WHITFIELD, a N. W. county of Georgia, bordering on Tennessee and bounded E. by the Conasauga river; area, 286 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,117, of whom 1,511 were colored. The county is mountainous, but contains fertile valleys. It is traversed by the Selma, Rome, and Dalton, the Western and Atlantic, and the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 48,860 bushels of wheat, 135,007 of Indian corn, 33,120 of oats, 3,851 of Irish and 10,563 of sweet potatoes, 7,211 lbs. of wool, 97,510 of butter, and 763 tons of hay. There were 974 horses, 1,569 milch cows, 2,446 other cattle, 4,350 sheep, and 7,439 swine; 5 flour mills, 6 tanneries, 6 currying establishments, and 4 saw mills. Capital, Dalton.

WHITFIELD, George. See WHitefield. WHITGIFT, John, an English prelate, born in Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, in 1530, died at Lambeth, Feb. 29, 1604. He was educated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, under Ridley. After the accession of Elizabeth he entered into holy orders (1560), and was made chaplain to Cox, bishop of Ely; subsequently he became Lady Margaret's professor of divinity, and in 1567 master of Pembroke hall. Soon after the queen made him her chaplain and master of Trinity college, Cambridge, and the same year he also became regius professor of divinity. In 1571 he was vice chancellor of the university, and in 1572 prolocutor to the lower house of convocation. About this time, at the desire of Archbishop Parker, he wrote an answer to a work entitled "An Admonition to the Parliament," which had bitterly assailed the established church. His reply was attacked by Cartwright, and Whitgift rejoined in his "Defence." He was now made dean of Lincoln, and in 1576 bishop of Worcester, and, having also received a civil commission as vice president of the marches of Wales, made constant use of both the temporal and spiritual powers to put down Roman Catholicism and Puritanism. In 1583 he became archbishop of Canterbury. Making use of the court of high commission created under the act of supremacy passed at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, he removed from stations in the church all schismatics or nonconformists. In 1585 the star chamber, of which he was a member, at his instigation passed ordinances for the regulation of the press, by which no one was allowed to print except in London, Oxford, and Cambridge; and none but a few special printers were to be suffered to print anything whatsoever until it should be perused and allowed by the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of London. In 1586 he was sworn of the privy council, and framed the statutes of cathedral churches; and in 1595 he assisted in drawing up the celebrated Lambeth articles.-His life was written by Strype and by Sir George Paule. See also Hook's "Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury," vol. x. (London, 1875). WHITING. See HAKE.

WHITING, William, an American lawyer, born in Concord, Mass., March 3, 1813, died in Boston, June 29, 1873. He graduated at Harvard college in 1833, and at the Cambridge law school in 1838, and practised in Boston. From 1863 to 1865 he was solicitor of the war department at Washington. He was elected to congress in 1872, but died before taking his seat. He published "The War Powers of the President and the Legislative Powers of Congress, in relation to Rebellion, Treason, and Slavery" (Boston, 1862; 10th ed., with additions, 1863).

WHITLEY. I. A S. E. county of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, and intersected by the Cumberland river; area, about 450 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,278, of whom 138 were colored. The surface is hilly and broken. Iron ore and bituminous coal are abundant. The falls of the Cumberland river are in this county. The chief productions in 1870 were 6,913 bushels of wheat, 251,872 of Indian corn, 34,587 of oats, 20,544 of Irish and 10,348 of sweet potatoes, 128,219 lbs. of butter, 20,827 of wool, and 18,866 of tobacco. There were 1,804 horses, 2,802 milch cows, 5,100 other cattle, 10,507 sheep, and 15,816 swine. Capital, Whitley Court House. II. A N. E. county of Indiana, intersected by Eel river; area, 324 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 14,399. The surface is undulating, but there are several prairies; the soil is very fertile. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 290,506 bushels of wheat, 192,813 of Indian corn, 88,595 of oats, 42,454 of potatoes, 257,517 lbs. of butter, 63,266 of wool, and 12,199 tons of hay. There were 5,064 horses, 5,403 milch cows, 6,332 other cattle, 21,263 sheep, and 12,397 swine; 10 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 2 breweries, 1 woollen mill, and 32 saw mills. Capital, Columbia City.

WHITLOW, or Felon (paronychia), an abscess occurring on the fingers, attended with great pain and inflammation, commencing in, if not confined to, the terminal joint. The cutaneous or superficial whitlow consists of an inflammation of the skin of the last phalanx, with burning pain and effusion of a serous or bloody fluid, raising the cuticle into a blister; when it is under the skin, and especially when about the nails, there is great pain and throbbing until the pus, which is almost sure to form, is let out, attended often with loss of the nails. In the tendinous form or thecal abscess, where the inflammation is within the sheaths of the tendons, the pain is much more severe, and the pus, from inability to escape through the fibrous tissues, burrows upward along the sheaths into the palm of the hand, and even to the forearm and arm, producing severe constitutional symptoms and irritative fever, sometimes requiring amputation to save life. The treatment consists in the continued application of poultices in the early stages of the affection, with opiates if necessary, and, above all, deep

and free incisions as soon as there is reason to believe that the formation of pus is taking place. In the severer forms, the finger is often rendered permanently stiff, owing to adhesions between its tendon and the neighboring parts. WHITMAN, a S. E. county of Washington territory, bounded E. by Idaho, S. by Snake river, and W. by the Columbia; area, about 3,000 sq. m. It has been formed since 1870 from the S. portion of Stevens co., and is intersected by the Palouse river. Capital, Colfax.

WHITMAN, Sarah Helen (POWER), an American poetess, born in Providence, R. I., in 1803. She married in 1828 John Winslow Whitman, a lawyer of Boston, since whose death in 1833 she has resided in Providence. She has published "Hours of Life, and other Poems" (1853); "Edgar Poe and his Critics" (1860); and with her sister, Anna Marsh Power, two fairy ballads, "Cinderella" and "The Sleeping Beauty" (revised ed., 1867-'8).

WHITMAN, Walt, an American poet, born at West Hills, Suffolk co., L. I., May 31, 1819. He was educated in the public schools of Brooklyn and New York, learned the printer's trade, worked at it in summer, and taught school in winter. In 1847-'8 he made an extended tour through the United States and Canada, following for long distances the courses of the great western rivers. For brief periods he edited papers in New Orleans and in Huntington, L. I., and then learned the carpenter's trade in Brooklyn. In 1855 he published "Leaves of Grass," a volume of rhapsodical poems, without rhyme and often without rhythm, which has been increased in each of five successive issues. From 1862 to 1865 he was a volunteer nurse in the military hospitals in Washington and in Virginia. From 1865 to 1874 he held a government clerkship at Washington. In 1873 he was disabled by paralysis. His miscellaneous writings, including his diary of camp and hospital experience, are collected in a volume entitled "Two Rivulets." In 1876 he published new editions of this and of "Leaves of Grass." He now (1876) resides at Camden, N. J. He has never married.

WHITNEY, Eli, an American inventor, born in Westborough, Mass., Dec. 8, 1765, died in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 8, 1825. He graduated at Yale college in 1792, went to Georgia, and studied law in Savannah while residing in the house of the widow of Gen. Greene. At this time a pound of green-seed cotton was all that a negro woman could clean in a day, and Whitney, at the instance of Mrs. Greene, undertook to devise a machine to do the work. He was compelled to draw his iron wire, and to manufacture his own tools. Mrs. Greene and Mr. Miller, who afterward became Whitney's partner, were the only persons permitted to see the machine; but rumors of it had gone through the state, and before it was quite finished the building was broken open by night, and the machine carried off. Before Whitney could complete his model and obtain

| his patent, several machines based on his invention had been made, and were in operation. Mr. Miller formed a partnership with him in May, 1793, and Whitney went to Connecticut to manufacture the machines, but the patent was continually infringed upon. The South Carolina legislature granted him $50,000 for his invention, which was finally paid after vexatious delays and lawsuits. North Carolina allowed a percentage for the use of each saw for five years, and collected and paid it over to the patentees in good faith; and Tennessee promised to do the same thing, but afterward rescinded her contract. For years, amid accumulated misfortunes, lawsuits, the burning of his factory, the report that his machine injured the fibre of the cotton, the refusal of congress through the opposition of southern members to allow the patent to be renewed, and the death of his partner, Whitney struggled on until, convinced that he should never receive a just compensation for his invention, he turned his attention to the manufacture of firearms for the government, from which he reaped a fortune. He was the first who made each single portion of the gun adapted to any one of the thousands of arms in process of manufacture at the same time. His factory was at Whitneyville, Conn. The application of several of his inventions to other manufactures of iron and steel added to his reputation, though but little to his wealth. (See COTTON, vol. v., p. 406.)

WHITNEY, Josiah Dwight, an American geologist, born in Northampton, Mass., Nov. 23, 1819. He graduated at Yale college in 1839, and studied in Europe between 1842 and 1846. He was engaged in the geological survey of New Hampshire in 1840; of the Lake Superior mineral region, with J. W. Foster, in 1847–50; of Iowa (and the lead region of Wisconsin) in 1855-'60; and he was head of the California survey from 1860 to 1874, when it was abandoned. On the results of the three surveys last mentioned he has published reports. Since 1865 he has been professor of practical geology in Harvard university. He has also published "Use of the Blowpipe," &c., translated from Berzelius (Boston, 1845); "Metallic Wealth of the United States" (Philadelphia, 1854); the "Yosemite Guide Book" (San Francisco, 1869); and many papers in American and foreign journals.

WHITNEY, William Dwight, an American philologist, brother of the preceding, born in Northampton, Mass., Feb. 9, 1827. He graduated at Williams college in 1845, and studied at Berlin and Tübingen from 1850 to 1853. At Berlin he transcribed from the manuscripts in the royal library the text of the Atharva-Veda, which he collated with manuscripts of the poem in Paris and England, and published in connection with Prof. Roth (8vo, Berlin, 1856); a second volume, containing translation, notes, &c., is in preparation (1876). In 1854 he was appointed professor of Sanskrit and compara

tive philology in Yale college, which chair he still occupies (1876). Since 1857 he has been corresponding secretary of the American oriental society, and one of the principal editors of its "Journal," to which and to other periodicals, both English and German, he has contributed many papers on oriental and philological subjects. Among his more important contributions to the "Journal" are his translation, with notes, of the Surya-Siddhanta, a text book of Hindoo astronomy, and his editions of the Atharva- Veda Prátiçákhya and the Taittiriya Prátiçakhya, with commentaries, the last of which received the Bopp prize in 1870 from the Berlin academy; and his reviews of Lepsius's phonetic alphabet, and of the views of Biot, Weber, and Müller on the Hindoo and Chinese asterisms. Prof. Whitney gave assistance in the preparation of the last edition of Webster's dictionary (1864), and was one of the contributors to the Sanskrit dictionary published at St. Petersburg. He aided in founding the American philological association in 1869, and was its first president. He has also published "Language and the Study of Language" (New York, 1867; German translation, Munich, 1874); "A Compendious German Grammar" and "Reader " (2 vols., 1869); "Oriental and Linguistic Studies" (2 series, 1872-'4); and "Life and Growth of Language" (1875; French translation, Paris, 1875; German translation, Leipsic, 1876).

WHITSUNTIDE. See PENTECOST. WHITTEMORE, Amos, an American inventor, born in Cambridge, Mass., April 19, 1759, died in West Cambridge, March 27, 1828. He worked for some years as a gunsmith, but finally, in partnership with his brother and several others, began to manufacture cotton and wool cards. He soon invented a machine for puncturing the leather and setting the wires, which was patented in the United States in 1797, and Whittemore went to England to secure his rights there, but was unsuccessful. In the United States the patent was sold for $150,000; but afterward his brother Samuel Whittemore repurchased it, and carried on the business. (See CARDS.)

WHITTEMORE, Thomas, an American clergyman, born in Boston, Jan. 1, 1800, died in Cambridge, Mass., March 21, 1861. He was apprenticed successively to several trades, and finally studied theology. In April, 1821, he was settled as a Universalist minister at Milford, Mass., and in 1822 he removed to a church in Cambridgeport. He resigned this pastorate in 1831, but resided in Cambridge for the remainder of his life. Early in his ministry he was joint editor of the "Universalist Magazine," and in 1828 he established the "Trumpet, a Universalist newspaper in Boston, of which he was sole editor and proprietor for nearly 30 years. He was also president of the Cambridge bank and of the Vermont and Massachusetts railroad. In 1830 he published "A History of Universalism" (en

larged ed., vol. i., 1860). His other works are: "Notes and Illustrations of the Parables" (Boston, 1832); "Songs of Zion" (1836); "Plain Guide to Universalism" (1839); "The Gospel Harmonist" (1841); "Conference Hymns (1842); “Sunday School Choir" (1844); “Life of Rev. Hosea Ballou" (4 vols. 12mo, 1854'5); "Autobiography" (1859); and commentaries on Daniel and Revelation.

WHITTIER, John Greenleaf, an American poet, born in Haverhill, Mass., Dec. 17, 1807. His parents belonged to the society of Friends, of which he is also a member. He worked on the farm till his 20th year, attended Haverhill academy two years, and in 1829 became editor of the "American Manufacturer" in Boston, and in 1830 of the "New England Weekly Review" at Hartford. But he soon returned to the farm, and in 1835-'6 was a member of the Massachusetts legislature. In 1836 he was appointed secretary of the American anti-slavery society, and removed to Philadelphia, where in 1838-'9 he edited the "Pennsylvania Freeman," the office of which was sacked and burned by a mob. From this time he was one of the most prominent anti-slavery men in the country, and his writings, both prose and poetry, were largely in support of that cause. In 1840 he removed to Amesbury, Mass., where he still resides (1876), and in 1847 became 'corresponding editor of the "National Era," an anti-slavery newspaper published in Washington. He has never married. His prose publications are: "Legends of New England," partly in verse (Hartford, 1831); "Justice and Expediency, or Slavery Considered with a View to its Abolition" (1833); "The Stranger in Lowell" (1845); "Supernaturalism in New England" (1847); "Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal" (1849); "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches" (1850); and "Literary Recreations" (1854). His poetical works include "Mogg Megone" (Boston, 1836); "Ballads" (1838); "Lays of my Home, and other Poems" (1843); "The Bridal of Pennacook" (1848); The Voices of Freedom" (Philadelphia, 1849); "Songs of Labor, and other Poems" (Boston, 1850); "The Chapel of the Hermits, and other Poems" (1853); "The Panorama, and other Poems" (1856); "Home Ballads and Poems" (1860); "In War Time, and other Poems" (1863); "Snow-Bound (1866); "The Tent on the Beach, and other Poems" (1867); "Among the Hills, and other Poems" (1868); "Miriam, and other Poems" (1870); "The Pennsylvania Pilgrim, and other Poems" (1872); Martin " (1874); and "Hazel Blossoms" (1875). Several collective editions have been published. As a poet Whittier is more peculiarly American than any other of equal fame. His poems have been largely inspired by current events, and their patriotic, democratic, and humane spirit gives a strong hold upon the public. Ile wrote a hymn for the opening of the centennial exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876.

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fits of faintness. When the whoop is established, the catarrhal symptoms diminish or disappear, the fever is very slight, and the child may be lively, with good appetite, and apparently well in the intervals of the paroxysms; after three or four weeks, in the most favorable cases, the cough becomes looser and milder, with longer intervals, and finally ceases in two or three months, though recovery may be much delayed by unpleasant weather or exposure to cold.-Simple whooping cough runs its limited time, not amenable to medical treat

WHITWORTH, Sir Joseph, an English mechanician, born in Stockport in 1803. He found ed the manufacturing firm of Joseph Whitworth and co. in Manchester, and made many inventions and improvements, first becoming generally known by his planing and tool machines exhibited in 1851. He was a commissioner to the international exhibition at New York in 1853. In 1854 he began to manufacture rifles with a hexagonal bore and elongated grooved projectile, and has since applied the same principle to breech-loading cannon. (See ARTILLERY, and CANNON.) He was made a baronet in 1869, and in the same year founded the "Whitworth scholarships" for the encouragement of mechanical and engineering science. They are 30 in number, of £100 a year each, tenable for two or three years. He has published "Miscellaneous Papers on Mechanical Subjects" (1858), and " Papers on Practical Subjects: Guns and Steel" (1873).

WHOOPING COUGH, an affection characterized by paroxysms of convulsive cough, accompanied by short and sudden acts of noisy expiration, followed by a long and whooping inspiration; it is the chincough of the English, the pertussis of Sydenham, and the coqueluche of the French. It generally occurs but once in the life of an individual, and most frequently during infancy or childhood. It does not appear to have been distinguished from catarrhal affections until about the 18th century, and it is almost exclusively confined to temperate and cold regions. It begins with the symptoms of ordinary catarrh, which continue five or ten days, after which the convulsive character of the cough becomes manifest, at intervals of from half an hour to four hours; the paroxysm is attended with the signs of threatened suffocation, lividity and swelling of the face and neck, fulness of the eyes, quick pulse, and extreme agitation; at the end of a few minutes the coughing ceases on the vomiting of food or tough mucus; in severe cases there may be discharges of blood from the nose and mouth, and even

cations of pulmonary and cerebral disease may destroy life, or leave various marks of irritation and inflammation in the lungs and brain, while the simple disease leaves no trace which throws light upon its nature. It may occur at all seasons, sometimes epidemically, and is unquestionably often communicated by infection. The whoop and the paroxysmal character of the cough prevent this disease from being confounded with any other. In simple cases the prognosis is favorable, but its complications in teething, unhealthy, or recently weaned children are dangerous and frequently fatal. In uncomplicated whooping cough the treatment consists, in the first stage, of that proper for ordinary catarrh, with gentle laxatives and emetics, low diet, simple expectorants, and confinement in a well ventilated, moderately warm room; careful watch must be kept for pulmonary inflammation, which must be met at once by appropriate remedies. When the second or paroxysmal stage has been fairly established, with diminution of fever, return of appetite, and an approach to health during the intervals, a change of air from the city to the country, and vice versa, with antispasmodics and expectorants, will complete the cure.

WHORTLEBERRY, Hurtleberry, or Huckleberry, the name of plants and their fruit of the genera Gaylussacia and vaccinium, constituting a suborder of the ericacea or heath family. The form huckleberry is now generally used by American botanists and in trade. Formerly all the whortleberries were included in raccinium; but as several differ essentially in the structure of the fruit, they were separated under Gaylussacia. Both genera are shrubs with scaly buds; the calyx adherent to the ovary, upon the top of which is the monopetalous tubular, bell-shaped, or variously formed. corolla, including the eight to ten stamens; the fruit a usually edible berry, crowned with the short calyx teeth. In Gaylussacia the leaves of most species have resinous dots; the anthers open by a chink at the blunt or tapering top, and are awnless; the fruit is a compound drupe rather than a proper berry, and contains ten small, seed-like, one-seeded stones. In raccinium, the leaves are without resinous dots; the cells of the anthers taper upward into a tube, which has a hole at the top for the escape of the pollen, and sometimes each cell bears an awn-like appendage on the back;