidity and resource upon anything which had gone before it; it represents an important step in English dramatic art. His nimbleness, and the wit which struggles with his pedantry, found their full development in the dialogue of Twelfth Night and Much Ado about Nothing, just as "Marlowe's mighty line" led up to and was eclipsed by the majesty and music of Shakespearian passion. One or two of the songs introduced into his plays are justly famous and show a real lyrical gift. Nor in estimating his dramatic position and his effect upon his time must it be forgotten that his classical and mythological plots, flavourless and dull as they would be to a modern audience, were charged with interest to those courtly hearers who saw in Midas Philip II., Elizabeth in Cynthia and perhaps Leicester's unwelcome marriage with Lady Sheffield in the love affair between Endymion and Tellus which brings the former under Cynthia's displeasure. As a matter of fact his reputation and popularity as a play-writer were considerable. Gabriel Harvey dreaded lest Lyly should make a play upon their quarrel; Meres, as is well known, places him among "the best for comedy "; and Ben Jonson names him among those foremost rivals who were outshone and outsung by Shakespeare.

neglect academical studies, yet not so much but that he took | Lyly's petition brought him no compensation in other directions the degrees in arts, that of master being compleated 1575." After he left Oxford, where he had already the reputation of a noted wit," Lyly seems to have attached himself to Lord Burghley. This noble man," he writes in the " Glasse for Europe," in the second part of Euphues (1580), “I found so ready being but a straunger to do me good, that neyther I ought to forget him, neyther cease to pray for him, that as he hath the wisdom of Nestor, so he may have the age, that having the policies of Ulysses he may have his honor, worthy to lyve long, by whom | so many lyve in quiet, and not unworthy to be advaunced by whose care so many have been preferred." Two years later we possess a letter of Lyly to the treasurer, dated July 1582, in which the writer protests against some accusation of dishonesty which had brought him into trouble with his patron, and demands a personal interview for the purpose of clearing his character. What the further relations beween them were we have no means of knowing, but it is clear that neither from Burghley nor from the queen did Lyly ever receive any substantial patronage. In 1578 he began his literary career by the composition of Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit, which was licensed to Gabriel Cawood on the 2nd of December, 1578, and published in the spring of 1579. In the same year the author was incorporated M.A. at Cambridge, and possibly saw his hopes of court advancement dashed by the appointment in July of Edmund Tylney to the office of master of the revels, a post at which, as he reminds the queen some years later, he had all along been encouraged to "aim his courses." Euphues and his England appeared in 1580, and, like the first part of the book, won immediate popularity. For a time Lyly was the most successful and fashionable of English writers. He was hailed as the author of "a new English," as a " raffineur de l'Anglois "; and, as Edmund Blount, the editor of his plays, tells us in 1632, "that beautie in court which could not parley Euphuism was as little regarded as she which nowe there speakes not French." After the publication of Euphues, however, Lyly seems to have entirely deserted the novel form himself, which passed into the hands of his imitators, and to have thrown himself almost exclusively into play-writing, probably with a view to the mastership of revels whenever a vacancy should occur. Eight plays by him were probably acted before the queen by the children of the Chapel Royal and the children of St Paul's between the years 1584 and 1589, one or two of them being repeated before a popular audience at the Blackfriars Theatre. Their brisk lively dialogue, classical colour and frequent allusions to persons and events of the day maintained that popularity with the court which Euphues had won. Lyly sat in parliament as member for Hindon in 1589, for Aylesbury in 1593, for Appleby in 1597 and for Aylesbury a second time in 1601. In 1589 Lyly published a tract in the Martin Marprelate controversy, called Pappe with an hatchet, alias a figge for my Godsonne; Or Crack me this nut; Or a Countrie Cuffe, &c.1 About the same time we may probably date his first petition to Queen Elizabeth. The two petitions, transcripts of which are extant among the Harleian MSS., are undated, but in the first of them he speaks of having been ten years hanging about the court in hope of preferment, and in the second he extends the period to thirteen years. It may be conjectured with great probability that the ten years date from 1579, when Edmund Tylney was appointed master of the revels with a tacit understanding that Lyly was to have the next reversion of the post. "I was entertained your Majestie's servaunt by your own gratious favor," he says, "strengthened with condicions that I should ayme all my courses at the Revells (I dare not say with a promise, but with a hopeful Item to the Revercion) for which these ten yeres I have attended with an unwearyed patience." But in 1589 or 1590 the mastership of the revels was as far off as everTylney in fact held the post for thirty-one years-and that The evidence for his authorship may be found in Gabriel Harvey's Pierce's Supererogation (written November 1589, published 1593), in Nash's Have with you to Saffron Walden (1596), and in various allusions in Lyly's own plays. See Fairholt's Dramatic Works of John Lilly, i. 20.

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Euphues. It was not, however, as a dramatist, but as the author of Euphues, that Lyly made most mark upon the Elizabethan world. His plays amused the court circle, but the new English" of his novel threatened to permanently change the course of English style. The plot of Euphues is extremely simple. The hero, whose name may very possibly have been suggested by a passage in Ascham's Schoolmaster, is introduced to us as still in bondage to the follies of youth, “ preferring fancy before friends, and this present humour before honour to come." His travels bring him to Naples, where he falls in love with Lucilla, the governor's light-minded daughter. Lucilla is already pledged to Euphues's friend Philautus, but Euphues's passion betrays his friendship, and the old lover finds himself thrown over by both friend and mistress. Euphues himself, however, is very soon forsaken for a more attractive suitor. He and Philautus make up their quarrel, and Euphues writes his friend "a cooling card," to be "applied to all lovers," which is so severe upon the fair sex that Lyly feels it necessary to balance it by a sort of apology addressed" to the grave matrons