13th-16th Dec., 1740. still beavers in Schlesien; the Katzbach River has gold grains in it, a kind of Pactolus not now worth working; and in the scraggy lonesome pine-woods, grimy individuals, with kindled mounds of pine-branches and smoke carefully kept down by sods, are sweating out a substance which they inform you is to be tar.

Historical Epochs of Schlesien; after the Quads and March

men.

Who first lived in Schlesien, or lived long since in it, there is no use in asking, nor in telling if one knew. "The Quadi and the Lygii," says Dryasdust, in a groping manner: Quadi and consorts, in the fifth or sixth Century, continues he with more confidence, shifted Rome-ward, following the general track of contemporaneous mankind; weak remnant of Quadi was thereupon overpowered by Slavic populations, and their Country became Polish, which the eastern rim of it still essentially is. That was the end of the Quadi in those parts, says History. But they can not speak nor appeal for themselves; History has them much at discretion. Rude burial urns, with a handful of ashes in them, have been dug up in different places: these are all the Archives and Histories the Quadi now have. It appears their name signifies Wicked. They are those poor Quadi (Wicked People) who always go along with the Marcomanni (Marchmen) in the beadroll Histories one reatis, and I almost guess they must have been of the same stock: "Wickeds and Borderers," considered, on both sides of the Border, to belong to the Dangerous Classes in those times. Two things are certain: First, quad and its derivatives have, to this day, in the speech of rustic Germans, something of that meaning "nefarious," at least "injurious," "hateful, and to be avoided:" for example, quaddel, "a nettle-burn;" quetschen, "to smash" (say your thumb while hammering); &c., &c. And then a second thing: The Polish equivalent word is Zle (Büsching says Zlezi); hence Zlezien, Schlesien, meaning merely Badland, Quadland, what we might call Damagitia, or Country where you get into Trouble. That is the etymology, or what passes for such. As to the History of Schlesien hitherward of these burial urns dug up in different places, I notice, as not yet entirely buriable, Three Epochs.

13th-16th Dec., 1740. First Epoch: Christianity: A.D. 966. Introduction of Christianity, to the length of founding a Bishopric that year, so hopeful were the aspects; "Bishopric of Schmoger" (Schmagram, dim little Village still discoverable on the Polish frontier, not far from the Town of Namslau); Bishopric, which, after one removal farther inward, got across the Oder, to "Wratislav," which we now call Breslau, and sticks there, as Bishopric of Breslau, to this day. Year 966: it was in Adalbert, our Prussian Saint and Missionary's younger time. Preaching, by zealous Polacks, must have been going on, while Adalbert, Bright in Nobleness, was studying at Magdeburg, and ripening for high things in the general estimation. This was a new gift from the Polacks, this of Christianity; an infinitely more important one than the nickname of "Zlezien," or "Damagitia," stuck upon the poor Country, had been.

Second Epoch: Get gradually cut loose from Poland: A.D. 1139– 1159. Twenty years of great trouble in Poland, which were of lasting benefit to Schlesien. In 1139 the Polack King, a very potent Majesty whom we could name but do not, died, and left his Dominions shared by punctual bequest among his five sons. Punctual bequest did avail; but the eldest Son (who was King, and had Schlesien with much else to his share) began to encroach, to grasp; upon which the others rose upon him, flung him out into exile; redivided; and hoped now they might have quiet. Hoped, but were disappointed, and could come to no sure bargain for the next twenty years-not till "the eldest brother," first author of these strifes, "died an exile in Holstein," or was just about dying, and had agreed to take Schlesien for all claims, and be quiet thenceforth.

His, this eldest's, Three Sons did accordingly, in 1159, get Schlesien instead of him, their uncles proving honorable. Schlesien thereby was happy enough to get cut loose from Poland, and to continue loose, steering a course of its own; parting farther and farther from Poland, and its habits and fortunes. These Three Sons, of the late Polish Majesty who died in exile in Holstein, are the "Piast Dukes," much talked of in Silesian Histories, of whose merits I specify this only, that they so soon as possible strove to be German. They were Progenitors of all "the Piast Dukes," Proprietors of Schlesien thenceforth, till the last of them died out in 1675-and a certain Erbverbrüderung they had entered into could not take effect at that time. Their merits as Sovereign Dukes seem to have been considerable; a certain piety, wisdom, and nobleness of mind not rare among them; and no doubt it was partly their merit, if partly also their good luck, that they took to Germany, and leant thitherward, steering looser and looser from Poland in their new circumstances. They themselves by degrees became altogether German; their Countries, by silent immigration, introduction of the

13th-16th Dec., 1740.

arts, the composures and sobrieties, became essentially so. On the eastern rim there is still a Polack remnant, its territories very sandy, its condition very bad-remnant which surely ought to cease its Polack jargon, and learn some dialect of intelligible Teutsch, as the first condition of improvement. In all other parts, Teutsch reigns; and Schlesien is a green abundant Country, full of metallurgy, damask-weaving, grain-husbandry, instead of gasconade, gilt anarchy, rags, dirt, and Nie Pozwalam.

A.D. 1327: Get completely cut loose. The Piast Dukes, who soon ceased to be Polish, and hung rather upon Bohemia, and thereby upon Germany, made a great step in that direction when King Johann, old Ich-Dien whom we ought to recollect, persuaded most of them, all of them but two, "pretio ac prece," to become Feudatories (Quasi-Feudatories, but of a sovereign sort) to his Crown of Bohemia. The two who stood out, resisting prayer and price, were the Duke of Jauer and the Duke of Schweidnitz-lofty-minded gentlemen, perhaps a thought too lofty. But these also Johann's son, little Kaiser Karl IV.,' marrying their heiress," contrived to bring in; one fruitful adventure of little Karl's, among the many wasteful he made in the German Reich. Schlesien is henceforth a bit of the Kingdom of Bohemia, indissolubly hooked to Germany; and its progress in the arts and composures, under wise Piasts with immigrating Germans, we guess to have become doubly rapid.1

Third Epoch: Adopt the Reformation: A.D. 1414-1517. Schlesien, hanging to Bohemia in this manner, extensively adopted Huss's doctrines; still more extensively Luther's; and that was a difficult element in its lot, though, I believe, an unspeakably precious one. It cost above a Century of sad tumults, Zisca Wars-nay, above Two Centuries, including the sad Thirty-years War; which miseries, in Bohemia Proper, were sometimes very sad and even horrible. But Schlesien, the outlying Country, did, in all this, suffer less than Bohemia Proper, and did not lose its Evangelical Doctrine in result, as unfortunate Bohemia did, and sink into sluttish "fanatical torpor, and big Crucifixes of japanned Tin by the wayside," though in the course of subsequent years, named of Peace, it was near doing so. Here are the steps, or unavailing countersteps, in that latter direction:

A.D. 1537. Occurred, as we know, the Erbverbrüderung; Duke of Liegnitz, and of other extensive heritages, making Deed of Brotherhood with Kur-Brandenburg; Deed forbidden, and, so far as might be, rubbed out and annihilated by the then King of Bohemia, subsequently Kaiser, Ferdinand I., Karl V.'s Brother. Duke of Liegnitz had to give up his

1 Büsching, Erdbeschreibung, viii., 725; Hübner, t. 94.

13th-16th Dec., 1740. parchments, and become zero in that matter; Kur-Brandenburg entirely refused to do so; kept his parchments, to see if they would not turn to something.

A.D. 1624. Schlesien, especially the then Duke of Liegnitz (greatgrandson of the Erbverbrüderung one), and poor Johann George, Duke of Jägerndorf, cadet of the then Kur-Brandenburg, went warmly ahead into the Winter-King project, first fire of the Thirty-years War; sufferings from Papal encroachment, in high quarters, being really extremewarmly ahead, and had to smart sharply for it; poor Johann George, with forfeiture of Jägerndorf, with Reiches-Acht (Ban of the Empire), and total ruin, fighting against which he soon died. Act of Ban and Forfeiture was done tyrannously, said most men; and it was persisted in equally so, till men ceased speaking of it; Jägerndorf Duchy, fruit of the Act, was held by Austria ever after, in defiance of the Laws of the Reich. Religious Oppression lay heavy on Protestant Schlesien thenceforth, and many lukewarm individualities were brought back to Orthodoxy by that method, successful in the diligent skilled hands of Jesuit Reverend Fathers, with fiscals and soldiers in the rear of them.

A.D. 1648. Treaty of Westphalia mended much of this, and set fair limits to Papist encroachment-had said Treaty been kept: but how could it? By Orthodox Authority, anxious to recover lost souls, or at least to have loyal subjects, it was publicly kept in name, and tacitly, in substance, it was violated more and more. Of the "Blossoming of Silesian Literature," spoken of in Books; of the Poet Opitz, Poets Logau, Hoffmannswaldau, who burst into a kind of Song better or worse at this Period, we will remember nothing, but request the reader to remember it, if he is tunefully given, or thinks it a good symptom of Schlesien.

A.D. 1707. Treaty of Altranstadt, between Kaiser Joseph I. and Karl XII. Swedish Karl, marching through those parts-out of Poland, in chase of August the Physically Strong, toward Saxony, there to beat him soft-was waited upon by Silesian Deputations of a lamentable nature; was entreated, for the love of Christ and His Evangel, to "Protect us poor Protestants, and get the Treaty of Westphalia observed on our behalf, and fair play shown;" which Karl did; Kaiser Joseph, with such weight of French War lying on him, being much - struck with the tone of that dangerous Swede. The Pope rebuked Kaiser Joseph for such compliance in the Silesian matter: "Holy Father," answered this Kaiser (not of distinguished orthodoxy in the House), "I am too glad he did not ask me to become Lutheran; I know not how I should have helped myself!""

2 Pauli, Allgemeine Preussische Staats-Geschichte (viii., 298-592); Büsching, Erdbeschreibung (viii., 700-39); &c.—Heinrich Wuttke, Friedrich des

13th-16th Dec., 1740.

These are the Three Epochs-most things, in respect of this Third or Reformation Epoch, stepping steadily downward hitherto. As to the Fourth Epoch, dating "13th Dec., 1740," which continues, up to our day and farther, and is the final and crowning Epoch of Silesian History, read in the following Chap

ters.

CHAPTER II.

FRIEDRICH MARCHES ON GLOGAU.

Ar what hour Friedrich ceased dancing on that famous Ballnight of Bielfeld's, and how long he slept after, or whether at all, no Bielfeld even mythically says; but next morning, as is patent to all the world, Tuesday, 13th December, 1740, at the stroke of nine, he steps into his carriage, and with small escort rolls away toward Frankfurt-on-Oder,' out upon an Enterprise which will have results for himself and others.

Two youngish military men, Adjutants-General both, were with him, Wartensleben, Borck; both once fellow Captains in the Potsdam Giants, and much in his intimacy ever since. Wartensleben we once saw at Brunswick on a Masonic occasion; Borck, whom we here see for the first time, is not the Colonel Borck (properly Major-General) who did the Herstal Operation lately; still less is he the venerable old Minister, Marlborough Veteran, and now Field-Marshal Borck, whom Hotham treated with on a certain occasion. There are numerous Borcks always in the King's service; nor are these three, except by loose cousinry, related to one another. The Borcks all come from Stettin quarter; a brave kindred, and old enough—" Old as the Devil, Das ist so old als de Borcken und de Düwel," says the Pomeranian Proverb; the Adjutant General, a junior member of the clan, chances to be the notablest of them at this moment. WartensGrossen Besitzergreifung von Schlesien (Seizure of Silesia by Friedrich, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1843), I mention only lest ingenuous readers should be tempted by the Title to buy it. Wuttke begins at the Creation of the World; and having, in two heavy volumes, at last struggled down close to the Besitzergreifung or Seizure in question, calls halt, and stands (at ease, we will hope) immovably there for the seventeen years since.

1 Helden-Geschichte, i., 452; Preuss, Thronbesteigung, p. 456.