TZAR. See CZAR. duced by the Lords of Murray and Morton against Mary Queen of Scots" (Edinburgh, TZARSKOYE SELO (Rus., "the czar's vil1760; enlarged ed., 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1790); lage"), or Sofia, a town of Russia and the imand he edited the "Poetical Remains of James perial summer residence, in the government I." (Edinburgh, 1783). II. Alexander Fraser, a and 15 m. S. of the city of St. Petersburg; Scottish jurist, son of the preceding, born in pop. about 12,000. It grew out of a country Edinburgh, Oct. 15, 1747, died there, Jan. 5, house and park of Peter the Great. The pres1813. He was called to the bar in 1770, and ent palace was built in 1744 by the empress became professor of universal history in the Elizabeth, and embellished by Catharine II. university of Edinburgh in 1786, judge advo- The main façade, besides the side wings, is cate of Scotland in 1790, and judge of the nearly 800 ft. long. The high walls of the court of session, with the title of Lord Wood- banquet hall and other rooms are resplendent houselee, in 1802. He published a "Supple- with gold and other precious metals. The ball ment to Lord Kames's Dictionary of Decisions rooms are among the largest and most gorto 1778" (Edinburgh, 1778; 2d ed., to 1796, geous of the kind anywhere. One room is en1797); "Plans and Outlines of a Course of tirely panelled in amber; another is fitted up Lectures on Universal History, Ancient and in Chinese fashion. The marble gallery comModern" (1782); "Essay on the Principles of municating with the palace is a stupendous Translation" (1791); England Profiting by and brilliant structure. The palace grounds Example" (1799); "Essay on the Military Law extend over a circumference of 18 m., employ and the Practice of Courts Martial" (1800); 600 persons, and contain some of the most "Elements of General History" (1801); “Me- wonderful artificial and natural attractions in moirs of the Life and Writings of Henry Home the world. They include a Gothic castle with of Kames (2 vols. 4to, 1807); and "Histori- Dannecker's "Christ," monuments of distincal and Critical Essay on the Life and Writings guished Russians, a pretty pavilion near the of Petrarch" (1810). His lectures were post-lake, and the arsenal in an English-Gothic red humously published under the title "Universal brick building erected by the emperor Nicholas History, from the Creation of the World to for collections of armor and curious relics. A the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century" (6 new and less costly palace was built by Alexvols. 18mo, London, 1834-5). III. Patrick ander I., and is inhabited in summer by the Fraser, a Scottish author, son of the preceding, imperial family. Conspicuous among the many born in Edinburgh, Aug. 30, 1791, died in Mal- churches is that connected with the palace, vern, England, Dec. 24, 1849. He was admitted with gilded dome and cupolas. On the way to the faculty of advocates in 1813, and after to the neighboring Pavlovsk is a triumphal practising law for several years devoted him- arch which Alexander I. erected to his comself to literature. In 1844 he received a gov-rades in the Napoleonic wars. In the same viernment pension of £200 a year for literary services. He published "Life of James Crichton of Cluny, commonly called the Admirable Crichton" (Edinburgh, 1819); "Life and Writings of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton " (1823); "Life of John Wicklyff" (1826); “History | of Scotland, 1149-1603" (9 vols., 1828-'43); "Lives of Scottish Worthies" (3 vols., 1831'3); "Historical View of the Progress of Discovery on the more Northern Coasts of America" (1832); "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh (1833); “Life of King Henry VIII." (1837); and "England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, with the Contemporary History of Europe" (2 vols., 1839). TZANA, or Dembea, a lake of Abyssinia, in lat. 12° N., lon. 37° 15′ E., in a fertile grain-producing region, 6,110 ft. above the sea. It is 50 m. long, 25 m. wide, has a depth in some places of 600 ft., and contains several islands, some of which are inhabited. It receives numerous streams, and is traversed in the S. part by the Abai, the Nile of Bruce. cinity are imperial villas at Gatchina, Tchesme, and Krasnoye Selo, all, like Tzarskoye Selo, connected by rail with St. Petersburg. TZSCHIRNER, Heinrich Gottlieb, a German theologian, born at Mittweida, Saxony, Nov. 14, 1778, died Feb. 17, 1828. He studied theology at Leipsic, entered holy orders in 1801, and became professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1805, and at Leipsic in 1809, superintendent at Leipsic in 1815, and prebendary of Meissen in 1818. He was one of the most effective opponents of the Catholic reaction in Germany. His works include a continuation of the church history of Schrökh (2 vols., Leipsic, 1810); Protestantismus und Katholicismus aus dem Standpunkte der Politik betrachtet (1822; translated into English, French, and Dutch); Das Reactionssystem (1824); Briefe eines Deutschen an die Herren Chateaubriand, De Lamennais, &c. (edited by Krug, 1828); Vorlesungen über die christliche Glaubenslehre (edited by Hase, 1829); and Der Fall des Heidenthums (unfinished; edited by Niedner, 1829). U UDINE 101 THE 21st letter and 5th vowel of the U able with a, as in the Arabic definite article, U, English alphabet. It is not found in which is rendered ul and al, or in Ger. Hut, diphthongs @ and oi, as Lat. cura, old form UCCELLO (PAOLO DI DONO), an Italian painter, born in Florence about 1390, died about 1472. He was called Uccello from his predilection for birds. He was the first painter to develop the principles of perspective. He painted principally in fresco. Few of his works remain. the Semitic languages, which have no dis- Eng. hat; with i, as Lat. maxumus and maxitinct letters for vowels proper, and was prob-mus; with o, as Lat. dulcis, It. dolce; with the ably originally wanting in the Greek, in which its modern equivalent is ov; in the Hebrew its place is supplied by the letter vav and in the Armenian by hiun, both of which are pronounced sometimes as vowels and sometimes as consonants. In the Latin also it frequently had the force of a consonant, as in the words uaco, uelox, silua, now written vaco, velox, silva. It was in fact constantly confounded with V, and for some time a distinction was made between U vowel and U consonant, the latter name being applied to the character V; and till near the close of the 16th century they were used interchangeably in printing, V sometimes only as the capital and sometimes as the initial letter in all cases, and u as the small letter in all cases or only in the interior of words. In the Gothic alphabets the distinction was made. much earlier than in the Latin. In the socalled long sound peculiar to the English u, as in dupe, there is an intimate junction of the sounds of e and oo, exactly represented by ew in few; it is expressed in Italian and Spanish by iu, as in fiume and ciudad, and in French by iou, as in Sioux. In u initial, as in unite, the e is replaced by its liquid equivalent y, the pronunciation becoming yoonite. In an unaccented syllable, the union of a preceding d, 8, , or t with the y element of u produces the sound of j, sh, zh, or ch, as in verdure, tonsure, measure, azure, virtue. This effect also appears under accentuation in sure and its derivatives and sugar, and vulgarly in sumach. The short sound of u in sup is peculiar to the English and Dutch, being nearly equivalent to short o in most other languages, and to eu in French and ō in German. The normal sound of u in Italian, German, and most other European languages is oo, long and short. The latter is heard in the English bull, full, pulpit, &c. The former (as in boot) is commonly said to be the sound of u after r, as in rule; bat the great majority of educated speakers, at least in the United States, seem to make this nearly identical with the u in dupe. In French the letter has a sound of its own (that of e modified in the direction of oo), which cannot be represented in our tongue, and resembling the German u. In some cases in English, and in many more in other languages, u when followed by another vowel has the sound of English w, as after q. In English and French it is silent between g and a vowel, while in Spanish it is pronounced before a; in the latter again (as usually also in French) it is silent after q, for which c is substituted when the u is to be pronounced, as in cuestion. In Italian and German u is never silent.-U is interchange UCHEES, a small tribe of American Indians, first found on both sides of the Savannah river as far down as the Ogeechee. They were civil, orderly, and industrious, and their women were noted for chastity. In the troubles about the time of the Yemassee war they moved to the Chattahoochee, and finally were merged in the Creek confederacy, emigrating with them to the Indian territory. Though long identified with the Creeks, they retain their own language and customs. The former is peculiarly harsh and guttural. UDALL, Nicholas, an English author, born in Hampshire in 1506, died in 1564. He was educated at Oxford, was master successively of Eton and Westminster schools, and in the early part of the reign of Edward VI. was appointed to a canonry at Windsor. He published "Flovres for Latyne Spekynge" (London, 1533), a series of selections from Terence; some translations from the Latin works of Erasmus; and a Latin tragedy, De Papatu (1540). He was probably the first writer of regular English comedies, divided into acts and scenes. Wood says he wrote several, but only one is extant, "Ralph Roister Doister" (reprinted by the Shakespeare society, London, 1847). UDINE. I. A N. E. province of Italy, in Venetia, embracing the larger portion of the former duchy of Friuli, and bordering on Aus tria and the Adriatic; area, 2,515 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 481,586. The chief river is the Tagliamento. The N. part is covered with offshoots of the Alps, and the S. part is marshy; about one half of it is level. Agriculture has made considerable progress during the last 50 years, and the cereals produced in the level districts now suffice for the whole province. In the production of silk Udine occupies the first rank in Italy. It has also marble caves and sulphur springs. The province is divided into 17 districts. II. A town, capital of the province, in an extensive plain on the canal of La Roja, 60 m. N. E. of Venice, and 38 m. N. W. of Trieste; pop. about 26,700. It is walled and fortified, and has a fine cathedral, several hospitals, and a monumental pillar by Camalli, erected to commemorate the peace of 1797 concluded at the neighboring village of Campo Formio. The campo santo is one of the finest cemeteries in Europe. | lasting ten days. Ufa was laid out as a fortress toward the close of the 16th century, and was improved after a conflagration in 1816. UGGIONE, Marco da. See OGGIONE. UGOCSA, a N. E. county of Hungary, in the Trans-Tibiscan circle, bordering on the counties of Bereg, Mármaros, and Szatmár; area, 460 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 67,498, chiefly Ruthenians and Magyars. The N. and E. parts are mountainous. It is intersected by the Theiss. Pastures, forests, and mines abound, and the principal pursuits are cattle raising and fishing. Capital, Nagy-Szöllös. UGOLINO. See GHERARDESCA. UGRIANS. See FINNS. UHLAND, Johann Ludwig, a German poet, born in Tübingen, April 26, 1787, died there, Nov. 13, 1862. He graduated in law at Tübingen in 1810, and from 1812 to 1814 practised at Stuttgart in connection with the ministry of justice. He wrote poetry for periodicals as early as 1806. The war of independence against Napoleon roused his patriotic feelings, and the first collection of his Gedichte (1815) was received with great enthusiasm; and over 50 edi UEBERWEG, Friedrich, a German historian of philosophy, born near Solingen, Rhenish Prussia, Jan. 22, 1826, died in Königsberg, June 7, 1871. He completed his studies at Göttingen | and Berlin, and was a tutor at the universitytions, gradually enlarged, have since appeared. of Bonn from 1852 to 1862, and subsequently professor of philosophy at Königsberg. His works include System der Logik und Geschichte der logischen Lehren (Bonn, 1857; 3d ed., 1868; English translation by Thomas Lindsay, London, 1871), in which he agreed with Trendelenburg in the renewed founding of logic on Aristotelian principles; Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie von Thales bis auf die Gegenwart (3 vols., Berlin, 1862-'6; English translation from the 4th German ed., "History of Philosophy," by George S. Morris, with addi-. tions by President Porter of Yale college, a preface by Professors Henry B. Smith and Philip Schaff, and an appendix on Italian philosophy by Vincenzo Botta, New York, 1872-'4); and a translation of Berkeley's "Principles of Human Knowledge" (in Kirchmann's Philosophische Bibliothek, 1869), which gave rise to a controversy. See Friedrich Ueberweg, by Prof. Fr. A. Lange of Zürich (Berlin, 1871). UFA. I. An E. government of European Russia, bordering on Perm, Orenburg (of which till 1865 it formed the N. W. part), Samara, Kazan, and Viatka; area, 47,031 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,364,925. The Ural mountains constitute the E. frontier; the rest of the surface is hilly or level. It is watered by the Bielaya river, a tributary of the Kama, and its numerous affluents, the most important of which is the Ufa. The region of the Bielaya is the most fertile in the Ural mountains. II. A city, capital of the government, at the confluence of the Ufa and Bielaya, built on rocks and surrounded by mountains, 200 m. N. by E. of Orenburg; pop. in 1867, 20,166. It is the seat of a Greek bishop and of a Mohammedan mufti, and has an ecclesiastical seminary, a gymnasium, 12 Greek churches, and a mosque. In January a large fair is held, In 1819 he became a member of the Würtemberg assembly. He was professor of the German language and literature at Tübingen from 1830 to 1833, when he resigned to take a more active part as a liberal leader in the diet, from which he retired in 1839. In 1848 he was a member of the Frankfort parliament. His works include, besides the above mentioned collection of Gedichte, the dramas Ernst von Schwaben and Ludwig der Bayer (1817-'19; 3d ed., 1863); Alte hoch- und niederdeutsche Volkslieder (1844-5); and Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage (8 vols., 1865'73), comprising his learned works relating to early German and Norse literature and mythology. He had in his days no superior as a lyrical poet. Longfellow has translated some of his pieces. Alexander Platt translated his "Poems" (Leipsic, 1848), W. W. Skeat his "Songs and Ballads" (London, 1864), and W. C. Sanders his "Poems" (1869).-See Ludwig Uhland, seine Freunde und Zeitgenossen, by Mayer (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1867); Uhland's Leben, edited by his widow (Stuttgart, 1874); and Uhland und Rückert, by S. Pfizer (1875). UIGURS. See TURKS. UINTAH, the W. county of Wyoming, bounded N. by Montana, S. by Utah, and W. by Utah, Idaho, and Montana; area, about 13,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 856. It is crossed by the Rocky mountains, and contains the sources of the Green, Snake, Yellowstone, and Missouri rivers. It contains deposits of coal. The N. portion is occupied by the Yellowstone national park. (See WYOMING.) The Union Pacific railroad crosses the S. part. The Uintah mountains lie along its S. border in Utah, projecting E. from the Wahsatch range. Capital, Evanston. | UJIJI, a district of central Africa, on the E. shore of Lake Tanganyika, about half way UKRAINE between its centre and N. extremity, bounded N. by the district of Urundi, E. by Ubuha, S. by Ukaranga, and W. by the lake. The surface is hilly, the soil exceedingly fertile, and the climate humid. It is one of the most productive districts in the region. The principal crops are ground nuts, peas, beans, haricots, and holcus; but sugar cane, tobacco, and cotton are sometimes raised. Among the fruits are the Guinea palm and the plantain, and among the vegetables are the sweet potato, yam, egg plant, manioc, and cucumber. The inhabitants, the Wajiji, are a large, strong race, with dark skins, which they tattoo, woolly hair, and large flat feet and hands. What is generally called the town of Ujiji, or Kawele, is a collection of huts and mud hovels on the shore of the lake (lat. 4° 58' 3" S., lon. 30° 4' 30" E.), around a raised plot of ground called the bazaar, where the coast Arabs come to trade. It was here that Stanley found Livingstone, Nov. 10, 1871. UKRAINE (Pol. Ukraina, border land), formerly the name of a S. E. province of independent Poland, on both sides of the Dnieper, and bordering on the Tartar territories. In later times it was divided into Polish and Russian Ukraine. Since 1793 it has wholly belonged to Russia, and it is now identical with Little Russia, comprising the governments of Kiev, Tchernigov, Poltava, and Kharkov. (See COSSACKS.) ULEABORG. I. The northernmost län of Finland, Russia, bordering on Norway and Sweden; area, 63,955 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 185,890. It is mountainous, and contains a vast number of lakes and marshes, including Lake Enare. On account of its high latitude, it is little fitted for agriculture. The chief product is berries. The main pursuits are fishing and bird catching. II. A town, capital of the län, on a peninsula at the mouth of the Ulea (Swed. Uled) in the gulf of Bothnia, 330 m. N. of Helsingfors; pop. in 1867, 7,602. It has a lighthouse, a fine church, and much industry and trade, in which it ranks next to Abo. On an adjacent island is the old castle of Uleaborg. In 1854 an English fleet destroyed much national Russian property at Uleaborg, as well as at Brahestad, in the same province. ULEMA (the Arabic plural of alim, a learned man), the collective name of the body of learned men in Turkey. In a general sense ulema are persons who are learned in both law and divinity. They form a distinct body in Constantinople, whose office is to watch over the correct interpretation of the Koran and the right application of its teachings to law and polity. The head of the ulema is the grand mufti or sheikh ul-islam; next to him come the kaziaskiers, of whom there is one for Europe and one for Asia; the third class are the mollahs, the superior judges in the provinces; and after them are the cadis and the common muftis. (See CADI, and MUFTI.) The kaziaskiers have a voice and vote in the divan, and all cadis are appointed by and subject to them. ULEX, a genus of much branched, very thorny shrubs of the leguminosa, popularly called furze and gorse, and sometimes whin. The simple leaves are mostly reduced to mere prickles, and the numerous short branches terminate in spines; the axillary, yellow flowers have a calyx deeply divided into two lips, and colored like the petals; the stamens are united to form a complete tube; the pod is few-seeded. There are about a dozen species, natives of Europe and northern Africa; two are found in Great Britain, and others are sometimes cultivated. The common furze (U. Europaus) is a very social plant, often covering large tracts, forming a feature in the landscape, and when in flower is very attractive. In exposed situations it is a straggling bush, but in the shelter of woods it grows 10 ft. high, and in southern Europe 18 ft.; it is sometimes seen in collections of shrubbery in this country, but it is difficult to keep in the northern states; in England, though a native, in severe winters it is killed to the ground. The principal use of the plant is as a food for cattle; it has long been the custom in Normandy to cut the tops, and, after passing them through a mill to crush the spines, to feed them in the green state; it is there cultivated for this purpose, as it has been in parts of England, but its intrinsic value as food does not warrant the cost of its cultivation and preparation; its growth is encouraged in England as a game cover. There is a double-flowered variety, and another form with compact and erect branches called Irish furze. Some regard the dwarf or French furze as a variety of the preceding, while others consider it distinct (U. nanus); it is much smaller, and has deeper yellow flowers, which appear from August to December, while the other blooms in spring. Furze or Gorse (Ulex Europæus). ULFILAS, Ulphilas, Ulfila, or Wulfila, a Gothic bishop, born among the Goths in 310 or 311, died in Constantinople about 381. He is believed to have belonged to a family of Cappadocian Christians, whom the Goths had carried into captivity about 267. He was master of the Gothic, Greek, and Hebrew languages, became bishop of the Goths in 341, and in 348, at the head of the Christian minority of his people, and with the permission of the emperor Constantius, he settled in Moesian territory, near Nicopolis. He persuaded his followers to devote themselves to agriculture and the peaceful arts, while the pagan majority only thought of war. He propagated among his people the love of letters, formed an alphabet of 24 characters based on the Greek, and translated for popular use into Moso-Gothic the whole Bible except the books of Kings. This version, in which it is thought he was assisted by his friend and successor Senelas, and of which only fragments exist, is the earliest known specimen of the Teutonic language. Among its recent editors and commentators are Gabelenz, Löbe, Massmann, and Stamm. A new edition, by E. Bernhardt, with various readings, a commentary, and critical introduction, together with the Greek text, appeared at Halle in 1876. Ulfilas's Bible was in constant use among the Gothic peoples so long as they preserved their nationality. (See GOTHIC LANGUAGE AND Literature, vol. viii., pp. 124, 125, and ARGENTEUS CODEX.) He was a semiArian, subscribed the creed of Rimini in 359, was at the Arian synod of Constantinople in 360, and died while attending the ecumenical council of 381.-See Waitz, Ueber das Leben und die Lehre des Ulfilas (1840), and Bessel, Ueber das Leben des Ulfilas und die Bekehrung der Gothen (1860). ULLMANN, Karl, a German theologian, born at Epfenbach, Bavaria, March 15, 1796, died in Carlsruhe, Jan. 12, 1865. He was successively professor at Halle and Heidelberg, and in 1853 became bishop of the state church in Baden, and in 1856 president of the supreme ecclesiastical council, retiring in 1860. He was a friend and adopted the views of Schleiermacher. In 1828 he joined Umbreit in establishing the Protestant quarterly review entitled Studien und Kritiken, for which he wrote able essays, afterward enlarged in separate publications. His works include Gregor von Nazianz (Darmstadt, 1825); Historisch oder mythisch? directed against Strauss's "Life of Christ" (Hamburg, 1838); Ueber den Cultus des Genius (1840; English translation, "The Worship of Genius," London, 1846); Ueber die Reformatoren vor der Reformation (2 vols., 1841; English translation, "Reformers before the Reformation," by Robert Menzies, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1855); Ueber die Sündlosigkeit Christi (1841; 7th ed., Gotha, 1863; English translation, "Apologetic View of the Sinless Character of Jesus," Edinburgh, 1841); and Ueber das Wesen des Christenthums (Hamburg, 1845; 4th ed., Gotha, 1854). ULLOA, Antonio de, a Spanish naval officer, born in Seville, Jan. 12, 1716, died in the Isla de Leon, near Cadiz, July 3, 1795. He was educated for the navy, became in 1733 a member of the royal marine guards, and in 1735 a lieutenant, when he was sent to South America with the French academicians who were commissioned to measure a degree of the meridian at the equator. From this he was called away to assist in putting the coast in a state of defence against Lord Anson's expedition. In October, 1744, he embarked for Europe, but was captured by the British, and carried to London, where his scientific friends obtained his liberty, and made him a member of the royal society. On his return to Spain in 1746 he wrote a history of the expedition, the scientific portion being written by his companion, Jorge Juan (4 vols., Madrid, 1748; translated into English, "A Voyage to South America," 2 vols., London, 1772; 4th ed., 1806). In 1755 he went a second time to America, and after the peace of 1763 was made governor of Louisiana, where he arrived in March, 1766. An insurrection obliged him to leave the colony, and he returned to Europe. In 1772 he published a volume of essays on the natural history and antiquities of America, and in 1778 "Observations of a Solar Eclipse made at Sea." He was now a lieutenant general in the naval service, and was appointed to the command of a squadron intended to capture off the Azores an English merchant fleet heavily laden, and afterward to sail to Havana and join an expedition fitting out against Florida. Absorbed in his scientific investigations, Ulloa forgot to open his sealed orders, and after cruising about for two months without success returned. He was tried in 1780 by a court martial demanded by himself, and, though acquitted, never again engaged in active service. ULM, a city of Würtemberg, capital of the circle of the Danube, situated in a fertile valley on the left bank of the Danube at its junction with the Iller and Blau, and at the foot of the E. spurs of the Swabian Alps, 45 m. S. E. of Stuttgart; pop. in 1871, 26,214. The Danube becomes here fully navigable, and forms the boundary between Würtemberg and Bavaria. The town has the quaint and stately aspect of most former imperial cities, and contains many memorable public and private buildings. The Münster is one of the most celebrated achievements of early German architecture, and one of the largest Protestant churches in Germany. Its stained glass windows are of remarkable finish, and it has many works of art and a very large organ. The tower, originally designed to be 500 ft. high, only rises to about 250 ft. The edifice has been for some time in process of restoration. The provincial authorities occupy the former palace of the order of Teutonic knights, and there is also a royal palace. The city library, one of the earliest in Germany, contains a collection of remarkable antiquities. Ulm is one of the great commercial centres of Würtemberg, though railway traffic has become a formidable rival of the trade on the Danube. The railways to Stuttgart, Friedrichshafen, Augsburg, Kempten, and Blaubeuern all form a junction at Ulm in a single station. The products include fine flour and pipe bowls, which have a wide reputation. The trade is especially active in deals. -Ulm was formerly an imperial city of the Swabian circle, and held the most prominent |