unmistakable American character. It is the production mainly of American mind. It views every subject from an American standpoint, and, in all that relates to biography, history, geography, and the institutions of our country, furnishes a fund of information which can be obtained nowhere else.

IV. IN INTEREST OF STYLE.-Many of the writers are men who hold the foremost rank in general literature, and their articles have been characterized by our best critics as models of elegance, force, and beauty. The Press unite in echoing the sentiment of a leading editor of New York, who says: "We have found the continuous reading of it as entertaining as if, instead of being a book of matter-of-fact, it had been a romance from the pen of a master."

V. IN CONVENIENCE OF FORM.-No ponderous quartos, crowded with fine type that strains the eyes and wearies the brain, are here presented. The volumes are just the right size to handle conveniently; the paper is thick and white, the type is large, the binding elegant and durable.

VI. IN CHEAPNESS.-APPLETONS' AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA has been universally pronounced a miracle of cheapness. The publishers determined at the outset to enlarge its sphere of usefulness, and make it emphatically a book for the people, by putting it at the lowest possible price. A reference to the Terms will show that it is within the reach of everybody.

How to get a Library.

THE AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA IS IN FACT A LIBRARY IN ITSELF. It is the knowledge of the centuries boiled down; the essence of all books crystallized. It stands on the shelves ready to answer briefly every conceivable question in physics, history, politics, art, philosophy, and what not; to furnish precisely the information wanted on almost every possible subject; to turn your children's wide-eyed wondering into the best of school-masters; to make of every question sprung in the family circle an instructive lesson; to convert your guesses into positive knowledge; to give you in brief paragraphs the result of other men's years of toilsome investigation. It is everything in little, and no skill is necessary to the finding of the particular thing the owner may happen to want. It is far more truly one of the "necessaries of life" than are many of the things which we commonly mean by that phrase.

The work has been entirely rewritten by the ablest writers on every subject, printed from new type, and illustrated with several thousand engravings and colored lithographic maps. It is not obligatory to take all the volumes upon the first delivery; a volume may be delivered once a month, or once in two months, at the option of the subscriber. The question is only, How much can be spared each month? Three dollars a month, which is only ten cents a day, the price of a cigar, will pay for a complete set of the Cyclopædia by bimonthly subscription. Then there will be something substantial saved, and a storehouse of knowledge, indeed a UNIVERSAL LIBRARY in itself, secured, with but little effort or sacrifice.

The publishers respectfully give notice to the public that the above-named work is not sold by them or their Agents to any one at less than the prices printed on this circular, and is sold only by subscription through their authorized Agents; nor will it be sold in the book-stores. They would advise those wishing the earliest impressions of the work, to subscribe at once. Specimen pages will be forwarded on application to the publishers,

D. APPLETON & CO.,

549 & 551 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

549 & 551 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, June 15, 1876.

IT has been reported to us that certain dealers in books, in various parts of the country, have promised to supply the AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA, when completed, at some reduction from the published subscription price of the work; and, as many are waiting, expecting that these promises will be fulfilled, we think it proper to call attention to these reports.

As the sixteenth volume, completing the work, is ready, and is now being delivered to subscribers, we take occasion to warn all general agents, through whom alone any copies can be furnished, that, in any cases of sale to any persons at less than the full subscription price, we shall at once withdraw the agency, and hold them personally responsible for any damage that may result to us thereby. We wish it understood that we hold the general agent responsible to us for any departure from this rule on the part of sub-agents employed by him.

We purpose to hold the work, when completed, as a subscription book, just as during its progress to completion, and we trust our agents will appreciate this positive adherence to price, which is to their advantage, and to the credit and character of the business in which they are engaged.

It would be extremely unfair and unjust toward those who have sustained and upheld us in this large undertaking, by receiving and paying for the volumes as issued, to ascertain that they had been unfairly dealt with in being able to purchase the work at a less price when completed.

So far as it is in our power, we shall protect these subscribers, and our agents who supplied them with the work, which is sold, considering its great cost, as low as we can afford to sell it.

Respectfully,

D. APPLETON & Co., Publishers.

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.

SUBSCRIBERS to the AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA will be glad to learn that Rev. Dr. T. J. CONANT, whose scholarship is so well known, has, in connection with his daughter, Miss Blandina Conant, prepared an exhaustive Index to the sixteen volumes of the Cyclopædia. The work is now in press and will be published in the

autumn.

GENERAL INDEX

ΤΟ

APPLETONS' AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA.

It is the object of such an index to point out, and make readily accessible to the reader, all the important items of knowledge contained in the work. This is attained: 1. By exhibiting, in alphabetical order, everything treated of in the work, whether professedly as the subject of a leading article, or incidentally in connection

with it, and whatever is casually alluded to in such a manner as to convey useful intelligence by the connection or otherwise.

2. By inserting in the index subjects not treated of by name, on which information may be found under other names.

The plan of the index is as follows:

All names of persons or objects in connection with which any information is given, and would naturally be sought in that connection, are entered alphabetically, the titles of leading articles distinguished by SMALL CAPITALS.

Of articles of great length the leading divisions are entered to facilitate refer

ence.

On many subjects the information sought is scattered through different articles, to which reference is made in the index.

When there are two or more names, or more than one mode of spelling the name, of the same person or object, each is entered in its alphabetical order.

Names formed with an originally separate prefix are entered as they are commonly written; as De Kalb, De la Beche, Le Clerc, Delacroix, Descartes. Surnames and titles, by which some personages are about equally known, are both inserted.

All pictorial representations of objects described, with which this edition is profusely illustrated in the best style of engraving, are entered by name in their proper connection, with the abbreviation (illustr.) annexed. They are also entered separately, where this is deemed necessary, or convenient for ready reference. For example: Torsion balance (Coulomb's), partially described under Balance (vol. ii., p. 234, 1st col.), is fully explained under Electricity (vol. vi., p. 503, 2d col.), and is represented to the eye as clearly as by the instrument itself in the illustration on p. 504. The illustration is referred to in the index under Coulomb, and also. under Torsion balance. Objects thus represented to the eye, without being named in the text, are also entered by name in the index; as, the Aryballos (Egyptian), represented on p. 779 of vol. xiii., Phoenician vase, ibid. Much that can be communicated only by pictorial illustration is thus brought to the reader's notice.

The index is to be first consulted, when information is sought on any subject. Time is thus saved by directing attention to the volume, page, and part of the page, where what is sought may be found. It will thus be seen whether the subject is treated of by name in a leading article so entitled, or in connection with some other subject; saving the trouble of first seeking it in the CYCLOPEDIA, and then by the aid of the index. It often happens, moreover, that important light is thrown on the subject of one leading article by the views presented in others, to which attention is directed by the index.

In the references to the CYCLOPÆDIA, the first numeral (Roman) refers to the volume, the second and third (Arabic) respectively to the page and column, and the letters, a, b, c, to the first, second, or third part of the column. E. g., "Titanotherium, vi., 673, 1, c," means that what is said of it may be found in the sixth volume, page 673, 1st column, lower third of the column.-References to the index itself are followed by that word in parentheses; as, Licks (Salt), see Salt-licks (Index).

A few examples will indicate the use and value of an index to the general reader.

Vulcanized Rubber.-This substance and its uses are fully described in the article Caoutchouc, vol. iii., 737, 1, b—738, 1, c, and the article Goodyear, vol. viii., 103, 1, c.

Imprisonment for Debt.-There is no leading article on this subject. But its legal introduction into England, with details of the harsh treatment of the debtor, are described in the

article Acton Burnell, and the measures for its abolition in the articles Debt, Debtor, and Bankruptcy, as referred to in the index..

Juries; their right to judge of evidence independently of the dictation of the court. The first establishment of this great principle of English law, not mentioned under the title Jury, is incidentally referred to in the article William Penn, vol. xiii., p. 251, b.

Mississippi Scheme.-Described in the article Law, John, of Lauriston, vol. x., 217, 2, b-c. Physical porosity, not defined in the article Porosity, is fully explained in the article Compressibility.

Rhodian Law (of commerce); mentioned in the article Law Merchant, vol. x., 219, 1, c. Bed of Justice (holding of); see Parliament, vol. xiii., 117, 1, c.

Prince Rupert's Drops.-This curious philosophical toy, and the Bologna phial, are fully described in the article Annealing, vol. i., 532 1, b and c.

St. Cuthbert's Beads.-Scott's "Marmion" has the following allusion to them, in Canto II., xvi.:

". . . . On a rock, by Lindisfarne,

St. Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame

The sea-born beads that bear his name."

The index directs the reader to the article Encrinite, where they are mentioned by name, with a description of their origin, and an engraved illustration of the fossil marine animal of which they were the articulating joints.

Heliotype; see Albertype, another name for the process, vol. xiii., 472, 2, a.

Great Salt Lake, viii. 183; see also the article Salt, vol. xiv., 577, 2, b.

Smallpox, xv. 109; first mention of, see Aaron II., vol. i., 4, 1, c.

Rialto, a bridge in Venice, with an open square at each end; vol. xvi., 296, 2, b and c. Leaning Tower (of Pisa); see Campanile, vol. iii., 661, 2, a; illustration, Pisa, vol. xiii., 340.

For further illustration we may take a single article; for example, Pottery and Porcelain (14 pages), vol. xiii., pp. 777-792. In this are explained, among others, the following objects, on which the information there given would naturally be sought under the names they bear: Sèvres china, 785, 2, a, and 791, 1, c-2, a; Sèvres vase (illustration), 785, 2; old Sèvres china, 786, 2, b; composition of, 792, 1, a.-Stanniferous, 778, 1, c.-Bat printing, 786, 1, b.-Crackle, 784, 1, a; Crackle vase (illustration), ibid.-Raffaelle (ware), 781, 2, b.-Frit, 790, 2, b and c.-Pug mill, 787, 1, b, c; illustration, ibid.-Samian (ware), 780, 2, b; illustration, 1, c.Henri Deux (ware), 782, 1, a; Henri Deux Faïnce vase (illustration) ibid.-Seggar, 789, 2, c-790, 2, a; illustration, ibid.-Mezza majolica (ware), 781, 1, c; Majolica vase (illustration) ibid.-Potter's wheel (Egyptian use of), 778, 2, c.Potter's lathe, 787, 2, b; illustration, ibid.-Porzellana, 781, 2, a.-Delft (ware), 782, 2, a-c.-Blunger, 788, 2, b.-Muffle (illustration), 792 1, c.-Slip, 788, 2, c, 791, 1, a.-Queen's ware, 783, 1, a.-Jasper ware, 783, 1, b.-Petuntse, 783, 2, c.Parian biscuit, 783, 2, a, 786, 2, c.-Wedgwood, 783,-1, a; Wedgwood ware, b, c.

Subjects on which interesting and valuable information is given are far more numerous than the titles of the leading articles. But, if entered as such in the alphabetical arrangement of the work, they would generally be taken out of the connection in which they are best understood and appreciated, and would swell the number of leading articles beyond reasonable limits. The reader, consulting these only, may often be disappointed, failing to obtain the information which he seeks. and cannot find without an index.