Catholic, but, in 1687, he returned to the church of England. Having concurred in the revolution, he was admitted an advocate, and sat as a judge in the court of delegates. He published several pieces, political and theological, among which were a Letter to the Clergymen of the two Universities, on the subject of the Trinity and Athanasian creed, and a treatise entitled the Rights of the Christian Church. This work excited a considerable sensation among the high church clergy, who attacked it with great animosity. Tindal published a defence, the second edition of which the house of commons ordered to be burned by the common hangman, in the same fire with Sacheverel's sermon, thus treating the disputants on each side in the same manher. In 1730, he published his Christianity as old as the Creation, or the Gospel a Republication of the Religion of Nature, in which his object was to show that there neither has been, nor can be, any revelation distinct from what he terms the internal revelation of the law of nature in the hearts of mankind. He died in 1733, leaving, in manuscript, a second volume of Christianity as old as the Creation, the publication of which was prevented by doctor Gibson, bishop of London. His nephew, Nicholas, born in 1687, fellow of Trinity college, Oxford, published a translation of Rapin's History of England, with a continuation. (See Rapin.)

TINDAL, William, also named Hitchins, a martyr to the reformation, born in 1500, near the borders of Wales, was educated at Oxford, where he imbibed the doctrines of Luther. Bearing an excellent character for morals and diligence, he was admitted a canon of Wolsey's new college of Christ-church; but, his principles becoming known, he was subsequently ejected. He then withdrew to Cambridge, where he took a degree, and soon after went to reside as tutor in Gloucestershire. While in this capacity, he translated Erasmus's Enchiridion Militis Christiani into English; but, in consequence of his opinions, articles were preferred against him before the chancellor of the diocese, and he received a reprimand. He then accepted of a retreat in the house of an alderman of London, where he employed himself in preparing an English version of the New Testament. England not being a place where such a work could with safety be effected, he proceeded to Antwerp, where, with the assistance of John Fry, and one Roye, a friar, he completed his work, which was

printed in that city, in 1526, 8vo., without a name. The greater part was sent to England, which produced great alarm among the church dignitaries; and the prelates Warham and Tunstall collected all they could seize or purchase, and committed them to the flames. The money received by the sale of the first edition in this way, enabled Tindal to print another edition, in conjunction with Miles Coverdale. He also translated the pentateuch, and subsequently Jonas, which formed the whole of his labors on the Scriptures, although others have been ascribed to him. He then returned to Antwerp, where he took up his residence with an English merchant. Henry VIII employed a wretch of the name of Phillips to betray Tindal to the emperor's procurator; and, in 1536, he was brought to trial upon the emperor's decree at Augsburg, where he was condemned to the stake, which sentence he quietly endured, being first strangled and then burnt. His last words were, "Lord, open the king of England's eyes!" Tindal's translation of the Scripture is highly esteemed for perspicuity and noble simplicity of idiom.

TINO (anciently Tenos); an island of the Grecian Archipelago, forming one of the group of the Cyclades, and consisting of a long, mountainous ridge, between Myconos and Andros, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It contains 66 villages and 25,000 inhabitants, on 80 square miles. It is well cultivated by means of terraces, and produces abundance of silk, corn and fruit. Silk is the principal commodity. There are four monasteries on the island, and the church of the Evangelist, recently erected, has a miraculous image of the Virgin Mary, found there in 1823, which is much visited by pilgrims. Part of the revenues support a classical school established in 1825. The capital, St. Nicholas, on the western side of the island, was the residence of the European consuls, before the Greek revolution. Tenos, the ancient capital, one of the oldest cities of the Greeks, lay near a sacred forest, in which was a temple of Neptune.

TINTORETTO; the surname of a Venetian historical painter, Giacomo Robusti, born at Venice, in 1512, died in 1594. His father was a dyer (in Italian, tintore), whence his surname. Tintoretto studied under Titian, who was so jealous of his powers that he dismissed him from his school. He therefore pursued his studies without any director, and endeavored to unite his master's coloring with the desigu

of Michael Angelo-a union which is discernible in his best pieces. But he executed his works with so much haste that he remained far inferior to both of those great masters. His manner of painting was bold, with strong lights, opposed by deep shadows; his pencil was wonderfully firm and free; his disposition good; his execution easy, and his touch lively and full of spirit. He painted many works for his native city, among which are a Last Judgment, the Israelites worshipping the Golden Calf, St. Agnes, St. Roche, and a Crucifixion, the Marriage of Cana, the Martyrdom, or Miracolo del Servo, &c. His portrait, by himself, is in the Louvre; and there are many of his paintings in Germany, Spain, France, and England. Equal, in several respects, to Titian or Paul Veronese, he wants the dignity of the former, and the grace and richness of composition which distinguish the works of the latter. He had great variety in his attitudes, some of which are excellent, while others are contrasted to extravagance. Those of his women are generally graceful, and his heads are designed in a fine taste.

TIPPICANOE; a river of Indiana, which joins the Wabash, about 420 miles from its mouth; length about 170 miles. It is rendered famous for a battle between the Americans and Indians, in November, 1811.

TIPPOO SAIB, sultan of Mysore, son of Hyder Ally, born in 1751, succeeded his father in 1782. (See Hyder Ally, and Mysore.) He continued the war in which his father was engaged with the English until the peace of Paris (1783), which deprived him of the assistance of the French; and the alliance of the Mahrattas (q. v.) with the British induced him to sign the treaty of Mangalore, in 1784, on advantageous terms. His kingdom had now a superficial extent of 97,500 square miles, with a revenue of about 14,000,000 dollars. The country was well peopled, and under good cultivation, and the people, although of Hindoo origin, contented with the Mohammedan government. But Tippoo soon showed himself fanatical and intolerant. He caused the Bramins to be cruelly beaten, or forcibly circumcised, when they would not consent to renounce their faith, and treated the Christians with such rigor, that more than 70,000 left his dominions. In 1787, he again attacked the Mahrattas, and, in 1789, turned his arms against the rajah of Travancore, an ally of the British

An

offensive and defensive treaty was concluded (June, 1790) between the East India company, the Peishwa, and Nizam Ali. In the campaign of 1790, several places were reduced by the allies, and, in that of 1791, in which lord Cornwallis commanded in person, they besieged Tippoo in his capital, Seringapatam. (q. v.) A peace was concluded, February, 1792, by the terms of which the sultan of Mysore consented to relinquish nearly half of his territory, and to pay 30,000,000 rupees (nearly 15,000,000 dollars). The ceded territory was divided between the allies. But Tippoo was unwilling to submit to this loss, and endeavored, though without success, to engage some of the native powers in a war with the company. He also entered into negotiations with the French; and his intrigues were discovered to the English by the proclamation of the governor of the Isle of France, encouraging the inhabitants to enter his service. Suspecting that the preparations of Tippoo were connected with Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt, and receiving from him only evasive answers to their inquiries, the company determined to anticipate hostilities, and, on the 22d of February, 1799, in connexion with their former allies, they declared war against the sultan. The forces of the native allies being occupied by domestic troubles, the English were obliged to conduct the war alone. Two armies, under generals Stuart and Harris, entered Mysore, defeated Tippoo in two battles, and formed a junction before Seringapatam, whither he had retreated. The place was reduced by storm, May 4, and Tippoo perished in the assault. The whole of Mysore was now divided between the allies. The English annexed portions of the territory to the presidencies of Madras and Bombay, and erected another portion into a vassal kingdom under the young raja, or Kurtur Krishna, son of the last raja (who had died in prison in 1796), who was found in prison in Seringapatami. The children of Tippoo, with his wives and female relations, received the fort of Vellore, in the Carnatic, as a place of residence, with a yearly pension of 720,000 rupees from the English East India company.-Tippoo Saib was a man of bold and deep views, and evinced much prudence and sagacity in the execution of his projects. But, unfortunately for himself, he was surrounded with flatterers, and neglected his old officers and counsellors. His library, and his tiger, an automaton with which he was accustom

ed to amuse himself at table, are in the East India house, in London.

TIPTOFT. (See Worcester, Earl of.) TIRABOSCHI, Girolamo. This Italian scholar, born in 1731, at Bergamo, was distinguished for love of learning and unwearied application, even in early youth, when his father placed him, at eleven years of age, in the Jesuit college of Monza, where he enjoyed the instruction of learned teachers, and at the same time acquired such a fondness for the clerical profession, that he persuaded his father to let him, at fifteen years of age, commence his novitiate at Genoa. On its expiration, after the usual period of two years, he was directed to give instruction for five years in the lower schools in Milan, and afterwards in Novara. He was subsequently appointed to the professorship of rhetoric at Milan, in the university of Brera. In this situation he distinguished himself, not only as a teacher, but as an author. Several works of deep research and uncommon solidity obtained for him an offer of the place of librarian to Francis III of Modena. Tiraboschi made use of the valuable resources thus placed at his command, to compose his celebrated work Storia della Letteratura Italiana, which appeared successively in fourteen volumes. This work, which, in extent of learning, in accuracy, in completeness and in style, has not its equal in any literature, extends from the commencement of intellectual cultivation in Italy to the year 1700, and excites so much the more wonder at the quantity and value of its contents, as it was completed in the short space of ten years, during which the author also found time, as if for recreation, to produce various other works, which are highly distinguished in their kind; as the Biblioteca Modenese. He also wrote other works of a literary, historical and theological nature. He died at Modena, 1794, a sacrifice to his incessant application.

TIRADE; a long, declamatory strain, generally of a violent nature. This term probably originated from the musical expression tirata, which formerly signified a series of notes of the same kind, rising and falling by degrees.

TIRAILLEURS; a name given, since the wars of the French revolution, to a species of infantry, intended to fight seldom in close order, but mostly dispersed, two and two always supporting each other, and in general to skirmish in front of the columns (q. v.) and troops of the line. The movements of the tirailleurs, never

theless, are systematically ordered: they are directed by signals, generally given by bugles or small trumpets. The chief requisites of good tirailleurs are great activity, and a correct and keen eye, in order to accommodate themselves promptly to circumstances; to collect quickly into masses when so ordered, and disperse again with equal expedition; and to act constantly in unison with the whole army. They must be good marksmen, though they do not need the same degree of expertness as the sharp-shooters. The French introduced the system of tirailleurs in the wars of their revolution; having taken the idea, probably, from the practice of the people of North America, in the revolutionary war. (See Infantry.) As the French, when first attacked, could not oppose their enemies with troops equally well disciplined, they adopted the system of columns, preceded by tirailleurs. Long practice developed the rude beginnings, until tirailleurs have become indispensable in armies. They are of the greatest service both in attack and defence, and generally a great part of a battle at the present day consists of the skirmishes of tirailleurs, particularly when the enemy is to be kept distant from the columns, or, in general, to be checked, or where, from the nature of the ground, columns cannot act, as in the defence of woods, morasses, villages, gardens. It is evident that the use of tirailleurs has essentially changed tactics, as well as the system of war in general. Sometimes the tirailleurs form a separate company in each battalion, as was formerly the case with the French; sometimes the third line of the whole battalion consists of tirailleurs alone; but in case of necessity, every soldier has to act as such, as in the Prussian army.

TIRESIAS, in mythology; a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo. He lived nine generations of men. In his youth he found two serpents in the act of copulation, and, having struck them with a stick to separate them, he found himself suddenly changed into a girl. Seven years after, he found some serpents together in the same manner, and recovered his original sex by striking them with his wand. Jupiter and Juno, therefore, referred to his decision the question, which of the sexes received greater pleasure from the connubial state. Tiresias declared that the pleasure which the female received was ten times greater than that of the male. Juno, who supported a different opinion,

punished Tiresias by depriving him of his eye-sight. Other accounts say that his blindness was inflicted on him because he had seen Minerva bathing. Chariclo complained of the severity with which her son was treated; and the goddess, who knew that his sight was irrevocable, alleviated the misfortunes of Tiresias by making him acquainted with futurity, and giving him a staff which could conduct his steps. He drew his prophecies from the flight or the language of birds, in which he was assisted by his daughter Manto, and sometimes evoked the manes from the infernal regions with mystical ceremonies. He was buried with great pomp by the Thebans, and honored as a god. His oracle at Orchomenus was in universal esteem. Homer represents Ulysses as going to the infernal regions to consult Tiresias concerning his return to Ithaca.

TIRLEMONT; a town of Belgium, South Brabant, called by the people of the country Tienen; nine miles south-east of Louvain; population, 7788. It was anciently one of the principal cities of Brabant. It has been a very flourishing and populous city, and many vestiges of its grandeur are yet visible; but it has suffered much by war and other calamities. In Nov., 1792, the Austrians were defeated here by the French; and, in April, 1793, the French were defeated by the Austrians, with the loss of 7000 men, and 33 pieces of can

non.

TIROL. (See Tyrol.) TIRONIAN NOTES (Nota Tironiana). (See Abbreviations.)

TISAN, or PTISAN (from Gow, to decorticate, bruise, or pound); 1. barley deprived of its husks, pounded, and made into balls. 2. A drink is so called by the French, made mostly of farinaceous substances, as barley, rice, grits, and the like, boiled with water, and sweetened to the palate. This is prescribed by the French physicians in almost all complaints, being the common mode of putting a patient on a low diet, just as gruel is a common prescription of English and American physicians in like cases.

TISCHBEIN; a German family, distinguished in the fine arts, of whom we shall mention only John Henry, born at Heyna, in Hesse, in 1722, died at Cassel, in 1789, and John Henry William, born at Heyna, in 1751. The latter was appointed, in 1790, director of the academy of painting at Naples, where he did much for the fine arts. The troubles towards the end of the last century caused him to return to Germany. He passed the rest of

his life chiefly at Eutin. He painted many pictures of great beauty, and was fond of comparing the physiognomies of men with those of certain animals, to which he may have been led by his connexion with Lavater. He published Têtes de différens Animaux dessinées d'après Nature pour donner une Idée plus exacte de leurs Caractères (Naples, 1796, 2 vols., fol.): the moral disposition of each animal, if we may be allowed the expression, is given here with admirable truth: also Sir William Hamilton's Collection of Engravings from antique Vases, the greater Part of Grecian Fabric, found in ancient Tombs in the Two Sicilies, in the Years 1789 and 1790, with the Remarks of the Proprietor, published by W. Tischbein (Naples, 1790-1809, 4 vols., fol.), which contains 240 outlines of vases. The originals were lost in a shipwreck. He likewise published Homer, illustrated by Drawings from Antiques, by W. Tischbein, &c., with illustrations by Ch. Theophilus Heyne, 1-6 numbers (Göttingen, 1801-4), and 7-11 numbers (1821— 23, Stuttg.), with illustrations by doctor T. Schorn. Homer occupied him almost throughout his life; he sought for every antique with which the poetry of Homer was in any way connected, and made a rich collection of drawings of antiques, given to the world in the above-mentioned work, the publication of which has been unfortunately interrupted.

TISIPHONE; one of the Furies. (See Furies.)

TISSOT, Simon Andrew, an eminent physician, born in the Pays de Vaud, in 1728, studied at Geneva and Montpellier, and settled at Lausanne. The success with which he treated the confluent small-pox, by means of fresh air and a cooling diet, at a period when stimulants and sudorifics were generally adopted, fixed on the young practitioner the pubfic attention. He published a tract in favor of inoculation, in 1750, and Avis au Peuple sur sa Santé (1761, translated into English by doctor Kirkpatrick); Avis aux Gens de Lettres et aux Personnes sédentaires sur leur Santé (Paris, 1768); Essai sur les Maladies des Gens du Monde (Lyons, 1770, 12mo.); and Tentamen de Morbis ex Manustupratione ortis. Tissot refused advantageous offers made him by the kings of Poland and England, to induce him to quit Lausanne, but accepted of a professorship in the university of Pavia. This office, however, he relinquished after three years, and returned to Lausanne, where his death took place

in 1797. The principal works of Tissot were published together at Paris, 1809 (8 vols., 8vo.), with the notes of professor Halle.

TISSOT, Clement Joseph, a relative of the preceding, born in 1750, studied at Besançon. He published a treatise entitled Gymnastique Médicale (1781). He was. appointed adjunct physician to the household of the duke of Orleans. After the revolution, he was surgeon-in-chief in various corps of the French armies, and served in the campaigns in Austria, Prussia, Poland and Italy. At length he retired from the service, and settled in professional practice at Paris, where he died in 1826. He published several essays and treatises, which are esteemed in foreign countries.

TITAN; a son of Cœlus and Terra (q.v.). To him, as the eldest brother, belonged the empire; but, at the request of his mother and his sisters, Ceres and Ops, he ceded it to his youngest brother, Saturn, on condition that the latter should not let any of his sons live, so that the government would devolve on the sons of Titan. But when he learned that some children of Saturn had remained alive, he and his sons took up arms, conquered Saturn, and made him and his wife prisoners. But Jupiter, son of Saturn, who dwelt in Crete, made war upon his uncle with an army of Cretans, conquered him, and reinstated his father. This Titan is unknown to the early writers on mythology. The name of Titans is given to the sons of Cœlus and Terra, or Titæa (Earth), in general. Hesiod, and most of the mythological writers, make them six in number-Cœos, Crios, Hyperion, Japetus, Oceanus, Saturn. In a mythological fragment, Phorcys is added as the seventh. Later writers make them eighteen, reckoning, perhaps, in their number, some of the Cyclops and the Centimani, who were also sons of Cœlus. The children of the Titans, e. g. Atlas, are also called by this name. Helios, or Sol, son of the Titan Hyperion, is particularly denominated Titan. In general, the fable of the Titans is mixed with many notions borrowed from the Phoenician cosmogony, particularly this, that several of the Titans were the authors of various useful inventions, the first artists, architects, agriculturists, shepherds and hunters. The story that the eldest children of Cœlus dethroned their father, and waged war with Jupiter for the government, is one of the earliest mythological fictions. According to Hesiod (verse 176), they receiv

ed this name because they stretched out their hands to their father (from Tiraivw or raw). They are also called Uranides. Terra was indignant, it is said, at the cruelties of her husband, who did not allow the children, whom she brought forth, to see the light, but imprisoned them in Tartarus. She therefore excited the Titans to insurrection: Coelus was imprisoned, and emasculated by Saturn, and the latter ascended the throne. But as he also imprisoned his brothers, the Cyclops and Centimani, in Tartarus, Terra excited Jupiter, and the other children of Saturn, to insurrection, and the war between the Titanides and the children of Saturn began. For ten years, the former fought from mount Othrys, the latter from mount Olympus, without any decisive result to either party, until Jupiter, in obedience to an oracle of Terra, loosed the Centimani (q. v.), by whose assistance the Titans were beaten, fettered, and thrown into Tartarus. The scene of the war is placed in Thessaly, on Olympus and Othrys, by Hesiod; on Olympus, Pelion and Ossa, by Homer. Among the earlier cosmogonical poets, this contest seems to be symbolical of the struggle of the elements at the formation of the world.

TITANIA. (See Mab.)

TITANIUM; a metal which has been obtained in a state of perfect purity only in sufficient quantity for the determination of its properties. It was in the condition of a powder as obtained, and possessed of the following properties: color dark copper-red; tarnishes in the air, and takes fire when heated; it detonates with nitre, and is acted upon with energy by all the dense acids. A crystallized metallic titanium, in small cubes, has been observed, occasionally, in the slags of great iron smelting furnaces; but it is always alloyed with iron, sufficiently to affect a delicate magnetic needle. These cubes have a copper-red color and much brilliancy. They are hard enough to scratch rock crystal, and have a specific gravity of 5.3. Neither of the strong acids are capable of dissolving them, nor are they fusible before the blow-pipe. There are two combinations of titanium and oxygen; the one is an oxide, the other an acid. The oxide of titanium is of a black, bluish, or purplish color, and may be formed by heating metallic titanium in fine powder along with caustic potash. It is also procured from titanic acid, by exposing it to a very violent heat in a charcoal crucible. It is insoluble in all the acids, When heated, it absorbs oxygen very