the river Clyde. On the shoulder of Devonshaw Hill is another irregularly formed camp, measuring in extent 330 by 251 feet. On the opposite side of the Clyde at Hardington, and near the river bank, a bronze cauldron of the tripod form was exhumed, and in the vicinity of the Roman road at Loanhead a brass goblet was found. On the southern side of the White-hill which rises beside the river, at the north end of the parish of Lanington, are the remains of a camp, protected by an oval-formed rampart 425 by 250 fect in extent. Space will not permit us to mention the numerous other camps which occur in the district of the Clyde, and we have, consequently, only alluded to those in the immediate vicinity of Abington, for the benefit of the angler who may locate himself at that fishing station, and who may possibly take an interest in antiquities. We learn from an excellent work on "The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire," that it was originally occupied by the Damnii, a powerful Celtic tribe, whose territories not only comprised the rest of the county, but also those of Stirling and Renfrew, together with a considerable portion of Ayrshire. The author observes that "Curiously enough, the various fine examples of the military entrenchments found in the Upper Ward' present instances of all the types of ancient British fortification recorded by the classical writers, viz, :-1st, The spot of firm ground surrounded by a morass with a narrow entrance, defended by abbattis, as described by Cæsar; 2nd, The slight earthwork surmounted by a hedge, which Tacitus assigns to the Celtic tribes of the east of England; and 3rd, The stone forts which the same author mentions as forming formidable obstacles to the progress of the Roman arms in the western counties. We also find in the Upper Ward several specimens of those megalithic monuments which, combined in circles and avenues, or standing alone, are invariably met with in those districts which have been occupied by a Celtic population. It seems, however, to be almost impossible to ascertain, even in the way of approximation, the date and purpose of these erections. Traces of the habits of the ancient inhabitants are also furnished by the discovery of stone axes, bronze celts, hand-mills or querns, and rude urns; the latter, however being, exclusively of a sepulchral character. "In A.D. 80 the distinguished Roman general Agricola, having succeeded in reducing the southern part of the island under the imperial rule, invaded Scotland at the head of a force consisting of three legions, which he appears to have divided into two, if not three, separate columns. One of these starting from Carlisle ascended the Annan, crossed from the head waters of that stream to those of the Clyde, and then followed the course of that river. Another leaving Northumberland by the valleys of the Reed and the Coquet, descended the Kale till its junction with the Tweed, ascended the latter and its tributory the Lyne, from which it crossed into Clydesdale and effected a junction with the first column either at Carstairs or at Cleghorn. The third division probably proceeded by the line of the east coast, but its route has never been precisely traced. Having succeeded in overrunning the Scottish Lowlands, Agricola employed the succeeding year in securing his conquest by the construction of a wall between the Firth of Forth and the Clyde. This divided the territories of the Damnii, the principal portion becoming subject to the Romans, while the more northern parts retained their independence. It would, however, appear that the imperial forces did not long retain these northern conquests. In A.D. 121 Hadrian commenced the southern wall between Carlisle and Newcastle. Antoninus, about 140, again advanced the frontier of the empire to the northern wall. In 210 Severus a second time withdrew it to the south; while there is evidence that Theodosius, a general of Valentinian I., again recovered the country between the walls, A.D. 367. In 409 the Romans withdrew their legions from Britain, and abandoned that province to the government of its inhabitants. It has been generally supposed that this flux and reflux of the northern boundary of the Roman possessions in Britain was occasioned by the varying strength of their forces in the island, dependent on the greater or less demand for these troops in the central parts of the empire. Recent investigations, however, suggest that this circumstance alone cannot furnish a satisfactory solution. There can be no doubt that from its natural features and admirable stratagetic facilities the northern wall could be defended by a smaller force than the southern one. The diminution of the legions could not, therefore, have been a sufficient ground for the Romans abandoning the former line of defence, and along with it above eighty miles of territory; but a ready explanation of the expediency of this step is furnished by the fact that the Celtic tribes between the walls were never completely subdued, but were always ready to assist their more northern brethren by insurrections which menaced the Roman communications; and these rebellions would naturally coincide with any decrease occurring in the strength of the force belonging to the dominant nation." In connection with the interesting remains of ancient British forts and the Roman roads, with which the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire abounds, we subjoin an account of that wonderful undertaking of the wall by the Romans, to whose residence in Britain we are so much indebted for the arts of civilization, from a small work which we believe to be now out of print. "The first artificial barrier raised to protect the northern limits of the Roman territories in England consisted of a chain of forts, which Julius Agricola (about A.D. 84) extended across the island from Tynemouth to Solway Frith, in a line parallel with the northern shores of the Tyne and Irthing. But these towers, or forts, proved too feeble a security for the Romans against the incursions of the expelled Britons; therefore Adrian, in the year 120, commanded a more formidable rampart to be raised. This grand military fence was carried on from Solway Frith to Wallsend on the Tyne, nearly four miles below Newcastle. Near the hamlet of Portgate it consists of a mound of earth, 19 feet broad at the base, and near 10 feet high. About 16 feet north of this is a second mound 10 feet broad at the base, and having on its north side a ditch 12 feet deep and 21 feet wide; and 28 feet north of the ditch there is a third mound of earth, 33 feet broad at its base.* These four works keep all the way a constant regular parallelism one with the other. The most northern is supposed to have been the military way to the ancient line of forts (erected by Agricola), and it also served a similar purpose to this fourfold barrier. The southern mound was thrown up for an inner defence, in case of a sudden attack *Warburton's Survey. from the provincial Britons. According to the testimony of Richard of Cirencester, the Wall of Adrian was repaired by Severus about the year 208; but several other authors are very contradictory on this subject-some affirming that Severus built a wall of stone, others a vallum of earth, and others, with more credit, avow that he only repaired the wall of Adrian. The solid stone-wall, which stretched from sea to sea, was erected after the year 416 by the Britons and the last legion of the Roman soldiers sent to this country. The wall erroneously attributed to Severus is one of the most memorable efforts of human industry. On its north side was a ditch 21 It was faced feet wide at the top, and generally about 15 feet deep. on both sides with ashlar work, and in many places rested on piles of oak. The inner-filling stones were large, broad, and thin, and were set on edge obliquely in mortar above the earth and in clay beneath it. The height of the wall was 12 feet (exclusive of the parapet, which was 4 feet), and its thickness from 7 to 8 feet. Considering its length, breadth, height, and solidity, it was certainly a work of unrivalled magnificence and prodigious labour. A paved military way has everywhere attended it from its extremities at Wallsend, on the Tyne, to Bowness, on Solway Frith. It had 18 Stations and 81 Castles upon it, and between each of the castles there were 4 Watch towers. The Stations were large and strong fortresses, which were occupied by the Roman cohorts. They were strengthened with deep ditches and thick walls, having the great wall itself for their northern boundary. Without the walls of each station was a town, inhabited by labourers, artificers and others, both Romans and Britons who chose to dwell under the protection of the garrisons. These stations were not placed at regular distances from each other, but they generally stood thickest near both ends and the middle of the walls, either on account of those places affording better sites, or being more exposed to danger. The Castella or Castles were neither so large nor so strong as the stations, being only 66 feet square; but fortified on every side by a thick and lofty wall without a ditch, except on the north side, where the great wall, raised much above its usual height, with a ditch attending it, formed an almost impregnable bulwark. They were generally situated about seven furlongs from each other, and castle-guards were constantly kept in them by a competent number of men detached from the nearest stations. The Towers or Turrets were still much smaller than the castles, being only 12 feet square, and projecting out of the south side of the wall, at the intervals between the castles, about 300 yards from each other; so that their number may be estimated at 324. They were occupied by sentinels, who, being within bearing of each other, could convey any alarm or intelligence to all parts of the wall with rapid despatch. These numerous stations, castles, and towers required a considerable body of troops to garrison them; and the following statement shows the usual number of men engaged in this service : Twelve cohorts of Foot, consisting of 600 men each.... 600 600 1,600 ....... These troops might march with great ease, expedition, and safety from one part of the wall to another along the two paved military ways, one of which extended from turret to turret on the south side of the wall, and the other pursued the most direct course from one station to another. Nearly one-half of the wall from the east end is supposed to have been built by the Legio Secunda Augusta, and the rest by the Legio Sexta Victrix. Camden says that in his time there was a traditionary tale that a brass pipe, artificially set in the wall, ran along between each tower and castle; so that whatever was spoken through it at one tower was conveyed immediately to the next, and so on to all without interruption, to give notice where the enemy's attack was to be apprehended. But this is considered merely as a fanciful fabrication; for the towers were so near together, as to render an alarm-pipe unnecessary. A similar story is related by Xiphilin, from Dio, in the life of Severus, about the walls of Byzantium. The following table shows the ancient and modern names of the places through which this famous Roman Wall passed, and where its castles and towers were situated, in the order in which they stand in the Notitia Imperii :A SYNOPSIS OF THE Stations OF THE Wall, WITH THE NUMBER OF CASTELLA, AND THE DISTANCES BETWEEN EACH. Of the eighteen stations upon this once stupendous barrier (sometimes called the Picts' Wall), ten of them are situated in Northumberland, where many traces of its building, and many curious inscriptions, coins, and other antique relics have been found The last Roman station in Northumberland is Caer Voran, the Magna of the Romans, from whence the wall passes down the river Tippal, where considerable remains of it are to be seen. Leaving Thirlwall Castle to the north (at which place it is said the Picts broke through), it crosses the Poltross rivulet, and enters Cumberland, where, on the west side of the rivulet, and near Mumps Hall, Severus' Ditch appears large and distinct, being detached about eight yards from the wall.” E ELSPETH, DEFENCELESS, AND TYPEE. ENGRAVED BY E. HACKER, FROM A PAINTING BY E. OORBET. BY CASTOR. These mares, with their foals alongside, were grouped together in Middle Park last summer, and the produce are consequently now amongst the yearlings coming on for sale at these famous anniver saries. The handsome blood-like chesnut mare, and as beautifully bred as she looks, is Elspeth; purchased by Mr. Blenkiron at the sale of the late Mr. Greville's mares in the summer of 1865, with a colt foal, by St. Albans, at her foot, and stinted to him again, for 650gs. Elspeth, bred by Lord Eglinton, in 1850, is by Irish Birdcatcher, out of Blue Bonnet (winner of the St. Leger), by Touchstone; her dam Maid of Melrose by Brutandorf-Whisker-Orville. Birdcatcher by Sir Hercules out of Guiccioli, by Bob Booty, died in March 1860, aged 27. Elspeth only ran four times, her best performance being at Goodwood, as a two-year-old, when at 7 st. 9lb., she was a good second, in a field of twenty-three, to Catharine Hayes, for the Nursery Cup. On being taken out of work she went at once into Mr. Greville's stud, where she began well; her first foal, in 1854, being Drumour, a winner of the July, by Big Jerry or Weatherbit; while in 1856 she threw Telegram to Alarm, and in 1857 Refugee to the sanfe sire. Since then she has been served in turn by Voltigeur, Alarm, and St. Albans, her colt by St. Albans, now called St. Ronan, making 2,000gs. at the last Middle Park sale; so that Mr. Blenkiron soon turned the purchase-money, with even something more beyond the mare to show for it, in an own sister to Mr. Chaplin's horse, that will figure in the next catalogue, and that is said to be better looking than her brother. Elspeth is now in foal to King John, and her time is up during this month. Defenceless, the old blind mare in the centre, is renowned as the dam of Caractacus, a winner of the Derby. She was bred by Mr. W. Etwall, in 1844, and is by Defence, her dam by Cain out of Ridotto, by Reveller-Walton. Defence, by Whalebone out of Defiance, by Rubens, was shot at Bridekirk, in September, 1848, aged 24. Defenceless never ran but once, when she finished a long last in a two-year-old stake at Winchester, and went at once to the stud. Mr. Etwall kept her for three seasons, during which time she threw Lamia and another filly to Venison. She was afterwards for four seasons in the same district with Mr. Waters, where she was credited with two unnamed and unknown fillies to Thistle-whipper, a colt called Haunch of Venison, as afterwards Golden Slipper, to Venison, and a colt by Bay Middleton, that met with an accident. Mr. Blenkiron bought her in 1854, in a lot which also included Triangle, the dam of Problem; Odessa, the dam of Flax; and Empress, the dam of Autocrat. In 1854 her produce was a filly, called Reconciliation, |