INDUSTRIES. and Irish Presbyterians and Quakers were early settled there. In East New Jersey the Puritan and the Presbyterian elements prevailed, while in West New Jersey the Quakers stood almost alone in ecclesiastical and civic control. In Delaware, although the Swedish pioneers were compelled to yield to the Dutch of New Netherland in 1655, the Lutherans there long preserved their national liturgy and dis 177 cipline. The first emigrants to Pennsylvania were Quakers but the principle of unlimited toleration encouraged the addition of the churches of other denominations to the meeting houses of the Friends. In the first half of the Eighteenth century, Presbyterians by the thousand came from Scotland, Ireland and Wales and settled the middle and western parts of the State.* CHAPTER IV. 1609-1764. INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL AND LABOR CONDITIONS. First manufacturing in the colonies - Various tradesmen sent to the colonies-Iron furnaces - Manufacture of domestic implements and tools begun - Legislation in England respecting colonial industriesShipbuilding — Number of vessels built-Fisheries — Lumbering - Other manufactures — Progress of agriculture in New England - Corn the principal staple - Cultivation of tobacco begun - Diversification of crops in the Middle colonies-Cattle-raising and dairying-Early experiments in crop-raising in the South-Tobacco the chief staple - Production of tobacco-Rice in South Carolina - Indigo cultureCotton, sugar-cane and other crops -Commerce the main dependence of colonists - Fish and naval stores the principal exports of Northern colonies-Struggle for the West India trade - Exports and imports of the Southern and Middle colonies - Trade with the West Indies - Lumber trade - Tobacco exports— Foreign commerce in the South-Attempt to establish communism-Chief forms of labor Laws relating to labor - System of servitude established - Negro and Indian slavery. Food, shelter and clothing were the primary needs of the first settlers. Clothing, some household goods and utensils, working tools and firearms, they brought with them. Food and the means of shelter they found close at hand in their new home. But they were not long contented with this condition of mere existence. Almost from the outset they began to turn their attention to diversified industries. In part they were moved to this by the urgency of the chartered companies of England which had financed. the settlements, purely as business. propositions, and expected to profit therefrom through the discovery of *James S. M. Anderson, The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire (3 vols., London, 1856); Joseph B. Felt, The Ecclesiastical History of New England (2 vols., Boston, 18551862); Sanford H. Cobb, The Rise of Religious Liberty in America (New York, 1902); R. Baird, Religion in America (New York, 1856); W. S. Perry, Historical Collections Relating to the American Colonial Church (5 vols., Hartford, 18761878); George Bancroft, History of the United States (5 vols., New York, 1882-1890); Leonard W Bacon, A History of American Christianity, vol. xiii., in American Church History series (New York, 1897); Leonard Bacon, The Genesis of the New England Churches (New York, 1874); W. Meade, Old Churches of Virginia (2 vols., Phil gold and silver, the procurement of timber and other raw materials for the home market, and new manufactures and commerce. In part they were moved by the immediate pressing necessities of their surroundings, for bare food and shelter were far from meeting their growing wants and ambitions. Industrial conditions in England were the mainspring of industrial foundations in the colonies. England had well-nigh exhausted its timber supply. For ship timbers, masts and spars, for cordage, tar and other naval stores, for fuel for industrial purposes, for some manufactures, as of iron and glass, the nation was obliged to depend upon foreign lands. Then, too, markets for home manufactures, particularly woolen cloth, were needed. So the promoters who undertook to settle and develop the new continent planned to utilize its natural resources for home supply and to enlarge the consumption of home products. When the London Company in 1607 successfully planted its colony at Jamestown, Va., hopes were entertained of discovering mines of gold and silver and other valuable minerals, but the possibility of otherwise adelphia, 1861); F. L. Hawks, Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States (2 vols., New York, 1836-1839); W. White, Memoirs of the American Episcopal Church in the United States (Philadelphia, 1820); The American Church History series (13 vols., New York, 1893-1897); H. M. Dexter, The Congregationalism of the Past Three Hundred Years (New York, 1880). drawing upon the natural resources of the land was not overlooked. Captain Christopher Newport, on his second voyage to Virginia in 1608, brought with him workmen who were skilled in making pitch, glass, tar and soap-ashes, and it appears from an old historian* that these were at once set to work while others were taken "down the river to cut down trees, make clapboards and lie in the woods." The London Company complaining because neither gold nor silver was coming from the colony, Captain John Smith forthwith dispatched to England by return ship 66 trials of pitch, tar, glass, frankincense and soap-ashes, with what wainscot and clapboard could be provided." This is the first record of manufacturing in the colonies. A house in which to make glass was erected in the woods about a mile from Jamestown," doubtless the first manufactory ever erected in this country."+ Provision was made for the general development of the colony along industrial lines, as well as in its agriculture; and salt works, iron works and saw mills were set up. The iron furnace - the first in America was built at Falling Creek in 1621 and in the following year, was destroyed by the Indians. Among the tradesmen who were early transferred from England to the colony, were hus *Stith, History of Virginia, p. 77 (London, 1753). J. Leander Bishop, A History of American Manufactures, vol. i., p. 27 (Philadelphia, 1864). INDUSTRIES. bandmen, gardeners, brewers, bakers, sawyers, carpenters, joiners, shipwrights, boatwrights, plowrights, millwrights, masons, turners, smiths, coopers, weavers, tanners, potters, fowlers, fish-hook makers, netmakers, shoemakers, rope-makers, brickmakers, limeburners and others.* Most of these workmen eventually were employed in supplying purely domestic needs, for the Virginia colonists became so generally engrossed in the more profitable pursuits of tobacco raising and other agriculture that manufacturing and other industries, save to some extent mining and shipbuilding, were practically abandoned. After a hundred years iron furnaces were again established in the South, on the Rappahannock River in 1714, and at Northeast, Maryland, in 1716. The Germania furnace on the Rappahannock set up by Governor Spotswood was the first iron furnace in America outside of Massachusetts and New Jersey. The Principio Company, organized early in the century to operate the furnaces in Maryland and Virginia, was partly located on land of the Washingtons. Most of the product of these furnaces was designed for export to England in the form of pig iron, to be manufactured there into tools and implements and sold back to the colonies. By 1730 about 2,000 tons were an * A Declaration of the State of Virginia in Force's Collection of Historical Tracts, vol. iii., no. 5. 179 nually sent to England and to the time of the Revolution Virginia and Maryland supplied most of the American iron shipped to the mother country. In 1760 Maryland had 18 furnaces and 10 forges with an annual output of 2,500 tons of pig, while Virginia was producing somewhat less than 2,000 tons a year. The first plant established west of the Blue Ridge was erected in Virginia in 1760. When the emigration to Massachusetts Bay was arranged in London in 1629, particular attention was given to sending out men skilled in iron and salt workings. Bog iron ore was discovered in Saugus and other places in eastern Massachusetts, and the first attempt to manufacture iron in New England was made in Lynn in 1643 by "The Company of Undertakers for the Iron-Works," under a special grant by the General Court of the colony. Operations continued here for more than a century, and the same company also built and operated furnaces in Braintree, Mass. Beginning as early as 1658, numerous furnaces and forges were set up in Plymouth, Bristol and other counties of the Massachusetts colony, and these were successfully worked until the discovery of the cheaper iron derived from the Pennsylvania deposits made them no longer profitable. Iron works were established in Connecticut, at New Haven, in 1655. Early in the Eighteenth century deposits of copper were discovered at Wallingford and at Simsbury in the same colony, and worked with fair profit for nearly 75 years. In western Connecticut, toward the middle of the century, there were mines and furnaces at Salisbury, Limerock, Roxbury, Killingworth and elsewhere. Although iron ores and other metals were known to exist in New Netherland, the Dutch settlers made no attempt to find and work them. Under English rule, after 1664 attention began to be paid to mining. The first iron works in the colony were erected in Columbia County in 1684 by Philip Livingston, and were called the American Iron Works. In 1750 iron ore was discovered in the town of Monroe and there the Sterling Iron Works were erected and were long famous for their productiveness. For the year ending July 5, 1766, the exports from the port of New York included 532 tons of bar iron, valued at £26 sterling per ton; 500 tons of pig iron at £7 10s. per ton; and 80 tons of copper at £100 per ton. In Pennsylvania the iron industry did not assume important proportions until well into the Eighteenth century. A bloomery forge was constructed in Berks County in 1716; in the following year one was erected in Chester County; and about 1720 another was erected in Berks County - the celebrated Colebrook furnace. In 1728 the colony exported 274 tons of pig iron to England. Prior to the Revolution few forges and bloomeries had been erected in the western part of the colony, those in York County in 1756, on Corodorus Creek in 1770, in Cumberland County in 1762, and at Mount Holly in 1756 being the most important. Iron ore was early discovered in New Jersey, and several forges were set up in Sussex and Morris counties before 1700. During the first half of the next century mines were opened and worked extensively in Morris, Sussex, Passaic and Warren counties. The manufacture of iron domestic implements and tools began in the middle of the Seventeenth century. At Lynn, in Massachusetts, foundry iron pots, scythes and other edge tools were made before 1650. Before the end of the century the New Englanders were casting cannon, plates, pots and cannon balls from native iron. Rolling and slitting mills were built in all the colonies and production was gradually enlarged until nearly everything that the colonists needed in iron manufactures was in fair way to be provided, domestic utensils, farming tools, manufacturing implements, nails, ship-anchors, bells, ordnance and so on. Muskets were made in Massachusetts in 1748. Such was the success of the American iron workers that Great Britain felt compelled to legislate for the encouragement of the importation of bar and pig iron from the colonies, in order to supply the needs of her iron manufacturers. At the same time, in 1750, an act was passed by Parliament interdicting all mills, forges and furnaces in the colonies from iron manufacturing. These measures naturally |