1824 the town was famous for the production of a special kind | about 1499, and till 1848 occupied by Franciscans, contains of porcelain.

See Belschner, Ludwigsburg in zwei Jahrhunderten (Ludwigsburg, 1904).

LUDWIGSHAFEN, a town of Germany, in the Bavarian Palatinate, on the left bank of the Rhine, immediately opposite to Mannheim, with which it is connected by a steam ferry and a railway bridge. Pop. (1885) 21,042, (1900) 61,905, (1905) 72,168. It has an increasing trade in iron, timber, coal and agricultural products, a trade which is fostered by a harbour opened in 1897; and also large factories for making aniline dyes and soda. Other industries are the manufacture of cellulose, artificial manure, flour and malt; and there are saw-mills, iron foundries and breweries in the town. The place, which was founded in 1843 by Louis I., king of Bavaria, was only made a town in 1859.

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several very fine frescoes (particularly a Crucifixion) painted 15291530 by Bernardino Luini. A gallery containing modern pictures has been built on the site of the old palace of the bishops of Como. During the struggle of 1848-1866 to expel the Austrians from Lombardy, Lugano served as headquarters for Mazzini and his followers. Books and tracts intended for distribution in Italy were produced there and at Capolago (9 m. distant, at the S.E. end of the lake), and the efforts of the Austrian police to prevent their circulation were completely powerless. (W. A. B. C.)

LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called CERESIO), one of the smaller lakes in Lombardy, N. Italy, lying between Lago Maggiore (W.) and the Lake of Como (E). It is of very irregular shape, the great promontory of Monte Salvatore (3004 ft.) nearly cutting off the western arm from the main lake. The whole lake has an area of 19 sq. m., its greatest length is about 22 m., its greatest See J. Esselborn, Geschichte der Stadt Ludwigshafen (Ludwigshafen, width 2 m., and its greatest depth 945 ft., while its surface is 1888).

LUDWIGSLUST, a town of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 22 m. by rail S. by E. of Schwerin. Pop. (1905) 6728. The castle was built by the duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frederick II., in 1772-1776. There is also another ducal residence, a fine park and a monument of the grand duke, Frederick Francis I. (d. 1837). The town has a church constructed on the model of a Greek temple. It has manufactures of chemicals and other small industries. Ludwigslust was founded by the duke Frederick, being named after this duke's father, Christian Louis II. It became a town in 1876.

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LUG, a verb meaning to pull a heavy object, to drag, now mainly used colloquially. It is probably Scandinavian in origin; the Swedish lugg, forelock, lock of hair, gives lugga, to pull, tug; and "lug " in some north-eastern English dialects is still chiefly used in the sense of pulling a person's hair. "Luggage," passengers' baggage, means by origin that which has to be 'lugged" about. The Scandinavian word may be also the source of "lug," in the sense of "ear," in Scotland the regular dialectical word, and in English commonly applied to the earshaped handles of metal or earthenware pots, pitchers, &c. If so the word means something that can be pulled or tugged. This is also possibly the origin of the "lug" or "lug-sail," a foursided sail attached to a yard which is hung obliquely to the mast, whence probably the name "lugger" of a sailing-vessel with two or three masts and fore and aft lug-sails. The word may, however, be connected with the Dutch logger, a fishing-boat using drag-nets. 'Lug" is also the name of a marine worm, Arenicola marina, used as bait.

899 ft. above sea-level. Between Melide (S. of the town of
Lugano) and Maroggia (on the east shore) the lake is so shallow
that a great stone dam has been built across for the St Gotthard
railway line and the carriage road. The chief town is Lugano
(at its northern end), which by the St Gotthard line is 19 m. from
Bellinzona and 9 m. from Capolago, the station at the south-
eastern extremity of the lake, which is but 8 m. by rail from
Como. At the south-western extremity a railway leads S.W.
from Porto Ceresio to Varese (9 m.). Porlezza, at the east end
of the lake, is 8 m. by rail from Menaggio on the Lake of Como,
while Ponte Tresa, at the west end of the lake, is about the same
distance by a steam tramway from Luino on Lago Maggiore.
Of the total area of the lake, about 7 sq. m. are in the Swiss
Canton of Ticino (Tessin), formed in 1803 out of the conquests
made by the Swiss from the Milanese in 1512. The remainder
of the area is in Italy. The lake lies among the outer spurs
of the Alps that divide the Ticino (Tessin) basin from that of
the Adda, where the calcareous strata have been disturbed by
the intrusion of porphyry and other igneous rocks. It is not
connected with any considerable valley, but is fed by numerous
torrents issuing from short glens in the surrounding mountains,
while it is drained by the Tresa, an unimportant stream flowing
into Lago Maggiore. The first steamer was placed on the lake
in 1856.
(W. A. B. C.)

LUGANSK (also LUGAN and LUGANSKIY ZAVŌD), a town of southern Russia, in the government of Ekaterinoslav. Pop. (1900) 34,175. It has a technical railway school and a meteorological observatory, stands on the small river Lugan, 10 m. from its confluence with the northern Donets, in the Lugan mining district, 213 m. E. of the city of Ekaterinoslav, and has prospered LUGANO (Ger. Lauis), the most populous and most thriving greatly since 1890. This district, which comprises the coaltown in the Swiss canton of Ticino or Tessin, situated (906 ft.) mines of Lisichansk and the anthracite mines of Gorodishche, on the northern shore of the lake of Lugano. Pop. (1900) 9394, occupies about 110,000 acres on the banks of the Donets river. almost all Italian-speaking and Romanists. To the S. it Although it is mentioned in the 16th century, and coal was disis dominated by the Monte Salvatore (3004 ft.) and on the covered there at the time of Peter the Great, it was not until S.E. (across the lake) by the Monte Generoso (5591 ft.)-a 1795 that an Englishman, Gascoyne or Gaskoin, established magnificent view point. Both mountains are accessible by its first iron-works for supplying the Black Sea fleet and the railways. By rail Lugano is 124 m. from Lucerne and 51 m. southern fortresses with guns and shot. This proved a failure, from Milan. Situated on the main St Gotthard railway line, owing to the great distance from the sea; but during the Crimean Lugano is now easily reached, so that it is much frequented War the iron-works of Lugan again produced shot, shell and gunby visitors (largely German) in spring and in autumn. Though carriages. Since 1864 agricultural implements, steam-engines, politically Swiss since 1512, Lugano is thoroughly Italian in and machinery for beetroot sugar-works, distilleries, &c., have appearance and character. Of recent years many improvements been the chief manufactures. There is an active trade in have been made in the town, which has two important suburbs cattle, tallow, wools, skins, linseed, wine, corn and manufactured Paradiso to the south and Cassarate to the east. The railway wares. station (1109 ft.) is above the town, and is connected with the fine quays by a funicular railway. On the main quay is a statue of William Tell by the sculptor Vincenzo Vela (1820-1891), a native of the town, while other works by him are in the gardens of private villas in the neighbourhood. The principal church, San Lorenzo, in part dates back earlier than the 15th century, while its richly sculptured façade bears the figures 1517. This church is now the cathedral church of the bishop of Lugano, a see erected in 1888, with jurisdiction over the Italian parts of Switzerland. The church of Santa Maria degli Angioli, built

LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858– ), British soldier, African explorer and administrator, son of the Rev. F. G. Lugard, was born on the 22nd of January 1858. He entered the army in 1878, joining the Norfolk regiment. He served in the Afghan War of 1879-80, in the Sudan campaign of 1884-85, and in Burma in 1886-87. In May 1888, while on temporary half-pay, he took command of an expedition organized by the British settlers in Nyasaland against the Arab slave traders on Lake Nyasa, and was severely wounded. He left Nyasaland in April 1889, and in the same year was engaged by the Imperial

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is on the Miño and Sil, where rye, maize, wheat, flax, hemp and a little silk are produced. Agriculture is in a very backward condition, mainly owing to the extreme division of land that prevails throughout Galicia. The exportation of cattle to Great Britain, formerly a flourishing trade, was ruined by American and Australian competition. Iron is found at Caurel and Incio, arsenic at Castroverde and Cervantes, argentiferous lead at Riotorto; but, although small quantities of iron and arsenic are exported from Rivadéo, frequent strikes and lack of transport greatly impeded the development of mining in the earlier years of the 20th century. There are also quarries of granite, marble and various kinds of slate and building-stone. The only important manufacturing industries are those connected with leather, preserves, coarse woollen and linen stuffs, timber and osier work. About 250 coasting vessels are registered at the ports, and about as many boats constitute the fishing fleet, which brings in | lampreys, soles, tunny and sardines, the last two being salted and tinned for export. The means of communication are insufficient, though there are over 100 m. of first-class roads, and the railways from Madrid and northern Portugal to Corunna run through the province.

Lugo the capital (pop. 1900, 26,959) and the important towns of Chantada (15,003), Fonsagrada (17,302), Mondoñedo (10,590), Monforte (12,912), Panton (12,988), Villalba (13,572) and Vivero (12,843) are described in separate articles. The province contained in 1900 twenty-six towns of more than 7000 inhabitants, the largest being Sarria (11,998) and Saviñao (11,182). For a general description of the people and the history of this region see GALICIA.

British East Africa Company. In their service he explored the | but fruit and wine. The principal agricultural wealth, however, Sabaki river and the neighbouring region, and elaborated a scheme for the emancipation of the slaves held by the Arabs in the Zanzibar mainland. In 1890 he was sent by the company to Uganda, where he secured British predominance and put an end to the civil disturbances, though not without severe fighting, chiefly notable for an unprovoked attack by the French on the British faction. While administering Uganda he journeyed round Ruwenzori to Albert Edward Nyanza, mapping a large area of the country. He also visited Albert Nyanza, and brought away some thousands of Sudanese who had been left there by Emin Pasha and H. M. Stanley. In 1892 Lugard returned to England, where he successfully opposed the abandonment of Uganda by Great Britain, a step then contemplated by the fourth Gladstone administration. In 1894 Lugard was despatched by the Royal Niger Company to Borgu, where, distancing his French and German rivals in a country up to then unvisited by any Europeans, he secured treaties with the kings and chiefs acknowledging the sovereignty of the British company. In 1896-1897 he took charge of an expedition to Lake Ngami on behalf of the British West Charterland Company. From Ngami he was recalled by the British government and sent to West Africa, where he was commissioned to raise a native force to protect British interests in the hinterland of Lagos and Nigeria against French aggression. In August 1897 he raised the West African Frontier Force, and commanded it until the end of December 1899. The differences with France were then composed, and, the Royal Niger Company having surrendered its charter, Lugard was chosen as high commissioner of Northern Nigeria. The part of Northern Nigeria under effective control was small, and Lugard's task in organizing this vast territory was rendered more difficult by the refusal of the sultan of Sokoto and many other Fula princes to fulfil their treaty obligations. In 1903 a successful campaign against the emir of Kano and the sultan of Sokoto rendered the extension of British control over the whole protectorate possible, and when in September 1906 he resigned his commissionership, the whole country was being peacefully administered under the supervision of British residents (see NIGERIA). In April 1907 he was appointed governor of Hong-Kong. Lugard was created a C.B. in 1895 and a K.C.M.G. in 1901. He became a colonel in 1905, and held the local rank of brigadier-general. He married in 1902 Flora Louise Shaw (daughter of Major-General George Shaw, C.B., R.A.), who for some years had been a distinguished writer on colonial subjects for The Times. Sir Frederick (then Captain) Lugard published in 1893 The Rise of our East African Empire (partly auto-biographical), and was the author of various valuable reports on Northern Nigeria issued by the Colonial Office. Throughout his African administrations Lugard sought strenuously to secure the amelioration of the condition of the native races, among other means by the exclusion, wherever possible, of alcoholic liquors, and by the suppression of slave raiding and slavery.

LUGO, a maritime province of north-western Spain, formed in 1833 of districts taken from the old province of Galicia, and bounded N. by the Atlantic, E. by Oviedo and Leon, S. by Orense, and W. by Pontevedra and Corunna. Pop. (1900) 465,386; area, 3814 sq. m. The coast, which extends for about 40 m. from the estuary of Rivadéo to Cape de Vares, is extremely rugged and inaccessible, and few of the inlets, except those of Rivadéo and Vivero, admit large vessels. The province, especially in the north and east, is mountainous, being traversed by the Cantabrian chain and its offshoots; the sierra which separates it from Leon attains in places a height of 6000 ft. A large part of the area is drained by the Miño. This river, formed by the meeting of many smaller streams in the northern half of the province, follows a southerly direction until joined by the Sil, which for a considerable distance forms the southern boundary. Of the rivers flowing north into the Atlantic, the most important are the Navia, which has its lower course through Oviedo; the Eo, for some distance the boundary between the two provinces; the Masma, the Oro and the Landrove.

Some of the valleys of Lugo are fertile, and yield not only corn

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LUGO, capital of the above Spanish province, is situated on the left bank of the river Miño and on the railway from Corunna to Madrid. Pop. (1900) 26,959. Lugo is an episcopal see, and was formerly the capital of Galicia. Suburbs have grown up round the original town, the form of which, nearly quadrangular, is defined by a massive Roman wall 30 to 40 ft. high and 20 ft. thick, with projecting semicircular towers which numbered 85 as late as 1809, when parts of the fortifications were destroyed by the French. The wall now serves as a promenade. The Gothic cathedral, on the south side of the town, dates from the 12th century, but was modernized in the 18th, and possesses no special architectural merit. The conventual church of Santo Domingo dates from the 14th century. The principal industries are tanning, and the manufacture of linen and woollen cloth. About 1 m. S., on the left bank of the Miño, are the famous hot sulphur baths of Lugo.

Lugo (Lucus Augusti) was a flourishing city under Roman rule (c. 19 B.C.-A.D. 409) and was made by Augustus the seat of a conventus juridicus (assize). Its sulphur baths were even then well known. It was sacked by barbarian invaders in the 5th century, and suffered greatly in the Moorish wars of the 8th century. The bishopric dates from a very early period, and it it said to have acquired metropolitan rank in the middle of the 6th century; it is now in the archiepiscopal province of Santiago de Compostela.

LUGOS, the capital of the county of Krassó-Szörény, Hungary, 225 m. S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900) 16,126. It is situated on both banks of the river Temes, which divides the town in two quarters, the Rumanian on the right and the German on the left bank. It is the seat of a Greek-United (Rumanian) bishop. Lugos carries on an active trade in wine, and has several important fairs, while the surrounding country, which is mountainous and well-wooded, produces large quantities of grapes and plums. Lugos was once a strongly fortified place and of greater relative importance than at present. It was the last seat of the Hungarian revolutionary government (August 1849), and the last resort of Kossuth and several other leaders of the national cause, previous to their escape to Turkey.

LUGUDUNUM, or LUGDUNUM, an old Celtic place-name (fort or hill of the god Lugos or Lug) used by the Romans for several towns in ancient Gaul. The most important was the town at the confluence of the Saône and Rhone now called Lyons (q.v.). This place had in Roman times two elements. One was a Roman colonia (municipality of Roman citizens, self-governing) situated

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the

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on the hill near the present Fourviéres (Forum vetus). The other, I del S. Sepolcro, and containing a large number of figures, is territorially distinct from it for reasons of statecraft, was the recorded to have occupied him only thirty-eight days, to which Temple of Roma and Augustus, to which the inhabitants of the an assistant added eleven. His method was simple and ex64 Gallic cantons in the three Roman provinces of Aquitania, peditious, the shadows being painted with the pure colour laid on Lugudunensis and Belgica-the so-called Tres Galliae-sent thick, while the lights are of the same colour thinly used, and delegates every summer to hold games and otherwise celebrate mixed with a little white. The frescoes exhibit more freedom the worship of the emperor which was supposed to knit the of hand than the oil pictures; and they are on the whole less like provincials to Rome. The two elements together composed the the work of Da Vinci, having at an early date a certain resemmost important town of western Europe in Roman times. blance to the style of Mantegna, as later on to that of Raphael. Lugudunum controlled the trade of its two rivers, and that which Luini's colouring is mostly rich, and his light and shade forcible. passed from northern Gaul to the Mediterranean or vice versa; Among his principal works the following are to be mentioned. it had a mint; it was the capital of all northern Gaul, despite its At Saronno are frescoes painted towards 1525, representing the life of the Madonna-her" Marriage," the "Presentation of the Infant position in the south, and its wealth was such that, when Rome Saviour in the Temple," the "Adoration of the Magi" and other was burnt in Nero's reign, its inhabitants subscribed largely to incidents. His own portrait appears in the subject of the youthful the relief of the Eternal City. (F. J. H.) 'Jesus with the Doctors in the Temple." This series--in which some LUINI, BERNARDINO (P1465-?1540), the most celebrated comparatively archaic details occur, such as gilded nimbuses-was master of the Lombard school of painting founded upon the partly repeated from one which Luini had executed towards 1520 in S. Croce. In the Brera Gallery, Milan, are frescoes from the style of Leonardo da Vinci, was born at Luino, a village on Lago suppressed church of La Pace and the Convent della Pelucca-the Maggiore. He wrote his name as "Bernardin Lovino," but the former treating subjects from the life of the Virgin, the latter, of spelling" Luini" is now generally adopted. Few facts are known a classic kind, more decorative in manner. The subject of girls regarding his life, and until a comparatively recent date many depositing St Catherine in her sepulchre, are particularly memorable, playing at the game of "hot-cockles," and that of three angels even of his works had, in the lapse of years and laxity of attribu- each of them a work of perfect charm and grace in its way. In the tion, got assigned to Leonardo da Vinci. It appears that Luini Casa Silva, Milan, are frescoes from Ovid's Metamorphoses. The studied painting at Vercelli under Giovenone, or perhaps under Monastero Maggiore of Milan (or church of S. Maurizio) is a noble Stephano Scotto. He reached Milan either after the departure treasure-house of Luini's art-including a large Crucifixion, with about one hundred and forty figures; Christ bound to the of Da Vinci in 1500, or shortly before that event; it is thus Column," between figures of Saints Catherine and Stephen, and uncertain whether or not the two artists had any personal the founder of the chapel kneeling before Catherine; the martyracquaintance, but Luini was at any rate in the painting-school dom of this saint; the "Entombment of Christ," and a large number of other subjects. In the Ambrosian library is the fresco established in Milan by the great Florentine. In the later (already mentioned), covering one entire wall of the Sala della S. works of Luini a certain influence from the style of Raphael is Corona, of "Christ crowned with Thorns," with two executioners, superadded to that, far more prominent and fundamental, from and on each side six members of a confraternity; in the same building the style of Leonardo; but there is nothing to show that he ever Infant Baptist playing with a Lamb"; in the Brera, the Virgin Enthroned, with Saints " (dated 1521); in the Louvre, the visited Rome. His two sons are the only pupils who have with Daughter of Herodias receiving the Head of the Baptist "; in the confidence been assigned to him; and even this can scarcely be Esterhazy Gallery, Vienna, the " Virgin between Saints Catherine true of the younger, who was born in 1530, when Bernardino and Barbara "; in the National Gallery, London," Christ disputing was well advanced in years. Guadenzio Ferrari has also been with the Doctors" (or rather, perhaps, the Pharisees). Many or termed his disciple. One of the sons, Evangelista, has left little most of these gallery pictures used to pass for the handiwork of Da Vinci. The same is the case with the highly celebrated " Vanity and which can now be identified; the other, Aurelio, was accom- Modesty " in the Sciarra Palace, Rome, which also may nevertheless plished in perspective and landscape work. There was likewise a in all probability be assigned to Luini. Another singularly beautiful brother of Bernardino, named Ambrogio, a competent painter. picture by him is in the Royal Palace in Milan-a large composition Bernardino, who hardly ever left Lombardy, had some merit as a of "Women Bathing." That Luini was also pre-eminent as a decorative artist is shown by his works in the Certosa of Pavia. poet, and is said to have composed a treatise on painting. The A good account of Luini by Dr G. C. Williamson was published in precise date of his death is unknown; he may perhaps have (W. M. R.) survived till about 1540. A serene, contented and happy mind, LUKE, the traditional author of the third Gospel and of the naturally expressing itself in forms of grace and beauty, seems Book of Acts, and the most literary among the writers of the stamped upon all the works of Luini. The same character is New Testament. He alone, too, was of non-Jewish origin traceable in his portrait, painted in an upper group in his fresco of (Col. iv. 11, 14), a fact of great interest in relation to his writings. "Christ crowned with Thorns "in the Ambrosian library in Milan His name, a more familiar form of Lucanus (cf. Silas for Silvanus, -a venerable bearded personage. The only anecdote which has Acts xvii. 4, 1 Thess. i. 1, and see Encycl. Bibl. s.v., for instances been preserved of him tells a similar tale. It is said that for the of Aoukâs on Egyptian inscriptions), taken together with his single figures of saints in the church at Saronno he received a profession of physician (Col. iv. 14), suggests that he was son of sum equal to 22 francs per day, along with wine, bread and a Greek freedman possibly connected with Lucania in south lodging; and he was so well satisfied with this remuneration that, Italy; and as Julius Caesar gave Roman citizenship to all in completing the commission, he painted a Nativity for nothing. physicians in Rome (Sueton. Jul. 42), Luke may even have A dignified suavity is the most marked characteristic of inherited this status from his father. But in any case such a man Luini's works. They are constantly beautiful, with a beauty would have the attitude to things Roman which appears in the which depends at least as much upon the loving self-withdrawn works attributed to Luke. He was a fellow-worker of Paul's expression as upon the mere refinement and attractiveness of when in Rome (Philemon 24), where he seems to have remained form. This quality of expression appears in all Luini's produc- in constant attendance on his leader, as physician as well as tions, whether secular or sacred, and imbues the latter with attached friend (Col. iv. 14; 2 Tim. iv. 11). That Luke, before a peculiarly religious grace-not ecclesiastical unction, but the he became a Christian, was an adherent of the synagoguedevoutness of the heart. His heads, while extremely like those not a full proselyte, but one of those "worshippers" of God to painted by Leonardo, have less subtlety and involution and less whom Acts makes frequent reference—is fairly certain from the variety of expression, but fully as much amenity. He began familiarity with the Septuagint indicated in Acts, as well as from indeed with a somewhat dry style, as in the "Pietà" in the its sympathy with the Hellenistic type of piety as distinct from church of the Passione; but this soon developed into the quality specific Paulinism, of which there is but little trace.. which distinguishes all his most renowned works; although his execution, especially as regards modelling, was never absolutely equal to that of Leonardo. Luini's paintings do not exhibit an impetuous style of execution, and certainly not a negligent one; yet it appears that he was in fact a very rapid worker, as his picture of the " Crowning with Thorns," painted for the College

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1900.

The earliest extra-biblical reference to him is perhaps in the Muratonian Canon, which implies that his name already stood in MSS. of both Gospel (probably so even in Marcion's day) and Acts, and says that Paul took him for his companion quasi ut juris studiosum (“ as being a student of law "). Here juris is almost certainly corrupt; and whether we take the sense to have