was taken out of court and severely flogged.*

These events naturally incensed the people, and the Regulators became still more determined to bring about a discontinuance of such practices. Led by such men as Husband, James Hunter, James Few, James Pugh and Thomas Person, the people in an attempt to secure their rights, suddenly rose in arms against this unjust government. Thereupon, Governor Tryon collected 1,100 militia, and on May 1, 1770, marched against the Regulators, who numbered some 2,000, although only about 1,000 were armed. Coming up with the force of Regulators on May 16, at Alamance, a crushing defeat was inflicted upon them, with many wounded and a loss variously reported at from 9 to 200 lives.† Between 60 and 70 of the militia were killed or wounded. A number of the Regulators were afterward tried, twelve of them being condemned to death on the charge of high treason. Six of these were actually executed;‡ the rest of the fugitives, except some of the leaders who escaped from the province, submitted to the govern

* Fitch, pp. 171–172, 174–175; Lossing, pp. 367– 368; The South in the Building of the Nation, vol. i., p. 454.

Fitch, chap. iv.; Lossing, pp. 369-372; The South in the Building of the Nation, vol. i., p.

455.

Fitch, p. 242 et seq.; D. A. Tompkins, History of Mecklenburg County and the city of Charlotte from 1740 to 1903, pp. 38-39, and also vol. ii., pp. 60-63, 96-99.

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ment and finally took the oath of allegiance to the royal authority."

Tryon, however, though he had dissolved an Assembly in 1769 for following the lead of Virginia in resisting the royal edicts, somehow managed to retain most of his popularity with the aristocratic element in North Carolina. This was due partly to the fact that he kept out of all disputes with the Assembly, and partly to his settlement of the boundary dispute between North and South Carolina, to the great advantage of the northern province. Soon after he suppressed the insurrection of the Regulators, however, he was transferred to the governorship of New York, being succeeded in office by Josiah Martin. The latter sought to curry favor with the inhabitants by defending and countenancing those who participated in the Regulator insurrection. On the other hand, he sought to recommend himself to the authorities at home by disputing with and complaining of the provincial Assembly.†

See Bassett, The Regulators of North Carolina; Raper, History of North Carolina; North Carolina Colonial Records, vols. vii.-ix.; Howard, Preliminaries of the Revolution, pp. 222–225; Bancroft, vol. iii., pp. 398-403; Haywood, Governor Tryon and his Administration; Foote, Sketches of North Carolina; Husband, Affairs of North Carolina; Moore, History of North Carolina, vol. i.; Wheeler, History of North Carolina; Caruthers, Life of Dr. Caldwell; Stockard, History of Alamance; Williamson, History of North Carolina; Clewell, History of Wachovia; Caruthers, Old North State; Jones, Defense of North Carolina.

Grahame, History of the United States, vol. ii., pp. 465-467. See also Hildreth, vol. ii., pp. 567-570; Tompkins, History of Mecklenburg County, vol. i., p. 41 et seq.

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One of the results of Tryon's course was to drive some of the rebellious citizens of the colony into the wilderness to establish new settlements in what are now Kentucky and Tennessee. Among these so-called rebels, was James Robertson, who in 1771 had conducted a party of settlers to the banks of the Watauga, one of the headwaters of the Tennessee, where some Virginians had already settled.* Ascertaining that the territory belonged to North Carolina, though large tracts of it were still claimed by the Indians, Robertson induced the Cherokees to lease the lands to his company. Robertson was now joined by John Sevier, and in the spring of 1772 the settlers held a general convention at which they formed themselves into a state independent of British authority. This was known as the Watauga Association, and its leaders were the first of American birth to establish a free and independent community on this continent. In 1776 the territory was represented in the North Carolina Assembly and officially named the District of Washington, the first place in America named after George Washington. In 1777 Washington District became Washington County, then embracing the entire State of Tennessee. In 1785 some of the settlers became discontented and formed the State of Franklin, with John

* James Phelan, History of Tennessee, p. 30. Roosevelt, Winning of the West, vol. i., p. 183.

Sevier as governor, maintaining a separate government until 1788, when it was dissolved and the jurisIdiction of North Carolina acknowledged and reëstablished. Two years later, in 1790, the entire territory was ceded by North Carolina to the Federal government and formed into "The Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio." James Robertson was the prime mover also in the establishment in 1780 of a settlement on the Cumberland River west of the Alleghany Mountains, where Nashville now stands. The colonists for many years endured all the hardships incident to pioneer life, being subjected, among other things, to ceaseless perils from the warlike tribes of Indians in the vicinity.*

Daniel Boonet was another of the North Carolinians who engaged in exploring the unsettled districts. A

* On the Watauga settlement see James Phelan, History of Tennessee, chap. iii.; John Haywood, Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee, chap. ii.; J. G. M. Ramsay, Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century, chap. ii.; The South in the Building of the Nation, vol. ii., pp. 466 et seq.; Winsor, The Westward Movement, chap. vi.; C. L. Hunter, Sketches of Western North Carolina; G. C. Broadhead, Settlements West of the Alleghanies Prior to 1776, in Magazine of American History, vol. xxix., pp. 332-337; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, vol. i., pp. 166-193; F. J. Turner, Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era, in American Historical Review, vol. i., pp. 75-78; Connor, Life of James Robertson (1908); Putnam, History of Middle Tennessee, or Life and Times of James Robertson; James R. Gilmore, Advance Guard of Western Civilization, and John Sevier as a Commonwealth Builder.

This name is spelled also "Boon." See Roosevelt, Winning of the West, vol. i., p. 137.

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Kentucky now began to be settled, but there were several set-backs, such as Dunmore's War, to be described presently. Under the leadership of Henderson and some other North Carolinians, the Transylvania Company was formed, and without pretence of authority, the greater part of the most fertile territory of Kentucky was purchased from the Indians. This tract, which comprised nearly 20,000,000 acres, "began at the mouth of the Kentucky River, running with that stream to its source, thence following the crest of the mountains to the source of the Cumberland, thence down that river to the Ohio, and thence up the Ohio to the beginning.† The scheme was denounced by Dunmore but it was popular with the settlers and in a few months Henderson, who had opened a land office at Boonesborough, had issued warrants for 560,000 acres of land, the deeds being given as of the " Colony of Transylvania."

Henderson now proposed to establish an independent government, and, with that end in view, called a convention to meet at Boonesborough on May 23, 1775. At this convention were delegates from Boonesborough,

St. Asaphs (Logan's Station). The convention assumed legislative functions and passed laws to establish a judicial system, to regulate the militia, to punish criminals, to prevent profane swearing and Sabbath breaking, to guarantee religious freedom and toleration, to preserve the right of public pasture, to preserve the breed of horses, to protect game, for writs of attachment, and for ascertaining the fees of clerks and sheriffs.* The lands occupied by Henderson and the settlers were part of the western claims of Virginia, thus all of these proceedings were annulled in 1778 by the General Assembly of Virginia. But, to compensate these men for the expense incurred and their efforts to promote immigration, Virginia and North Carolina each granted Henderson and his colleagues 200,000 acres of their public lands.† Meanwhile a number of the Transylvania settlers had signed a memorial‡ asking, as a measure of protection against the Indians, the extension of Virginia authority over the settlement, delegating Gabriel John Jones and George Rogers Clark to present the memorial. Virginia therefore absorbed Transyl

Collins, Kentucky, vol. ii., p. 508; Shaler, Kentucky, pp. 69–70; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, vol. i., pp. 262-266.

Shaler, p. 72; The South in the Building of the Nation, p. 247; Roosevelt, p. 267.

Hall, Sketches of History in the West, vol. fi., pp. 236-239.

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The subsequent career of Daniel Boone, though extremely interesting, cannot be given much notice here. He was taken prisoner by the Indians during the Revolution, but became so well liked that he was adopted into their tribe. However, when the Indians assembled to invade Kentucky and to destroy Boonesborough, Boone slipped away from the red men and rushed into the wilderness to warn the whites, traveling 150 miles in six days. His timely warning enabled the whites to ward off the threatened attack. At the end of the

Revolution he became a farmer, but learned that the lands which he had discovered and which he believed belonged to him had been granted to a land-speculator in the East. Being compelled to withdraw, Boone went

F. J. Turner, Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era, in American Historical Review, vol. i., pp. 77-82; George H. Alden, New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780, chap. iv.; Thomas Speed, Wilderness Road, a Description of the Route of Travel by which the Pioneers and First Settlers First Came to Kentucky, in Filson Club Publications, no. ii.; James T. Moorehead, Address in Commemoration of the First Settlement at Boonesborough (Frankfort, 1840); Roosevelt, Winning of the West, vol. i., pp. 248-267; George W. Ranck, Boonesborough: Its Founding, Pioneer Struggles, Indian Experiences, Transylvania Days, and Revolutionary Annals, in Filson Club Publications, no. xvi. (1901); Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, chaps. ii.ii.; Winsor, The Westward Movement, pp. 97100; Palmer, Calendar of Virginia State Papers, vol. i., pp. 304-311; Josiah S. Johnston, First Explorations of Kentucky, in Filson Club Publications, no. xiii.; A. B. Hulbert, Boone's Wilderness Road; Collins, Kentucky, vol. ii.; Hall, Sketches of the West, vol. ii.

settled along the banks of the Missouri, where he continued to live to the end of his days.* His remains have since been removed to Kentucky, where the citizens have erected a monument to his memory.†

While these events were in course of progress in Kentucky and Tennessee, the Indians in the South also ceded some of their lands to the British King. On June 1, 1773, Sir James Wright, governor of Georgia, made a treaty at Augusta with the Cherokee and Creek Indians. By this treaty the two tribes jointly ceded to his majesty a portion of the territory beginning where " the Creek Path in

† Morris, Discoverers and Explorers of America, pp. 273-282; Thwaites, Daniel Boone (1904); H. A. Bruce, Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Road (1909); the quotations from Filson, Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucky in Hart, American History told by Contemporaries, vol. ii., pp. 383-385; J. H. Perkins, Pioneers of Kentucky, in North American Review (January, 1846); John P. Hale, Daniel Boone, in Southern Historical Magazine, vol. i., pp. 205-222; Emerson Hough, The Way to the West, and the Lives of Three Early Americans; Winsor, The Westward Movement, chap. iv.; Cecil B. Hartley, Life and Times of Boone; Timothy Flint, Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone; E. S. Ellis, Life and Times of Colonel Daniel Boone; J. M. Peck, Danicl Boone, in Sparks, American Biography, new series, vol. xiii.; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, vol. i., chap. vi.; Shaler, Kentucky, p. 72 et seq.; Collins, Kentucky, vol. ii., p. 497 et seq.; W. H. Bogart, Daniel Boone and the Hunters of Kentucky (1874); Gilbert Imlay, A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America (1793); W. H. Miner, Contributions Toward a Bibliography of Writings Concerning Daniel Boone (1901); H. Addington Bruce, The Romance of American Expansion, pp. 1-23 (1909).