territory for one-tenth of its value-a mere nominal sumin a vain attempt to cover up the real robbery. Seventeen years afterwards we were punished for that outrage by being plunged into a terrible civil war, which grew directly out of the question of slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico. It is only necessary to allude to the horrors of that war. It cost the loss of a million lives, the waste of thousands of millions of money, and the destruction of thousands of millions of property, and filled this land with sorrow and mourning.

"The war against the Filipinos was also commenced by the President in the same way as the Mexican War, unjustly and unconstitutionally, and in order to deprive those people of their liberty and property, and to force upon them a foreign government, to which they did not consent, and to which they rightfully refused to submit. None of the pretenses upon which the President made and is carrying on this war will bear examination, and some of them are hardly worth notice. There is no possible way in which we can acquire sovereignty over them except by their own consent, which they have utterly refused to give from the beginning. "They are a part of the human race, as capable as we are of pleasure and pain, and invested with as indisputable a right as we have to judge of and pursue their own happiness.'

"In fighting them we are warring against the Constitution of the United States, the Declaration of Independence, the fundamental principles of our own government, and are laboring to bring down upon our country the terrible punishment which always follows such great national sins.

"It is possible that if Congress repudiates the war of the President, the country may escape its impending doom. But if Congress approves it and changes the war from an executive and personal one to a national one, our fate is sealed. How soon our punishment will come is known only to Omniscience.

"That Mighty Hand which formed and regulates the machinery of the moral world seems at times to increase its speed and at times to retard it; sometimes to hasten the punishment of great national crimes and at others to postpone it. England has not yet been punished for some of her outrages upon the nations; but the United States was punished within a few years after its commission for the spoliation of Mexico. All the signs of the times indicate that our next chastisement may come soon. It is possible that it may be postponed to after-times.

"It was argued in this case that 'honor and patriotism required the President to make and continue this war to the extermination of the Filipinos if that were necessary to subdue them.' Few words in our language are more abused than the words 'honor' and 'patriotism.' False notions of honor have led to the murder of thousands of men in duels -many of them great and useful men like Hamilton and Decatur false notions of honor have led to the slaughter of millions of men in war.

"The finest sense of Nothing is honorable

"A great writer defines honor as: justice the human mind can frame.' that is not just, and everything is dishonorable that is unjust. By this standard the acts of nations as well as of individuals must be measured, and their record must be made.

If it is a record of blood shed in an unjust (or an unnecessary war, which is substantially perhaps the same), all the waters of the ocean cannot wash it out, and it will be a rec ord of dishonor to the end of time.

"Nor has the word 'patriotism' any proper application as here intended. Patriotism in war requires us to fight for our own country in a just war. It does not require us to fight against any country in an unjust war, for unjust wars ruin the country that makes them.

"One of the ablest writers living has said: 'The greater part of the bloody deeds which disgrace history and make of it such immoral reading were committed in the name of patriotism.'

"Many of the greatest tyrants, traitors, and hypocrites who ever lived had a great deal to say about patriotism. They chose the livery of heaven to serve the devil in; for true patriotism is a heaven-born virtue. It is founded in justice and truth; it draws its inspiration from the God of truth and justice, and is ever faithful to the source from which it sprung. True patriotism has been called the noblest of human virtues; but there is no nobility in fighting for injustice and falsehood or robbery or murder. The true patriot labors in war and in peace for those things, and those things only, which will redound to the real and lasting good of his country. He rejoices in her success in every just and useful enterprise; weeps over her errors and misfortunes; burns to avenge her injuries; labors for her universal prosperity; and dies, if necessary, for her preservation. It is to such a patriotism in the hearts of our fathers, animating them alike in the council and on the bat

tle-field, that we are indebted for these inestimable institutions; and if posterity ever enjoys them, it will be indebted to the same spirit so animating and so directing this generation.

"But the words 'patriotism,' 'honor,' and 'glory,' as applied to this most lamentable war against the Filipinos, are entirely out of place. As so used, they are merely what Shakespeare calls 'springes to catch woodcocks.'

"It was said in the argument that 'the Filipinos are barbarians, and that the President's war against them is a war for civilization, and, as such, should be sustained by Congress and the people.' Exactly the contrary is the fact. Wars of conquest, such as this, are the very highest expressions of barbarism. The object of the party that carries on the war to subdue the other and make it submit to its authority, is to conquer it by inflicting upon it an intolerable amount of wounds, disease, starvation, misery, and death. Such a war means murder, robbery, arson, drunkenness, gambling, and crimes that strike the soul with horror but to name them. General Sheridan said, 'War is hell.' Such a war as this is the very pit of that deplorable region.

"To say that civilization can be spread by the barbarism of such a war is like saying that truth can be spread by falsehood, knowledge by ignorance, or light by darkness. In such a war the aggressor is the greater barbarian of the two, no matter what his superiority may be in other respects, nor what his professions and pretenses may be.

"But it is said by the defense that 'no matter what the merits of the contest may have been originally, neither the

President nor Congress can stop it now. It must go on till the Filipinos are subdued. That any other course would be a lasting injury to our country and make us the laughingstock of the world.'

The answer to this is, that some of the greatest nations and wisest statesmen and most successful warriors have, when the occasion demanded it, done this very thing, and always with good results. Alexander the Great commenced the conquest of India and was loth to give it up; but his soldiers convinced him that it would be a foolish thing to persevere in such an undertaking, and he reluctantly led them back to Babylon, the capital of his empire, and was stronger and more popular for it.

Augustus Cæsar fixed the boundaries of the Roman Empire at the Danube on the north and the Euphrates on the east. One of his successors, the Emperor Julian, undertook to spread Roman civilization beyond these rivers by war and to enlarge the boundaries of the empire. In this attempt he lost a large part of his army and his own life. His successor, Hadrian, restored the boundaries of Augustus and settled all questions with the nations concerned peacefully and to the benefit of his country and to his own honor.

"William the Conqueror, in the zenith of his power, undertook the conquest of Brittany, a province in France, and made some advances in that direction. But he found it a very difficult and doubtful job; and, notwithstanding his characteristic determination and stubbornness, he had the good sense to give it up and retire to his own country.

"Edward the Third and Henry the Fifth and his suc