clined to deliver the address on the second anniversary of the Boston massacre, March 5, 1772, Warren was invited to discharge the duty, and acquitted himself with great ability. In 1775 he again delivered the address, although with considerable danger, from the increased exasperation between the troops and the citizens. In 1772 he was a member of the committee of correspondence with the several towns in Massachusetts. Later he was a delegate to the convention of Suffolk county which met to prevent Gov. Gage from fortifying the southern entrance of Boston. As chairman of the committee appointed to address the governor on the subject, he sent him two papers, both written by himself, which were afterward communicated to the continental congress. He was a delegate to the Massachusetts congress in 1774, and was made president, and also chairman of the committee of public safety. To his energy was in great measure due the successful result of the battle of Lexington. On June 14, 1775, the Massachusetts congress commissioned him as major general. When Prescott and Putnam favored the defensive occupation of Charlestown heights, he objected because of an insufficiency of ammunition for repelling an attack. But when a majority of the council of war determined to fortify Bunker Hill, he resolved to take part. He was warned by Elbridge Gerry against the hazard of exposing his person. "I know that I may fall," was the reply, "but where is the man who does not think it glorious and delightful to die for his country?" About 2 o'clock he went to Bunker Hill unattended, and with a musket in his hand. He was offered the command by Putnam and by Col. Prescott, but fought only as a volunteer. He was one of the last to retire from the field, and Major Small of the British army called out to him by name from the redoubt and begged him to surrender, at the same time commanding his men to cease their fire. As he turned around at the voice a ball struck him in the forehead, killing him instantly. A statue of Gen. Warren, by Henry Dexter, was unveiled on Bunker Hill, June 17, 1857. His life has been written, by A. H. Everett in Sparks's "American Biography," and by Richard Frothingham (Boston, 1865). II. John, an American physician, brother of the preceding, born in Roxbury, Mass., July 27, 1753, died in Boston, April 4, 1815. He graduated at Harvard college in 1771, studied medicine, and began practice in Salem in 1773. He was with the Salem regiment in the battle of Lexington, and remained at Cambridge in charge of the wounded. In June he was appointed senior surgeon to the hospital. He accompanied the army during two years, and was then appointed to the charge of the military hospitals in Boston. He joined the expedition of Gen. Greene to Rhode Island in 1778, and another against the insurgent Shays in 1786. In 1780 he gave a course of dissections to his colleagues; this

led to the establishment of a medical school under his auspices attached to Harvard college, in which he was appointed professor of anatomy. In surgery he introduced many operations previously unknown in the country. In 1783 he delivered the first of the series of fourth of July orations in Boston. He published several addresses and essays, and contributed many valuable papers to the "New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery," the "Memoirs" of the American academy, and the "Communications" of the Massachusetts medical society. III. John Collins, son of the preceding, born in Boston, Aug. 1, 1778, died there, May 4, 1856. He graduated at Harvard college in 1797, studied medicine with his father and in London, Edinburgh, and Paris, and returned to Boston in 1802. In 1806 he was chosen adjunct professor of anatomy and surgery in Harvard college, and in 1815 succeeded to his father's professorship, and also to his practice. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts general hospital, of which he was principal surgeon till his death. In 1828 he became associate editor of the "Boston Medical and Surgical Journal." He made a second and a third visit to Europe in 1837 and 1852. In 1846 he was the first person who employed ether in a surgical operation. He was a founder of the McLean asylum for the insane, and was president of the Massachusetts medical society from 1832 to 1836. Besides numerous scientific papers, he published "Diseases of the Heart" (1809); a "Comparative View of the Sensorial System in Man and Animals" (1822); "Remarks on Dislocation of the Hip Joint" (1826); "Surgical Observations on Tumors" (1837); "Etherization" (1848); and "Mastodon Giganteus" (1855). A memoir of Dr. Warren has been published by his brother, Edward Warren, M. Ď. (2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1860). IV. Jonathan Mason, son of the preceding, born in Boston in 1811, died there, Aug. 19, 1867. He graduated in the medical department of Harvard university in 1832, studied in Paris and London, and was for 20 years attending surgeon to the Massachusetts general hospital. He published "Surgical Observations, with Cases and Operations" (Boston, 1867).

WARREN, Samuel, an English author, born at Racre, Denbighshire, May 23, 1807. He began the study of medicine at Edinburgh, but in 1828 entered as a student at the Inner Temple, London, and in 1837 was called to the bar. In 1830-'31 he contributed to "Blackwood's Magazine" "Passages from the Diary of a late Physician," which attracted wide attention and were supposed to be true. His more celebrated work, "Ten Thousand a Year," begun in "Blackwood's Magazine" in 1839, is written strongly in the interest of the conservative party in England. It was followed by the far inferior novel "Now and Then" (1847). In 1851, on the opening of the crystal palace, he published an allegorical poem, "The Lily

8,300 members of the Greek church. It has an area of 15 sq. m., including 5 sq. m. of open spaces. Most of the city is well built, and hundreds of new structures have been erected recently. It is surrounded by ditches and walls, and has eight gates and an almost impregnable citadel. The fortified suburb of Praga, opposite Warsaw, is reached by a long and magnificent iron bridge, built in 1865, instead of the former bridge of boats. The principal parade ground is the Champ de Mars. The finest of about a dozen squares are the Saxon square, with an obelisk in honor of the Poles who remained faithful to Russia in the insurrection of 1830; the square named after Sigismund III., with that monarch's statue on a lofty column; and the Marieville bazaar, with arcades like those of the Palais Royal in Paris. The most celebrated avenues are the Cracow Suburb, with Thorwaldsen's equestrian statue of Prince Joseph Poniatowski, and the New World. Several avenues are planted with poplar and chestnut trees. In 1721 Augustus II. laid out magnificent gardens, which with the Krasinski palace and garden, Constantine square (1867), the royal and Brühl palaces, and the English park in the Belvedere, are among the chief attractions of Warsaw. Roman Catholic and Greek archbishops reside here. There are about 20 Catholic churches, including the cathedral dating from 1360, which communicates with the royal palace. The Greek cathedral of 1842 is very handsome, and that of the Lutherans is the finest of all. The Reformed church is modelled after the Roman Pantheon. There are several large synagogues. The most imposing public building is the royal palace, built by Sigismund III. on high ground commanding the river, and embellished by his successors. It has splendid apartments, where the senate and diet formerly met, and the archives are preserved here. The Saxon palace was the residence of several kings of that line. These and other public and private palaces impart grandeur to the city. Of its former treasures, the Zaluski library of 300,000 volumes and other spoils of local collections were in 1795 transferred to the imperial library at St. Petersburg. Among other prominent edifices are the extensive new government palace, a grand theatre, the mint, bank, post offices, and the railway depots in the outskirts, belonging to lines which connect Warsaw with St. Petersburg, Moscow, Cracow, Berlin, Dantzic, and other places, and communicating by horse cars with all parts of the city. The university was suspended with other institutions after the revolution of 1830'31, but reopened in 1869; in 1873 it had 946 students and 66 professors. Connected with it are many laboratories, an observatory, and a botanic garden. The other educational institutions include a theological and a rabbinical seminary, several gymnasiums (one for females, who have special schools besides), a school of design, a conservatory of music es

tablished in 1860 and attended in 1876 by about 200 pupils, and more than 60 common and Sunday schools and over 100 private ones. The weekly grain, cattle, and horse markets, and the annual market for wool, are numerously attended, as well as the fairs in May and September. In 1872 there were 265 manufactories of cloth, carpets, pianos, carriages, wagons, saddlery, machines, and numerous other articles, employing 7,234 persons, and producing goods valued at 14,332,788 rubles, being 2,745,953 more than in 1871, and the subsequent increase was still larger. Adjacent to the city are memorable battle grounds, and the Lazienki, imperial, and other palaces, a park, a zoological garden with a picture gallery, the Królikarnia or Rabbit garden, and museums, villas, and pleasure resorts.-Warsaw is first mentioned in history early in the 13th century. Subsequently it was the capital of the dukes of Masovia till 1526, when they became extinct. In the next generation it was the residence of King Sigismund II., and from the latter part of the 16th century the Polish kings were elected in the neighboring grounds of Wola. In 1609, under Sigismund III., it became the permanent capital, although the coronations continued to take place at Cracow. In 1655 it surrendered to Charles X. of Sweden, and was recovered in 1656 by John Casimir of Poland; but the Poles were overwhelmed at Praga by the Swedish monarch and the elector Frederick William of Brandenburg in a three days' battle, and capitulated on July 30. In 1705 Charles XII. occupied it for a short time previous to his conferring the Polish crown on Stanislas Leszczynski. Under the electors of Saxony Warsaw became one of the most brilliant capitals of Europe. The Russians occupied the city from 1764 to 1774. They returned in 1793. The massacre of their garrison in April, 1794, was followed from July till September by a Prussian siege; and Warsaw was finally obliged to surrender to Suvaroff (Nov. 8), after the murderous storming of its suburb. (See PRAGA.) The third partition of Poland placed it under Prussian rule, which in November, 1806, was terminated by the French occupation. The treaty of Tilsit of 1807 created the duchy of Warsaw, to which the treaty of Vienna of 1809 added western Galicia, increasing the population from 2,200,000 to 3,780,000. King Frederick Augustus of Saxony was at the head of the duchy till the end of the disastrous FrancoRussian campaign of 1812. The Russians reestablished their rule over Warsaw early in 1813. In the night of Nov. 29-30, 1830, began at Warsaw the grandest Polish struggle for independence, which virtually ended with the capture of the city by the Russians under Paskevitch, Sept. 8, 1831. The citadel and other strong works were soon erected to control the city; the principal learned institutions were closed; and, as most families were in mourning for fallen kinsmen and the lost cause,

Masked Water Hog (Potamochoerus Africanus). painted pig of the Cameroons (P. penicillatus, Schinz), from the Gold coast of W. Africa, is bright red bay, with black face, forehead, and

ears.

These hogs are hunted for their flesh.See Andersson's "Okavango River" (1861). WARTON. I. Joseph, an English author, born at Dunsford, Surrey, in 1722, died at Wickham, near London, Feb. 23, 1800. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford, and became curate of Basingstoke. In 1746 he published "Odes on Various Subjects" (4to, London), and in 1748 was presented to the rectory of Winslade. He made a translation of the Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil, added to it Christopher Pitt's version of the Eneid, and published the whole in 1753 (4 vols. 8vo). Soon afterward he contributed 24 critical papers to the "Adventurer." In 1754 he was made rector of Tunworth, and in 1755 second master of Winchester school. In 1756 he published the first volume of his "Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope," the work upon which his reputation chiefly rests, and of which the second volume did not appear till 1782. From 1766 to 1793 he was head master of Winchester school, in 1782 was made a prebendary of St. Paul's, and in 1788 of Winchester. His edition of Pope's works (9 vols. 8vo) appeared in 1797, and about the same time he began an

edition of Dryden, which was completed after his death (4 vols. 8vo, 1811). See "Biographical Memoirs of the late Rev. Joseph Warton, D. D.," by the Rev. John Wooll (4to, London, 1806). II. Thomas, brother of the preceding, born in Basingstoke in 1728, died in Oxford, May 21, 1790. In May, 1743, he became a commoner of Trinity college, Oxford, and in 1745 contributed to "Dodsley's Museum" a song and a prize essay. In 1747 he published a poem on "The Pleasures of Melancholy," and in 1749 "The Triumph of Isis," an answer to Mason's anti-Jacobite poem, "Isis, an Elegy." In 1751 he became a fellow of Trinity college, where he spent the remainder of his life. His "Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser" (1754) gave him a high reputation as a critic. From 1757 to 1767 he was professor of poetry, an office held by his father, Thomas Warton, D. D., in 1718-28. He published an edition of Theocritus (2 vols. 4to, 1770), and Inscriptionum Romanarum Metricarum Delectus (4to, London, 1758). Among his remaining works are: "The Oxford Sausage, or Select Pieces written by the most celebrated Wits of the University of Oxford" (1764); an edition of the Greek anthology (1766); and "The History of English Poetry, from the close of the Eleventh to the commencement of the Eighteenth Century, to which are prefixed two Dissertations: 1, on the Origin of Romantic Fiction in Europe; 2, on the Introduction of Learning into England" (vol. i., 1774; ii., 1778; iii., 1781; and a fragment of vol. iv., to the end of the reign of Elizabeth). In the edition of Richard Price many of Warton's mistakes are corrected (4 vols. 8vo, London, 1824; new ed., 3 vols., 1840). In 1785 he was elected Camdeň professor of ancient history, and succeeded Whitehead as poet laureate. In 1802 Dr. Mant, bishop of Down, published an edition of "The Poetical Works of the late Thomas Warton, B. D." (2 vols. 8vo), with an account of his life.

WARVILLE, Brissot de. See BRISSOT.

WARWICK, a S. E. county of Virginia, on the peninsula between the York and James rivers, bordering on the latter, and drained by several small streams; area, 95 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,672, of whom 1,052 were colored. The surface is undulating, and the soil very fertile. Oysters and firewood are largely exported. The chief productions in 1870 were 4,350 bushels of wheat, 35,794 of Indian corn, 7,653 of oats, 4,210 of Irish and 2,217 of sweet potatoes. There were 140 horses, 246 milch cows, 329 other cattle, and 1,140 swine. Capital, Warwick Court House.

WARWICK, a town of Kent co., Rhode Island, 10 m. S. by W. of Providence, bordering on Narragansett bay and intersected by the Stonington and Providence railroad; pop. in 1870, 10,453; in 1875, 11,614. In the town are several villages engaged in manufactures, the principal of which are Natick, Phoenix, Centreville, River Point, Lippitt, Arctic, and