feet, where he procured specimens of sulphur, basalt and lava which he sent to the cabinet at West Point. He was chosen a member of the Geographical Society of Mexico, as a testimonial of respect for his ability as an explorer,

In February, 1857, he was sent to Washington as bearer of despatches to the State Department. Soon after his return to the United States, he was ordered to Fort Adams, at Newport, in Rhode Island, and in the autumn of the same year, was sent to Kansas and became attached to the command of Captain Lyons, subsequently the lamented General Lyons, who fell at Wilson's creek. In the spring of 1858, he accompanied Major W. T. Sherman's expedition against the Indians on the Red River of the North; subsequently he was attached to another expedition that crossed the country to Fort Laramie, and in the following spring was ordered to the East. In August, 1860, he was assigned as surgeon to Fort Moultrie, in Charleston Harbor. Dr. Crawford remained on duty with the garrison at this point until it was surrendered in April, 1861; he rendered efficient services in transferring the command to Fort Sumter, and during the bombardment commanded a battery.

After the garrison from Fort Sumter reached New York, Crawford was promoted to a majority in the Third regiment United States Infantry, commanded by Colonel W. T. Sherman, and was ordered to report to General Rosecrans in Western Virginia, who made him inspector-general on his staff. In April, 1862, he was promoted to a brigadiergeneralship, and ordered to report to General Banks; he arrived at Strasburg the day before Bank's retreat down the valley, and when the corps reached Williamsport, he was assigned to the command of the First brigade.

General Crawford marched up the valley in pursuit of Jackson's forces, and subsequently became attached to the Army of Virginia, and rendered distinguished service in the battle of Cedar Mountain, where he received, on the

field, the commendations of General Pope for conspicuous gallantry. In the retirement of Pope's army, Crawford commanded a division in Bank's corps, and hence was not again engaged with the enemy. He led his command in the Maryland campaign, and, in the battle of Antietam, was severely wounded while rallying his regiment to a charge. He was carried to Chambersburg and did not recover from his wound sufficiently to return to duty until February, 1863, when he was placed on a military commission in Washington, and in May was assigned to the command of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps.

Captain R. T. Auchmuty was appointed assistant adjutantgeneral on the division staff, and Captain Louis Livingston accompanied the general as an aid-de-camp. Both these officers were from New York, and served with distinction in the campaigns of the Reserves.

About the 25th of May, General Lee, who had continued to occupy the line of the Rappahannock, began to move his forces up the river. General Hooker kept a close watch on his movements, so as not to allow the Confederate general to steal a march, or outmanoeuvre him. It was soon apparent to the commander of the Army of the Potomac, that General Lee contemplated an offensive campaign northward. Early in June the army was put in motion towards Warrenton and Centreville, for the purpose of keeping the forces between the National Capital and the rebel army, until the intentions of the enemy should become more fully developed.

General Lee had already gained the valley of the Shenandoah, had pushed forward Ewell's corps to Williamsport, had sent a division into Maryland, and, finding no opposition, had advanced into the borders of Pennsylvania. He had hoped by this movement to deceive General Hooker, and to induce him to hurry his whole army across the Potomac to meet the invading force, and whilst the army would be marching into Pennsylvania, he intended, by a rapid movement, to march through Ashby's and

Snicker's gaps, and to attack Washington from the south side before Hooker could recross the river to defend it. General Hooker, however, was not the man to be easily deceived; he pushed forward his cavalry corps, which was more than a match for Stuart's rebel forces, and ordered the troops to penetrate the gaps of the Blue ridge, and watch the movements of the enemy. In the meantime, the whole army of the Potomac was massed near Fairfax court-house, to await the further movements of the rebel general. After numerous attempts to defeat Hooker by strategy, Lee finally advanced boldly with his whole army, crossed the Potomac at Williamsport, marched through Hagerstown, and thence into the borders of Pennsylvania. His scouts penetrated as far as the line of the Susquehannah, which was defended by General Couch, commanding the Pennsylvania militia, and several regiments from the states of New York and New Jersey. The rebels sent out strong foraging parties, and Ewell's corps occupied Carlisle, York and the intervening country. A brigade of cavalry captured Wrightsville, on the Susquehannah, and attempted to cross the river into Lancaster county. A sharp skirmish occurred for the possession of the bridge at that point, and when the militia were driven across the river, Robert Crane, superintendent of the Reading and Columbia Railroad, with a party of men selected for the purpose, attempted to sever the bridge and blow up the span on the Wrightsville side, but, being hard pressed by the enemy, who had gained possession of that end of the bridge, Mr. Crane was ordered to apply the torch and destroy the bridge; the structure was old and every beam had become thoroughly seasoned, the flames therefore, spread rapidly, and in a few moments the river was spanned by a bridge of fire. The rebels rushed forward with water to extinguish the flames, but failed. They then attempted to shell the town of Columbia, on the northeast bank of the river, but it was soon demonstrated that their guns were of too short range to carry across the stream, which at that point is about a mile and a half in width.

As soon as General Hooker learned that Lee had crossed into Maryland with his whole force, he put his army in motion, and, on the 24th of June, crossed the Potomac at Point of Rocks and Edward's Ferry, and concentrated his troops in the vicinity of Frederick, in the state of Maryland.

When the Pennsylvania Reserves learned that their native state had been invaded, they requested to be led against the enemy. Some of the regiments petitioned their commanding officers praying them to procure orders from Washington to march with the army of the Potomac into Maryland. Colonel McCandless, commanding the First brigade, received the following petition :

"COLONEL :--We, the undersigned, officers of the Second regiment P. R. C., having learned that our native state has been invaded by a rebel force, respectfully ask that you will, if it be in your power, have us ordered within the borders of our state for her defence.

"Under McCall, Reynolds, Meade, Seymour and yourself we have more than once met and fought the enemy where he was at home; now we wish to meet him again when he threatens our homes, our families and our firesides. Could our wish in this be realized, we feel that we could do some service to the state that sent us to the field, and not diminish, if we could not increase, the lustre that already attaches to our name."

Both General Reynolds, commanding the First, and General Meade, commanding the Fifth corps, had already applied to the War Department to have the Reserves attached to their commands. In response to these urgent appeals an order was issued, and on the 25th of June, two brigades, the First, commanded by Colonel McCandless, and the Third, Colonel Fisher, marched towards Leesburg, and on Saturday, the 27th, crossed the Potomac on a pontoon bridge near Edward's Ferry, and encamped on the Monocacy. The division, commanded by General Crawford, had been assigned to Meade's corps, and early on Sunday morning moved up to Frederick to join their comrades,