WESTMORELAND

ductions in 1870 were 676,599 bushels of wheat, 43,886 of rye, 1,168,498 of Indian corn, 1,358,208 of oats, 148,248 of potatoes, 1,206,845 lbs. of butter, 178,650 of wool, and 61,495 tons of hay. There were 15,144 horses, 16,349 milch cows, 21,870 other cattle, 47,938 sheep, and 24,372 swine; 7 manufactories of agricultural implements, 1 of boats, 8 of bricks, 23 of carriages and wagons, 1 of cars, 1 of rectified coal oil, 5 of iron castings, 2 of paper, 16 of saddlery and harness, 9 of woollen goods, 23 flour mills, 31 tanneries, 16 currying establishments, 8 distilleries, 7 planing mills, and 7 saw mills. II. An E. county of Capital, Greensburg. Virginia, separated from Maryland by the Potomac, and bounded W. partly by the Rappahannock river, occupying a part of the peninsula called the northern neck; area, 316 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 7,682, of whom 4,151 were colored. It has a diversified surface, and the soil along the streams is very fertile. This county was the birthplace of George Washington, James Monroe, and Richard Henry Lee. The chief productions in 1870 were 29,896 bushels of wheat, 189,381 of Indian corn, 25,585 of oats, 3,497 lbs. of wool, and 4,245 of tobacco. There were 663 horses, 1,243 milch cows, 2,952 other cattle, 2,057 sheep, and 4,896 swine. Capital, Montross.

WESTMORELAND, or Westmorland, a N. county of England, bordering on Cumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, and Lancashire, and Morecambe bay; area, 783 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 65,005. The surface, except that near the coast, is mountainous; the Pennine chain stretches across the N. E. part, and curving forms the boundary between Westmoreland and Yorkshire; while the principal chain of the Cumbrian mountains extends from Helvellyn in Cumberland to Bowfell, and sends a spur through the centre of the county. Westmoreland is frequently called the lake region of England; its most celebrated lakes are the Ulleswater, Grasmere, Rydal Water, and Windermere on the western border. The principal streams are the Kent, which has a navigable estuary in the county, the Eden, and the Lune. The minerals are graphite, slate, marble, coal, lead, and copper. Cattle and sheep are very numerous, and bacon and ham, geese, and fish from the lakes are largely exported. The Lancaster canal extends to Kendal in the S. part of the county. Capital, Appleby.

WESTMORLAND, a S. E. county of New Brunswick, Canada, bordering on Northumberland strait, Nova Scotia, and the bay of Fundy; area, 1,284 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 29,335, of whom 11,871 were of English, 9,356 of French, 3,719 of Irish, 3,148 of Scotch, 533 of Dutch, and 457 of German origin or descent. It is drained by the Petitcodiac, which forms part of the S. W. boundary, and by other streams. The surface is diversified with hills and valleys, and is heavily wooded. timber is shipped. The Intercolonial railway traverses the county. Capital, Dorchester.

Much

WESTON, a city of Platte co., Missouri, on the Missouri river, and on the Kansas City, St. Joseph, and Council Bluffs railroad, 30 m. N. W. of Kansas City, and 260 m. W. by N. of St. Louis; pop. in 1870, 1,614, of whom 274 were colored; in 1875, about 2,000. It a hemp factory, a furniture factory, a tannery, contains two flouring mills, three saw mills, a large brewery, two wagon factories, a tobacco warehouse, two banks, a public school, a weekly newspaper, and nine churches.

WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen, or Westphaon Holland, and on the other sides mainly on len), a W. province of Prussia, bordering N. W. the province of Hanover and the Rhine province; area, 7,799 sq. m; pop. in 1871, 1,775,175, including 17,000 Jews and 130 Mennonites, In the north and northeast are the Weser mounthe bulk being half Catholic, half Protestant. tains. The mountainous region S. of the Ruhr is called Sauerland; its highest point, the Astenberg (about 2,750 ft.), at the sources of the Ruhr and Lenne, connects with the Ederkopf (about 2,350 ft.) at the source of the Eder, and near the N. E. extremity of the Westerwald. The Teutoburg Forest, where Arminius defeated the Roman legions of Varus, is the most celetraverse Westphalia, though the battle field is brated of the mountain ranges which partly not within the province. The chief rivers, the Weser, Ruhr, Lippe, and Ems, have fertile valleys. Coal and iron are extensively mined. Grain, fruit, hops, tobacco, and timber are Westproduced in moderate quantities, and flax, potatoes, hemp, and wool abundantly. Cattle, goats, swine, and horses are numerous. are celebrated, as are also the manufactories phalia hams and the bread called Pumpernickel other manufactures include glass, leather, cotof linen, silk, paper, scythes, and needles. The ton, and woollens. The iron and other metal productions are estimated at one fourth of those of all Prussia. The peasantry and small farmers are the principal landed proprietors in the south and west, which are more prosperous than the other regions. Westphalia is divided into the districts of Arnsberg, Minden, and Münster. The most noted towns are Münster, the capital, Minden, Bielefeld, Iserlohn, Dortmund, Paderborn, and Soest.-The name Westphalia was at various periods bestowed materially in extent and location and in the upon portions of western Germany differing form of their government. The territory between the Rhine and the Weser is that to which the name properly belongs, and it is said to be derived from the Westphales, an ancient Saxon tribe who inhabited the territory. The duchy of Westphalia originally comprised chiefly the Sauerland, but was gradually was given in 1179 to the archbishop of Cologne extended over several adjoining districts. It as a fief, and remained in the possession of that see till 1802, when it was ceded to Hesse-DarmPrussia. The circle of Westphalia comprised stadt, and in 1815-'17 was incorporated with

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three fourths of a mile S. W. of the extremity operation from Canada. Some weak defenof the point. During the war of the revolu- sive works called Fort Constitution had been tion the position of West Point possessed great erected on the E. bank of the river, upon Marstrategic importance, commanding the only telaer's rock (now Constitution island), as early line of water communication by which the as November, 1775; and in 1776 two temporary enemy on the Atlantic coast could receive co-works styled Fort Montgomery and Fort Clin

that these professors might be officers of the corps of engineers or otherwise at the discretion of the appointing power, each professor to have an assistant professor to be taken from among the most capable of the officers or cadets, and to receive the pay and emoluments of a captain. The same act fixed the number of cadets not to exceed 250, to be appointed between the ages of 14 and 21 years, and to be well versed in reading, writing, and arithmetic when appointed. The professorship of geography, history, and ethics was created April 14, 1818 (the chaplain to be professor); that of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology in 1836; those of drawing and the French language in 1846; that of the Spanish language in 1857; and that of law in 1874. For purposes of military police, discipline, and infantry drill, the cadets are organized into a battalion of four companies, the battalion staff and the company officers being cadets. Each company is in charge of an army officer styled an assistant instructor of infantry tactics, and the battalion is commanded by the commandant of cadets, also an officer of the army, who by the act of 1858 was made instructor of artillery, cavalry, and infantry tactics, with the local rank of lieutenant colonel. There are also an instruc

ton were constructed 6 m. below on the W. bank of the stream, and the river was obstructed at that point by a chain. All these defences fell into the hands of the enemy on Oct. 6, 1777, but the positions were abandoned on the receipt, a few days later, of the news of Burgoyne's surrender. In January, 1778, the work of fortifying West Point was begun by the erection of an enclosed work built of fascines, timber, and earth, called at first Fort Arnold and subsequently Fort Clinton, on the N. E. angle of the plain. The construction of Fort Putnam, of stone, was commenced. During 1779 and 1780 eight other smaller works and redoubts were erected on the summits of the principal eminences W. and S. of the plain. The river was obstructed in 1778 by a heavy chain and boom stretched across between West Point and Constitution island. Early in August, 1780, West Point, including its dependencies, was assigned to the command of Maj. Gen. Benedict Arnold, and six weeks later it became the theatre of his treason and flight, his immediate object being to deliver up the defences of the Highlands to the enemy. After the war the defences of the place were allowed to fall into decay. In 1828 a monument was erected by the cadets to the memory of Kosciuszko, who mainly superintended their construction.tor of practical military engineering, signalThe idea of establishing a military academy ling, and telegraphy, an instructor of ordnance at West Point appears to have been first and gunnery, and a sword master. The selecsuggested in 1783 by Col. Pickering, quar- tion of the superintendent was confined to termaster general of the army; but it was not the corps of engineers till the act of July 13, until May 7, 1794, that provision for any mili- 1866, which opened it to the entire army. By tary school was made by congress. Under act of June 12, 1858, the local rank of colonel that act four battalions of engineers and artil- was conferred upon the superintendent. The lerists were organized, to each of which four officers of the academy at the present time cadets were attached; and in 1798 an addition- (1876) are the superintendent, with five officers al regiment of artillerists was authorized and constituting his military staff; the commanthe number of cadets was increased to 56. The dant of cadets and instructor of artillery, cavpresident was empowered to appoint four teach- alry, and infantry tactics, with six assistants; ers for the instruction of the corps, but no the professor of mathematics, with eight asprovision was made for assembling the artiller-sistants; the professor of drawing, with two ists and engineers at any one point. By the act of March 16, 1802, fixing the military peace establishment, 40 cadets were attached to the artillery and 10 to the corps of engineers, and that corps was constituted a military academy and stationed at West Point, the senior officer of engineers present being the superintendent thereof. This was the beginning of the present military academy. By the act of Feb. 28, 1803, the president was authorized to appoint a teacher of the French language and a teacher of drawing, and in July following one teacher was appointed to perform the duties of both positions. The act of April 29, 1812, provided that the military academy should consist of the corps of engineers and the following professors, in addition to the teachers of the French language and drawing already provided, viz.: a professor of natural and experimental philosophy, with the pay and emoluments of a lieutenant colonel, and a professor of mathematics and one of engineering, each with the pay and emoluments of a major; and it was provided

assistants; the professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology, with two assistants; the professor of the Spanish language, with two assistants; the professor of natural and experimental philosophy, with four assistants; the professor of the French language, with four assistants; the professor of military and civil engineering, with two assistants; the professor of law; the chaplain and professor of ethics; the instructor of practical military engineering, &c., with one assistant; the instructor of ordnance and gunnery, with one assistant; and the sword master; total, 51. Cadets are admitted between the ages of 17 and 21 years. The authorized number is determined by the law that each congressional district, each territory, and the District of Columbia are respectively entitled to have one cadet at the academy, and ten are also appointed yearly at large. The appointments at large are conferred by the president; those from the districts and territories by the secretary of war on the nomination of the representative or

with Albany by steamboat, rail, and horse cars, and with Troy by two bridges and three ferries. An arm of the Mohawk river here enters the Hudson, which is also connected at West Troy with the Erie and Champlain canals. There is an extensive trade in lumber. The Watervliet national arsenal occupies 105 acres in the centre of the village, and manufactures large quantities of army equipments. The chief private manufactories are three furnaces, employing about 50 hands each; a chair factory, 100 hands; a manufactory of woollen shawls and one of butts and hinges, employing together 500 hands; a car factory, 50 hands; a manufactory of railroad car journal boxes, Meneely's bell foundery, and two planing mills. There are a national bank, four public schools, a weekly newspaper, and nine churches, viz.: Baptist, Episcopal, Methodist (2), Presbyterian, Reformed (2), and Roman Catholic (2). The village was incorporated in 1836.

delegate in congress. To secure admission, | 693; in 1875, about 14,000. It is connected candidates must be well versed in arithmetic, reading, and writing, including orthography, and must have a knowledge of the elements of English grammar, of descriptive geography, particularly of their own country, and of the history of the United States. The pay of a cadet is $500 a year and one ration, against which are charged his board, clothing, books, stationery, and other items of expense. The course of instruction occupies four years. The academic duties begin on Sept. 1, and continue till about June 20. From this time until the last days in August the cadets live in tents, and devote their time to military duties, riding, sword exercise, pyrotechny, practical military engineering, signalling, telegraphy, &c. On graduation, the cadet is commissioned in the engineers, ordnance, artillery, infantry, or cavalry, according to the duties he may be judged competent to perform. The total number of graduates from 1802 to 1876 was 2,613, less than half of those who entered the institution during that time.-See "Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, N. Y.," by Gen. George W. Cullum (2 vols. 8vo, 2d ed., New York, 1868).

WEST TROY, a village in the town of Watervliet, Albany co., New York, on the W. bank of Hudson river, opposite Troy, and 6 m. N. of Albany; pop. in 1860, 8,820; in 1870, 10,

Obverse.

WEST VIRGINIA, a state of the American Union, organized from a part of Virginia in 1863, lying between lat. 37° 10′ and 40° 38' N., and lon. 77° 40′ and 82° 40′ W. It is bounded N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland, E., S. E., and S. by Virginia, and W. by Kentucky, from which it is divided by the Big Sandy river, and Ohio, from which it is separated by the Ohio river. Its greatest length N. and S. is nearly 240 m.; greatest breadth,

Reverse.

hontas, Preston, Putnam, Raleigh, Randolph, Ritchie, Roane, Summers, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wayne, Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood, and Wyoming. The capital and largest city is Wheeling, which in 1870 had 19,280 inhabitants. The other most important cities and towns, with their population in 1870, are: Charleston (the former capital), 3,162; Clarksburg, 2,900; Grafton, 1,987; Martins

160 m.; area, according to the United States census, 23,000 sq. m. The body of the state lies below lat. 39° 43' N.; but a narrow strip, known as the "Pan-handle," extends nearly a degree further north, between Pennsylvania and the Ohio river. The state contains 54 counties, viz.: Barbour, Berkeley, Boone, Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gilmer, Grant, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jack-burg, 4,863; Parkersburg, 5,546; Piedmont, son, Jefferson, Kanawha, Lewis, Lincoln, Logan, Marion, Marshall, Mason, McDowell, Mercer, Mineral, Monongalia, Monroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Ohio, Pendleton, Pleasants, Poca

1,366; South Wheeling, 3,158. The population of the state in 1870, and of the territory now forming West Virginia prior to that time, was as follows: