TROMB

TROMBONE

1

ROMBONE, a brass wind instrument, sup- | posed to be identical with the ancient sackbut, which constitutes one form of the trumpet. By means of sliding tubes great depth and power of tone are produced, and the instrument is capable of splendid effect. Trombones are of three kinds, alto, tenor, and bass; the first having a compass from C, the second space in the bass, to G, an octave above the treble clef; the second from B, the second line in the bass, to A, the second space in the treble; and the third from C, an octave below the second space in the bass, to G, the second line in the treble.

TROMP. I. Maarten Harpertzoon van, a Dutch admiral, born in Briel in 1597, killed in battle, July 31 (N. S., Aug. 10), 1653. In his boyhood he was captured by the English in a battle off the Guinea coast, in which his father was killed. Subsequently he was prominent on various occasions, especially under Admiral Heijn. In 1639, as admiral of Holland, he inflicted great damage upon the Spanish fleet near Gravelines, and in October he gained a most decisive victory over a powerful Spanish squadron under Oquendo in the Downs, for which he was made a noble of France. Against the English fleet in 1652 he was at first unsuccessful in the Downs, and was superseded by De Ruyter, but was soon reinstated as chief commander. He signally defeated Blake near the Goodwin Sands, Nov. 29, but was intercepted by him off Portland island, Feb. 18, 1653, suffered a heavy loss, and retreated. He was killed in an encounter off the Dutch coast with the English fleet under Monk, and was buried with great splendor at Delft. II. Cornelis van, a Dutch admiral, son of the preceding, born in Rotterdam, Sept. 9, 1629, died in Amsterdam, May 29, 1691. He early operated against the African pirates and against the English in the Mediterranean, and when 21 years old was made vice admiral.

TROMSO

From 1656 to 1662 he lived in retirement. In 1665, when the Dutch fleet under Admiral Opdam was beaten by the English off Solebay, Van Tromp conducted a masterly retreat. He was appointed commander-in-chief in the absence of De Ruyter, and under him he displayed great valor in the encounter with the English in the Downs in June, 1666; but on July 25 (N. S., Aug. 4) he was cut off from the main squadron, and was unable to come to the relief of De Ruyter, who accordingly insisted upon his removal. He was reinstated in 1673, during the war with the allied French and English, in which he gained new laurels. After the restoration of peace with England in 1675 he was cordially received in that country, and Charles II. made him a baronet. On De Ruyter's death in 1676 he succeeded him in the highest naval rank, but afterward served for some time with great distinction under the Danish government.

TROMSÖ. I. The northernmost stift or diocese of Norway, bordering on the Arctic and Atlantic oceans; area, 42,687 sq. m.; pop. in 1865, 155,335. It is divided into the bailiwicks of Nordland, Tromsö, and Finmark, and includes the Loffoden islands, celebrated for magnificent scenery and extensive cod and herring fisheries. (See LOFFODEN.) There is little agriculture, the main means of subsistence being derived from fisheries. II. A town, capital of the diocese, on an island in the sound of Tromsö, between the island of Kvalō and the mainland; lat. 69° 38' N., lon. 19° E.; pop. about 4,000. It is the seat of a governor, and has several schools, a church, a Lappish printing office, and a hospital chiefly for lepers. The seat of the bishop has been removed to Alstahoug. The town was founded in 1794, and has an active shipping trade and an excellent harbor sheltered by mountains. Many vessels belonging here are engaged in the walrus fishery at Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen.

TRONDHJEM, or Throndhjem. See DRONTHEIM. TROOPIAL (Fr. troupiale), a name given to several species of the ictering and agelaina, subfamilies of American conirostral birds, in some respects resembling the starlings of the old world, and in others coming near the finches; they have the nine primaries of the finches, but the bill is larger, straight, the base with

Common Troopial (Icterus vulgaris).

out bristles, and the tip without a notch. The name is derived from their habit of associating in large troops. In the icterina the bill is generally longer than the head, straight and sharppointed; wings long and pointed, and tail usually wedge-shaped; toes moderate and formed for perching. The prevailing colors are yellow or orange and black; they are generally called orioles in North America, and a well known species has been described under BALTIMORE BIRD; hang-nest is a name derived from their habit of suspending the nest from the extremity of slender branches.-The common troopial (icterus vulgaris, Daud.) is about 10 in. long, with a straight bill; back and abdomen yellow; head, neck all round, breast, and tail black; a white band on the wings; feathers of throat elongated and pointed; it is a native of northern South America and the West Indies, sometimes coming to the south

Cassican (Cassicus).

ern United States. They move in flocks, sometimes mingled with other species, and show a great partiality to the neighborhood of man; they are excellent fliers, and equally at home on the ground or in trees; they are loquacious at all seasons; their flesh is excellent. There are several other species in Mexico, Texas, and

Central America. The orchard troopial (I. spurius, Bonap.) very much resembles the Baltimore oriole in the pattern of its colors, the orange red of the latter being replaced by dark chestnut, the tail entirely black and more graduated, and the bill slenderer and more curved.

The only other genus of the icterina which can be mentioned here is cassicus (Cuv.), so called from cassis, a helmet, the bill rising on the forehead in a crescent shape; nostrils basal, naked, pierced in the substance of the bill; third and fourth quills longest, and tail long and graduated; tarsi and toes strongly scaled. There are about 20 species, peculiar to tropical America, living in the forests and also near human habitations, in vast troops; they eat fruits, berries, insects, and larvæ. The nest is most ingeniously woven by both sexes, made of fibres and dried grasses, of a cylindrical or gourd-like form, and sometimes 3 ft. long; the lower part is hemispherical, the opening near the top, and the fabric suspended from the ends of slender twigs of high trees, out of the reach of monkeys and snakes; many nests are made on one tree, and sometimes those of different species together. They are docile in captivity, and learn to whistle and to articulate words; they are generally black, contrasted with bright yellow, especially toward the tail.-In the subfamily agelaina the bill is stout, short, conical, nearly straight, and sharp-pointed; tarsi as long as the middle toe; toes long and slender, and claws long and curved. Some of the birds of this subfamily have been described under BLACKBIRD, BOBOLINK, and Cow BIRD, species respectively of the genera agelaius (Vieill.), dolichonyx (Swains.), and molothrus (Swains.).

TROOST, Gerard, an American chemist and geologist, born in Bois-le-Duc, Holland, March 15, 1776, died in Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 14, 1850. He was educated at the university of Leyden, and in 1809 was sent by Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, on a tour of scientific observation in Java. The capture of the vessel by a privateer interrupted this undertaking, and in 1810 he settled in Philadelphia. He was one of the founders of the academy of natural history, and its first president from 1812 to 1817. In 1814 he established the first alum works in the United States; and in 1825, having held for a short time the professorship of chemistry in the college of pharmacy in Philadelphia, he joined Robert Owen's community at New Harmony. In 1828 he was appointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology in the university of Nashville, and in 1831 geologist of the state of Tennessee. He published reports on the geology of Tennessee, and memoirs on geology and mineralogy.

TROPEOLUM. See NASTURTIUM.

TROPIC BIRD (phaëton, Linn.), a genus of web-footed oceanic birds, constituting the family phaetonida. They have a long, strong, pointed bill, broad at the base, slightly curved, without nail and the edges finely serrated;

TROPICS

nostrils at base of bill, lateral, and pervious; face covered with feathers; wings long and pointed, the first primary the longest; tarsi short and strong, feet small, and toes fully webbed; hind toe small; tail with two long, straw-like feathers, whence the French name paille en queue or straw-tail; sailors call them boatswain bird and marlinspike. In habits and appearance they come near the gulls and terns; they are chiefly confined to the tropics. Their powers of flight are great, and they are usually seen at considerable distances from land; they live almost entirely on the wing, and, when they do not return to the distant shore to roost, rest upon the surface of the ocean; they are excellent swimmers. The food consists of fish and other marine animals, which they dart upon from a great height; they are fond of following the shoals of flying fish, seizing them as they emerge from the sea. They are not larger in the body than a pigeon, though longer; they congregate in considerable numbers at their breeding places, on rocky shores and desert islands, placing the nest on

Tropic Bird (Phaeton æthereus).

the ground or in holes in trees; the eggs are two; their flesh is fishy and tough. The common tropic bird (P. athereus, Linn.) is about 30 in. long and 38 in. in alar extent; it is of a satiny white, the wings banded with black, and the head, back, and wings tinged with cream color or light pink; first five primaries black on the outer webs, and the shafts of the long tail feathers black to near the end, where they are white; a black mark over eyes to occiput; bill orange red and iris brown; tarsus and toes yellow at base, webs and claws black. It sometimes comes near the Florida coast, but is usually seen in the tropical Atlantic far from land. The long tail feathers of the P. phanicurus (Gmel.), inhabiting the tropical Pacific, are bright red, and are used as ornaments by the South sea islanders.

TROPICS (Gr. Tроnh, a turning), in astronomy, two circles parallel to the equator, at such distance from it as is equal to the greatest recession of the sun from it toward the poles, or to the sun's greatest declination. That in the northern hemisphere is called the tropic of Cancer, and that in the southern the tropic

of Capricorn, from their touching the ecliptic in the first points of those signs. (See CANCER, and CAPRICORN.) It is between the tropics that the sun's path is circumscribed, its annual movement being from one to the other and back again in the ecliptic.-In geography, the tropics, also known as that of Cancer and that of Capricorn, are the two parallels of latitude (about 23° 28' N. and S.) over which the sun is vertical at the solstices. (See SOLSTICE.)

TROPLONG, Raymond Théodore, a French jurist, born at St. Gaudens, Haute-Garonne, Oct. 8, 1795, died in Paris, March 2, 1869. He early held important judicial offices. In 1846 he was made a peer, in 1848 first president of the court of Paris, and in 1852 of the court of cassation. In 1852 he was made a senator, and in 1854 president of the senate. His principal work, Le Code civil expliqué (28 vols., 1833-'58), is a collection of treatises in continuation of Toullier's Commentaire du Code civil, many of which have been published separately.

TROPPAU, a city and the capital of Austrian Silesia, on the Oppa, 35 m. N. E. of Olmütz; pop. in 1870, 16,608. It has six Catholic churches, a palace, a gymnasium with a large library, a museum, and manufactories of beet sugar, flax, and cloth. A congress of sovereigns was held here from Oct. 20 to Dec. 20, 1820, preliminary to that of Laybach.The former duchy of Troppau, having been divided into the principalities of Troppau and Jägerndorf, was partly annexed to Prussia in Frederick the Great's conquest of Silesia, and forms the S. W. part of Prussian Silesia, with Leobschütz, of the Jägerndorf division, as capital. The territory which remained to Austria after the peace of 1763 constitutes most of the N. part of Austrian Silesia, comprising, besides the capital, Jägerndorf and other manufacturing towns.

TROUBADOURS. See PROVENÇAL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.

TROUP, a W. county of Georgia, bordering on Alabama, and intersected by the Chattahoochee river; area, about 370 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 17,632, of whom 11,224 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil generally fertile. It is intersected by the Atlanta and West Point railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 26,645 bushels of wheat, 162,946 of Indian corn, 34,514 of oats, 29,290 of sweet potatoes, and 9,963 bales of cotton. There were 680 horses, 1,698 mules and asses, 1,519 milch cows, 3,027 other cattle, 1,203 sheep, and 6,516 swine; 1 manufactory of boots and shoes, 2 of cotton goods, 1 of iron castings, 2 of machinery, and 3 saw mills. Capital, La Grange.

TROUP, George McIntosh, an American statesman, born on the Tombigbee river, Sept. 8, 1780, died in Laurens co., Ga., May 3, 1856. He graduated at Princeton college in 1797, was admitted to the bar, and at the age of 21 was elected to the state legislature. Between 1807 and 1815 he was a representative in congress from Georgia, and in 1816 was elected a Uni

ted States senator. From 1823 to 1827 he was | governor of the state, and in 1829 was a second time elected to the United States senate, from which he retired before the expiration of his term, on account of ill health. He was one of the most earnest and able of the advocates of state sovereignty. His life was written by E. J. Harden (Savannah, 1859).

TROUSDALE, a N. county of Middle Tennessee, intersected in the S. E. by the Cumberland river; area, about 110 sq. m. It has been formed since the census of 1870 from portions of Macon, Smith, Sumner, and Wilson counties. The greater part of the surface is made up of valleys separated by ridges, the soil of both being productive. The timber consists of poplar, white oak, walnut, &c., but is not abundant. Blue grass is abundant. The staples are corn, wheat, tobacco, and hay. Capital, Hartsville.

TROUSSEAU, Armand, a French physician, born in Tours, Oct. 14, 1801, died June 23, 1867. He graduated in medicine at Paris in 1825. In 1828 he was sent by government to investigate endemic and epidemic diseases prevalent in the central departments of France, and the yellow fever at Gibraltar. In 1831 he was appointed hospital physician; in 1837 he received the grand prize of the academy of medicine for a treatise on phthisis laryngea; and in 1839 he was appointed professor of therapeutics and materia medica in the faculty of medicine. He was prominent in introducing and establishing the practice of tracheotomy in croup and paracentesis thoracis in cases of dangerous or long continued pleuritic effusion. His most important works are Traité élémentaire de thérapeutique et de matière médicale (Paris, 1836; 8th ed., 2 vols., 1867), which was translated into English, Spanish, and Italian, and Nouvelles recherches sur la tracheotomie dans la période extrème du croup (1851).

TROUT, a name popularly restricted to the species of the salmon family inhabiting exclusively or principally fresh water, and embracing members of the three subgenera of the old genus salmo made by Valenciennes, viz., salmo, fario, and salar; the family characters have been given under SALMON. The salmon trouts belong to the genus fario (Val.), having one row of teeth on the vomer, the true salmons having the palate smooth; the species are so called from the redness of the flesh, but all the trouts have this color at some epoch of their lives, depending probably on their food. The salmon trout of Earope (F. argenteus, Val.; salmo trutta, Linn.), called also white or sea trout, is found in the larger lakes and rivers of that continent; it varies considerably in color, like all of the family, according to the character of the water and the quality of the food; it is greenish gray or bluish black above, lighter on the sides, and silvery white below, with a few black spots above the lateral line; it attains a length of 2 to 23 ft., and, being abundant in the markets of London and

Paris, is next in value to the salmon, which it resembles in habits. The so-called sea trout of the gulf of St. Lawrence (salmo immaculatus, H. R. Storer) has the flesh of a fine pink color and superior flavor; the color is seagreen above, lower parts and the fins white; it rarely exceeds a weight of 7 lbs. ; it probably belongs to the genus fario. There are several species called salmon trout in lakes shut off from the sea and near the mouths of the rivers of Maine. The spots of trout resist the action of heat and even of alcohol for a long time.The common brook or speckled trout of North America (salmo fontinalis, Mitch.) is from 8 to 20 in. long, pale brownish above with darker reticulated markings; sides lighter, with numerous circular yellow spots, many with a bright red spot in the centre; white or yellowish white below; the first ray of pectorals, ventrals, and anal edged with white and black, with the rest of these fins reddish. It is found abundantly in the streams of the British provinces, the New England, middle, and western states, and is every where highly esteemed as food; it is rarely taken weighing more than 1 lb.; the markings vary considerably according to locality and season; in New Bruns

Speckled Trout (Salmo fontinalis).

wick and Nova Scotia it descends to the sea when it can; it is the same species from Labrador to Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is a great favorite with anglers; it is taken by the hook and line baited with a minnow, shrimp, worm, or artificial fly; in narrow streams, just before the spawning season, when it is little inclined to bite, it may be caught by titillation, by passing the hand carefully under the tail, and, as the tickling is gently performed, slowly moving it toward the head, until by a sudden grasp it is seized and landed.-In the genus salmo belongs also the char of the British and Swiss lakes (S. umbla, Linn.), usually 9 to 12 in. long, but sometimes 18 or 20 in.; it is umber-brown above, the sides lighter with numerous red spots, the lower parts and fins reddish orange; it varies like all other trouts, and occasionally attains a larger size than the above; it frequents the deep part of the lakes, feeds chiefly at night, and affords but little sport to the angler. Its American representative is the S. oquassa (Girard) of the great lakes of Maine.-In the genus salar (Val.) there are two rows of teeth on the vomer. The common European brook trout (salar fario, Val.) is usually 10 to 14 in. long, though sometimes considerably larger, even to a weight