Ob furnish air for the warming apparatus. The arrangements are conformed to the varying that are employed to exhaust apartments of See "A Manual of Practical Hygiene," by Edward A. Parkes, M. D. (4th ed., London, 1873); A Handbook of Hygiene and Sanitary Science," by George Wilson, M. D. (2d ed., London, 1873); and Gen. Arthur Morin's treatise "On Warming and Ventilation of Occupied Buildings," translated from the French in the Smithsonian reports for 1873-'4. WARM SPRINGS, or Bath Court House, a post village and the capital of Bath co., Virginia, noted for its thermal springs, 130 m. W. N. W. of Richmond, and 15 m. N. W. of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. The county contains numerous medicinal springs, known as Warm, Hot, Healing, and Alum Springs. The Warm Springs, most frequented by invalids, are in a narrow valley between two mountain ridges. The largest spring, 50 ft. in diameter, has a constant temperature of 98° F. The water holds in solution muriate, sulphate, and carbonate of lime, and sulphate of magnesia. WARNER, Charles Dudley, an American author, born in Plainfield, Mass., Sept. 12, 1829. He graduated at Hamilton college in 1851, was connected with a surveying party on the Missouri frontier, studied law in New York, in 1856 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, and practised in Chicago till 1860. He then became assistant editor, and subsequently editor of the Hartford (Conn.) “Press," and in may indeed be regarded as a law of sale. Undoubtedly it is a rule which works much hardship and covers much fraud, but it is obvious that courts must have a general rule on this subject. The law, dealing with a buyer and a seller, must determine on which of them the risk and responsibility rest. It must therefore adopt the rule of caveat emptor, and say that it is the duty of the buyer to take sufficient care for himself, which he may do either by sufficient examination or by demanding an express warranty; or else it must say that the responsibility must rest on the seller, and that whenever the thing sold turns out to be other than the buyer supposed, the seller must make it good. Either of these rules would have some advantages and be open to some objections; and upon the whole, we believe that the commercial experience of England and of this country is decidedly in favor of the rule of caveat emptor. At the same time, the courts have applied important limitations and qualifications to the rule, and as now administered it seems to work well.-In the first place, the rule is never applied to fraud, direct or indirect, or of any kind; but while this rule is clear, what shall constitute fraud is not so plain. It is settled that neither buyer nor seller is bound to communicate to the other information possessed exclusively by him, where the means of intelligence are equally accessible to both. The numerous cases on this question are not in harmony; but from them the general rule may be drawn, that any party may by his silence alone permit another to deceive himself, but if he cause or aid the deception by act or word it becomes a fraud on his part. Another rule is, that no mere praise or com WARNER, Susan, an American authoress, born in New York in 1818. She is the daughter of Henry W. Warner (died in 1875), author of an "Inquiry into the Moral and Religious Character of the American Government" and "The Liberties of America." She has published "The Wide, Wide World" (1850), under the pseudonyme of Elizabeth Wetherell, which attained great popularity both in America and Europe; "Queechy" (2 vols., 1852); "The Law and the Testimony" (8vo, 1853), in which the texts proving the great doctrines of Christianity are brought together under their appropriate heads; The Hills of the Shatemuc" (1856), containing descriptions of scenery on the Hudson river; "The Old Helmet" (1863); "Melbourne House" (1864); 66 Daisy" (1868); 66 A Story of Small Beginnings" (4 vols., 1872); "The Say and Do Series, Stories on the Lord's Prayer" (1875); and with her sister "Say and Seal" (1860); "Ellen Montgomery's Book Shelf" (1853-'9); "The Word Series" (3 vols., 1868); "Books of Blessing," stories on the beatitudes, and "Wych Hazel" (1876). Some of her works have been translated into French, German, and Swedish.-Her sister, ANNA WARNER, has published, under the pseudonyme of Amy Lothrop," "Dollars and Cents" (2 vols., 1853); “My Brother's Keeper" (2 vols., 1855); "Stories of Vinegar Hill" (6 vols., 1871); "The Fourth Watch" (1872); and "The Oth-mendation of an article or invitation to trade er Shore" (1873). binds the seller. The courts have made an WARRANTY, a term used in law, in the trans- exception to this rule in the case of an article fer of real estate, in the sale of chattels, and in the quality and value of which could only be contracts of insurance. The learning of real known by an expert, and which the seller as warranties abounds in the old books, and was an expert assumes to recommend to one who subtle and technical in an extreme degree; but he knows relies upon his superior knowledge. it never had much force in the United States. And if a seller, pending the negotiation for For the principles governing warranties in con- sale, makes a positive affirmation of quality, veyances of lands, see DEEDS, and for those in intending to effect a sale thereby, and in fact insurance, see INSURANCE. In the sale of chat- causing or materially promoting the sale, such tels or personal property there may be a war-affirmation is a warranty. If falsely made, it ranty of title in the seller, or a warranty of the character or quality of the thing sold. As to title, the rule is that he who sells as his own. property a chattel in his possession, must be regarded as warranting that he owns the chattel and has a right to sell it in that way, although nothing is said about the title. As to the quality, the warranty may be express or implied. An express warranty is construed with some strictness, because the buyer may and should always take care that the warranty gives him just the protection he desires, and must abide any loss arising from any deficiency or ambiguity in the terms used. If there be no express warranty, then the principle of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) comes in. This is both a warranty and a fraud. It is certain that the word "warrant" need not be used, nor any other word of exactly equivalent meaning. If the fair meaning of all the words used imports an undertaking or agreement of the seller as to the quality of the thing sold, it is a warranty.-There are interesting cases on the question how far a bill of sale effects a warranty by its description of the thing sold, and it is not easy to determine what is precisely settled by them; but the better and perhaps the prevalent rule appears to be, that a written bill of sale, or sale note, is a warranty of all that it distinctly expresses. There is in some courts a disposition to limit this implied warranty to cases where the buyer has no op tice, the question what is a breach of warranty arises under the sale of horses "warranted sound," more frequently than elsewhere. Any defect impairing the animal for present service, or which in its ordinary and natural progress must do so, is generally deemed unsoundness; but a habit or propensity like crib-biting is not, though it would probably be covered by a warranty against any unsoundness or vice. WARREN, the name of 14 counties in the United States. I. A N. E. county of New. York, partly bounded E. by Lake George, intersected and partly bounded S. and W. by the Hudson river, and drained by Schroon river; area, 912 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 22,592; in 1875, 23,295. The surface is mountainous, and only about one third of the county is suscep portunity for examination. Indeed, it seems to be agreed that the rule of caveat emptor necessarily implies one exception; for the law would not require him to "beware" who cannot comply with the demand. If then a seller, having certain knowledge exclusively, sells under circumstances indicating not only that the buyer trusted to his representations, but was compelled to trust to them, these representations would have the effect of warranty. There has sometimes been a disposition to hold that "a sound price implies a sound quality," and therefore that all goods fairly bought for a market are warranted by the seller as fit for the market. But this, which is the rule of the Roman civil law, seems now not to be law in any of our states excepting perhaps South Carolina and Louisiana. If an article is sold, how-tible of cultivation. There is an abundance of ever, not for general use or for a market, but for a specific purpose distinctly made known to the seller, he is held to warrant it to be fit for that purpose. But this rule does not apply where a specific article is bought merely in the belief that it will effect a certain purpose.Where goods are sold by sample, there is, by the prevailing rule, an implied warranty that the goods shall be equal to the sample; but if they are as good as the sample, this is enough, although the sample had a latent defect, unless the seller knew of this defect and purposely concealed it.-No warranty can be implied from circumstances, where there is an express refusal to warrant. But this rule is never permitted to cover actual fraud. Thus ships are frequently sold by auction, "as they are," or "with all faults." This is an exclusion of warranty; but if the seller knows of faults which are not obvious, and does or says any thing to conceal them or draw the attention of the buyer away from them (as where a ship had her bottom worm-eaten and her keel broken, and the seller took her from the ways and kept her afloat where the defects could not be seen), it would be held that the sale would be invalidated by the fraud, although there was no warranty. If the contract of sale is in writing, and there be no fraud, evidence is not admissible to show that there was a parol warranty outside of the contract, nor can a written warranty be enlarged or varied by parol. A mere receipted bill of parcels, however, is not looked upon as a contract of sale, and does not exclude parol evider.ce of a contemporaneous warranty.-Whatever may be the law as to implied warranties, it seems to be agreed that it has no application whatever to the sale or lease of real estate. From the numerous cases on this subject, it seems difficult to draw any other rule, than that in a deed of sale, or a lease of land or of a house or store, there is no warranty other than that or those which the instrument contains; none, for example, that the premises are fit for the purpose of habitation, occupation, or cultivation, or are adapted for the particular purpose for which they are bought or hired.-In prac iron ore, and limestone, marl, and graphite are found. The Adirondack railroad and the Glens Falls branch of the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad traverse it. The chief productions in 1870 were 5,966 bushels of wheat, 14,365 of rye, 92,322 of Indian corn, 127,261 of oats, 55,142 of buckwheat, 275,701 of potatoes, 533,467 lbs. of butter, 78,653 of wool, 26,245 of cheese, and 34,610 tons of hay. There were 3,158 horses, 5,944 milch cows, 5,551 other cattle, 20,333 sheep, and 2,166 swine; 1 manufactory of boots and shoes, 4 of lime, 1 of paper, 13 tanneries, 2 currying establishments, 1 flour mill, 21 saw mills, and 1 paper mill. Capital, Lake George (town of Caldwell). II. A N. W. county of New Jersey, bounded W. by Delaware river, separating it from Pennsylvania, and S. E. by the Musconetcong, and intersected by the Paulinskill and Puquest; area, about 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 34,336. The surface in parts is mountainous. The elevated portions are well adapted to pasturage, and the soil of the valleys is fertile. Iron ore, zinc, manganese, marble, soapstone, and roofing slate are found. It is traversed by the Morris canal and by the New Jersey Central, the Belvidere Delaware, the Morris and Essex, and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 295,802 bushels of wheat, 84,252 of rye, 747,951 of Indian corn, 322,804 of oats, 72,858 of buckwheat, 81,823 of potatoes, 867,831 lbs. of butter, 45,557 of wool, and 26,401 tons of hay. There were 6,020 horses, 9,145 milch cows, 4,322 other cattle, 14,362 sheep, and 12,501 swine; 9 manufactories of agricultural implements, 18 of carriages and wagons, 13 of clothing, 11 of furniture, 2 of pig iron, 3 of forged and rolled iron, 1 of nails and spikes, 9 of iron castings, 12 of lime, 1 of wrapping paper, 36 flour mills, 5 tanneries, 4 currying establishments, and 14 saw mills. Capital, Belvidere. III. A N. W. county of Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, intersected by the Alleghany river, and drained by Brokenstraw, Conewango, and other creeks; area, 832 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 23,897. The surface is hilly, and the soil generally fertile. There are large forests of excellent timber. Iron ore is found. This county forms part of the great oil region of Pennsylvania. It is intersected by the Philadelphia and Erie, the Atlantic and Great Western, the Oil Creek and Alleghany River, and the Dunkirk, Alleghany Valley, and Pittsburgh railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 26,759 bushels of wheat, 13,749 of rye, 98,850 of Indian corn, 253,380 of oats, 25,763 of buckwheat, 128,078 of potatoes, 759,853 lbs. of butter, 50,806 of wool, and 39,583 tons of hay. There were 3,599 horses, 7,422 milch cows, 6,352 other cattle, 15,337 sheep, and 3,387 swine; 2 manufactories of machinery, 9 flour mills, 4 planing mills, 105 saw mills, 10 tanneries, 3 iron founderies, and 4 coal-oil refineries. Capital, Warren. IV. A N. county of Virginia, intersected by the Shenandoah river; area, 200 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,716, of whom 1,105 were colored. The Blue Ridge extends along its S. E. border. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. Iron ore, copper, manganese, and limestone are found. It has railroad communication with Washington. The chief productions in 1870 were 100,197 bushels of wheat, 15,317 of rye, 122,700 of Indian corn, 27,252 of oats, 59,144 lbs. of butter, 1,117 of tobacco, 16,072 of wool, and 2,047 tons of hay. There were 1,526 horses, 1,268 milch cows, 7,538 other cattle, 5,185 sheep, and 3,745 swine; 1 manufactory of lime, 1 leather-currying establishment, 8 flour mills, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Front Royal. V. A N. county of North Carolina, bordering on Virginia, bounded N. W. by the Warren river, and intersected in the northeast by the Roanoke river; area, 391 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 17,768, of whom 12,992 were colored. The surface is elevated and undulating, and the soil fertile. There are several valuable mineral springs. The county is intersected by the Raleigh and Gaston railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 47,484 bushels of wheat, 256,803 of Indian corn, 49,509 of oats, 23,941 of sweet and 9,409 of Irish potatoes, 51,403 lbs. of butter, 6,774 of wool, 751,045 of tobacco, and 1,818 bales of cotton. There were 1,426 horses, 2,677 milch cows, 5,164 other cattle, 3,409 sheep, and 15,734 swine; 18 flour mills, and 7 saw mills. Capital, Warrenton. VI. An E. county of Georgia, bounded S. W. by the Ogeechee river; area, 450 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,545, of whom 6,260 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. Granite and soapstone abound. It is intersected by the Georgia and the Macon and Augusta railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 15,037 bushels of wheat, 117,518 of Indian corn, 12,549 of oats, 32,415 of sweet potatoes, 27,203 lbs. of butter, 4,787 of wool, and 7,605 bales of cotton. There were 963 horses, 1,479 milch cows, 3,269 other cattle, 2,269 sheep, and 7,749 swine; 1 cotton mill, and 3 saw mills. Capital, Warrenton. VII. A W. county of Mississippi, separated from Louisiana by the Mississippi river, bounded S. E. by Big Black river, and inter sected by Steel's bayou and the Yazoo; area, 575 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 26,769, of whom 18,862 were colored. The surface is hilly in the E. part and low and level along the Mississippi, and the soil fertile. All the rivers which border on or intersect the county are navigable by steamboats, and the Vicksburg and Meridian railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 213,073 bushels of Indian corn, 66,227 of sweet potatoes, and 32,175 bales of cotton. There were 1,872 horses, 2,839 mules and asses, 1,963 milch cows, 2,664 other cattle, 1,023 sheep, and 5,576 swine; 1 manufactory of railroad cars, 2 of machinery, 3 of iron castings, 3 of cotton-seed oil, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Vicksburg. VIII. A central county of Tennessee, bounded N. E. by the Caney fork of Cumberland river, and drained by the Collins river and its affluents; area, 440 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,714, of whom 1,955 were colored. The surface is mountainous in the E. and hilly in the W. part, and the soil tolerably fertile. The McMinnville and Manchester railroad connects the county seat with the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 73,391 bushels of wheat, 339,250 of Indian corn, 56,348 of oats, 16,918 of Irish and 17,152 of sweet potatoes, 134,499 lbs. of butter, 27,446 of tobacco, 105 bales of cotton, and 735 tons of hay. There were 3,218 horses, 2,781 milch cows, 4,564 other cattle, 12,495 sheep, and 18,814 swine; 3 flour mills, 2 cotton mills, 4 saw mills, and 6 tanneries. Capital, McMinnville. IX. A S. W. county of Kentucky, bounded N. by Green river and intersected by Big Barren river; area, 455 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 21,742, of whom 6,369 were colored. The surface is moderately hilly and the soil fertile. The county has several extensive caverns and monumental mounds. It is intersected by the Louisville and Nashville railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 190,904 bushels of wheat, 978,247 of Indian corn, 185,509 of oats, 19,964 of Irish and 21,452 of sweet potatoes, 53,183 lbs. of butter, 39,669 of wool, 2,035,159 of tobacco, and 2,154 tons of hay. There were 5,901 horses, 2,449 mules and asses, 3,965 milch cows, 7,284 other cattle, 16,344 sheep, and 39,722 swine; 12 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 2 of marble and stone work, 2 tanneries, 2 currying establishments, 2 flour mills, 1 planing mill, 5 saw mills, and 1 woollen mill. Capital, Bowling Green. X. A S. W. county of Ohio, intersected by the Miami and Little Miami rivers; area, 400 s. m.; pop. in 1870, 26,689. The surface is undulating and the soil highly fertile. It contains several ancient mounds and has an abundance of limestone. It is traversed by sev eral railroads erminating at Cincinnati and by the Miami cana The chief productions in 1870 were 427,674 bushels of wheat, 1,487,121 of Indian corn, 28,210 of oats, 157,273 of barley, 130,661 of potatoes, 574,554 lbs. of butter. 474,623 of wool, and 14,485 tons of hay. There were 7,801 horses, 6,487 milch cows, 7,491 other cattle, 19,710 sheep, and 32,836 swine; 9 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 2 of malt, 5 saw mills, and 9 flour mills. Capital, Lebanon. XI. A W. county of Indiana, bordering on Illinois and bounded S. E. by the Wabash river; area, 360 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,204. About half of the county is occupied by Grand prairie, the rest is undulating, and the soil is very fertile. The Wabash and Erie canal, and the Toledo, Wabash, and Western railroad pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 142,342 bushels of wheat, 442,874 of Indian corn, 122,153 of oats, 27,093 of potatoes, 107,505 lbs. of butter, 46,653 of wool, and 16,195 tons of hay. There were 4,126 horses, 2,557 milch cows, 10,093 other cattle, 13,006 sheep, and 14,746 swine. Capital, Williamsport. XII. A W. county of Illinois, drained by Henderson river and several smaller streams; area, 540 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 23,174. The surface is level and the soil highly fertile. Bituminous coal and limestone abound. It is intersected by the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, and the Rockford, Rock Island, and St. Louis railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 192,002 bushels of wheat, 72,212 of rye, 2,982,853 of Indian corn, 601,054 of oats, 85,152 of potatoes, 420,268 lbs. of butter, 52,718 of wool, and 36,037 tons of hay. There were 14,230 horses, 1,215 mules and asses, 8,358 milch cows, 16,679 other cattle, 12,735 sheep, and 52,191 swine; 3 manufactories of agricultural implements, 15 of carriages and wagons, 3 of iron castings, 5 flour mills, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Monmouth. XIII. A S. county of Iowa, intersected by South, Middle, and North rivers, and drained by several other tributaries of the Des Moines, which crosses the N. E. corner; area, 482 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 17,980. It has a diversified surface of prairie and woodland, and the soil is very fertile. Bituminous coal is abundant. A branch of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad from Des Moines terminates at the county seat. The chief productions in 1870 were 406,472 bushels of wheat, 1,925,914 of Indian corn, 169,217 of oats, 114,885 of potatoes, 382,568 lbs. of butter, 74,957 of wool, and 24,517 tons of hay. There were 7,830 horses, 5,660 milch cows, 9,826 other cattle, 24,569 sheep, and 31,582 swine; 2 flour mills, 21 saw mills, and 1 woollen mill. Capital, Indianola. XIV. An E. county of Missouri, bounded S. by the Missouri river; area, 350 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,673, of whom 741 were colored. It has a varied surface, and the soil, especially along the river, is extremely fertile. Limestone and sandstone of excellent quality abound. The St. Louis, Kansas City, and Northern railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 252,187 bushels of wheat, 729,010 of Indian corn, 415,375 of oats, 55,373 of potatoes, 209,662 lbs. of butter, 32,475 of wool, 296,745 of tobacco, and 3,948 tons of hay. There were 3,567 horses, 3,528 milch cows, 4,233 other cattle, 8,016 sheep, and 21,990 swine; 10 manufactories of furniture, 8 flour mills, and 4 saw mills. Capital, Warrenton. She WARREN. I. James, an American patriot, born in Plymouth, Mass., Sept. 28, 1726, died there, Nov. 27, 1808. He graduated at Harvard college in 1745, and became a merchant. In 1757 he was appointed high sheriff. He was a member of the general court in 1766, and during the revolution speaker of the house of representatives. In 1772 he proposed the establishment of committees of correspondence in the colony, a measure generally adopted. II. Mercy, an American authoress, wife of the preceding, born in Barnstable, Mass., Sept. 25, 1728, died in Plymouth, Oct. 19, 1814. was the sister of James Otis, the patriot and orator, and was married at the age of 26. She corresponded with the two Adamses, Jefferson, and other distinguished patriots, who were accustomed to consult her on momentous occasions. Her earliest productions were political satires in a dramatic form, and in 1790 she published a volume of poems, including two tragedies, entitled "The Sack of Rome" and "The Ladies of Castile." Her most important work, however, was a "History of the American Revolution" (3 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1805), prepared from notes taken during the war. WARREN, Sir John Borlase, an English admiral, born at Stapleford, Nottinghamshire, in 1754, died in Greenwich, Feb. 27, 1822. He was a midshipman on the Alderney sloop of war for some time in the North sea, and afterward studied at Cambridge. In 1774 he entered parliament, and in 1775 was created a baronet. When the American war began, he became a lieutenant in the Nonsuch, and in 1779 commander of the Helena sloop of war. In 1780 he was reelected to parliament, and in 1781 attained the rank of post captain. In 1793, on the commencement of the war with France, he was appointed to the Flora frigate, and in 1795 commanded the unsuccessful expedition to Quiberon bay to assist the insurrectionists of La Vendée. In 1797 he obtained the command of the Canada of 74 guns, and after some severe service off Brest went with a strong force to the coast of Ireland, where on Oct. 11, 1798, in a conflict with a French squadron, he captured the Hoche line-of-battle ship and three frigates. For this he was made rear admiral of the blue, with the thanks of parliament. In 1793 he was elected to parliament for Nottingham, and in 1802 reëlected. After the peace of Amiens he was sent to Russia as ambassador. In 1812 he had command in North America and the West Indies. At his death he was admiral of the white. He is the supposed author of "A View of the Naval Force of Great Britain" (8vo, 1791). WARREN. I. Joseph, an American patriot, born in Roxbury, Mass., June 11, 1741, killed in the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. He graduated at Harvard college in 1759, studied medicine, and at the age of 23 commenced practice in Boston. When Samuel Adams de |