the territories of the other were to be allowed to remain and to continue their trade so long as they behaved peaceably. They might be ordered off, in case of suspicion, on twelve months' notice, or without any notice, if detected in violations of the laws. No reprisals were to be ordered by either party till satisfaction had first been demanded. Fugitives from justice charged with murder or forgery were to be mutually given up.

66

der of American rights. In order to prevent misrepresentations, and to elicit the expressions of the people, Washington caused the whole treaty to be published. A mad, seditious cry went over the land from the opposition. In several cities mobs threatened personal violence to the supporters of the treaty. Hamilton was stoned at a public meeting in New York, while speaking in the open air. The British minister at Philadelphia was insulted; Early Opposition. The treaty was con- and in Charleston the British flag was cluded at London on Nov. 19, 1794. It trailed in the dust of the streets. Jay reached the President in March, 1795, was denounced as a traitor; and in Virafter the adjournment of Congress. The ginia disunion was recommended as a cure Senate was convened, in special session, for political evils. The Democratic societo consider it, early in June, 1795. After ties and orators put forth claims for a debate for a fortnight, in secret session, sympathy for France. She has a governa vote of 20 to 10-precisely a constitu- ment congenial to our own. Citizens, your tional majority-advised (June 24) the security depends on France. Let us unite ratification of the treaty, excepting the with her and stand or fall together!" article which related to the renunciation shouted opposition orators throughout the by the Americans of the privilege of trans- country. The Democrats adorned their portation of sugar, molasses, coffee, co- hats with the French cockade. Jay was coa, and cotton in the West India trade. burned in effigy in many places, and longCotton was then just promising to be ings for the guillotine were freely expressof vast importance in the carrying-trade, ed in public assemblies. and such an article was wholly inadmissible. The President had determined, before the meeting of the Senate, to ratify the treaty; and when it was laid before the cabinet all agreed with him excepting the Secretary of State (Edmund Randolph, of Virginia), who raised the point that by the ratification, before an obnoxious British Order in Council concerning neutrals should be repealed, the British claim to the right of search and impressment would be conceded by the Americans. Hamilton, who had been consulted, advised the ratification, but to withhold the exchange of ratifications until that order should be repealed. The Senate had removed the seal of secrecy from their proceedings, but had forbidden consulted his cabinet, and they unanimousany publication of the treaty itself. State- ly decided that the House had no right ments concerning the provisions of the to make such a call, as they were not a treaty soon appeared. The Democratic part of the treaty-making power. They societies and newspapers had resolved to also decided that it was not expedient oppose and attack the treaty whatever for the President to furnish the papers, might be its provisions. They had opposed for the call should be considered as an the mission to negotiate it. After it was unfounded claim of power on the part received Randolph revealed enough of its of the House to interfere with the privicharacter to give a foundation for many leges of the President and Senate. The attacks upon it in the newspapers. It President, therefore, declined to comply was denounced as a pusillanimous surren- with the request of the House, giving

When the President had proclaimed the treaty as the law of the land, he, according to promise, sent a copy of it, March 2, 1796, to the House. Its appearance was the beginning of a violent debate in that body, which turned upon the question whether the House possessed discretionary power to carry the treaty into execution or not at its pleasure. The debate arose on a motion of Edward Livingston, of New York, calling upon the President for his instructions to Jay and other papers relating to the treaty. After about thirty speeches, in a debate of three weeks, which grew warmer and warmer the longer it lasted, the resolution was adopted, March 24, by a vote of 62 to 37. The President

his reasons in a special message. Reso- with the duties of the President and Sen

lutions asserting the majesty of the House were introduced (April 6), and were supported by Madison. These resolutions were adopted by a vote of 57 to 35, and the subject of the "British treaty" was a staple topic of debate for some time after wards. Finally, April 30, the House passed a resolution-51 to 48-that it was expedient to pass laws for carrying the treaty into effect.

ate of the United States, and, refusing to vote, the resolutions were adopted unanimously. The House did not venture to send up these resolutions to the Senate. A resolution declaring the treaty uncorstitutional was defeated. The legislature of Delaware passed, Jan. 14, 1796, a resolution of approval. Gov. Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, spoke of the treaty as "pregnant with evil." suggested a conThe discussions of the treaty were soon flict of authority between the President transferred from public meetings and the and Senate and the House of Representanewspapers to the arena of State legislatives, and transmitted to the general tures. Governor Shelby, in his speech to court the resolutions of Virginia on the the Kentucky legislature, attacked the subject of amendments to the Constitutreaty. The House seemed to agree with tion. His suggestions and sentiments met him (Nov. 4, 1794), but the Senate evaded with no favorable response from the legany decided committal. The house of islature. The Massachusetts Senate dedelegates of Virginia adopted, by a vote clared their concurrence in the belief of of 100 to 50, a resolution approving the the governor that the national government conduct of their Senators in voting (Nov. was in "honest hands," and expressed the 20) against the treaty. A counter-resolu- opinion, unanimously, that it would “be tion declaring their undiminished confi- an interference with duties intrusted to dence in the President was lost-59 to that government for the State legislatures 79; but another resolution disclaiming to decide on the British treaty." The any imputation of the President's motives house, by a large majority, suggested “a was passed-78 to 62. The legislature respectful submission on the part of the took the occasion to adopt a series of resolutions proposing an amendment to the national Constitution to admit the House of Representatives to a share in the treaty-making power. The legislature of Maryland resolved that they felt a deep concern at efforts to detach from the President the well-earned confidence of his fellow-citizens," and declaring their "unabated reliance in his judgment, integ- Jay, WILLIAM, jurist: born in New rity, and patriotism." The Senate of Penn- York City, June 16, 1789; son of John sylvania made a similar declaration. The Jay; graduated at Yale in 1807; appointlegislature of New Hampshire expressed, ed judge of the court of common pleas in Dec. 5, 1795, their "abhorrence of those 1818: reappointed under the new constidisturbers of the peace" who had endeav- tution in 1822; served till 1843, when he ored to render abortive measures so well was superseded on account of his anticalculated to advance the happiness of the slavery views. He is the author of Life country. The North Carolina legislature, of John Jay; A View of the Action of the by a decided majority, adopted a series of Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery; resolutions, Dec. 8, reprobating the treaty War and Peace, in which he suggested and thanking their Senators for having that international disputes should be setopposed it. In the legislature of South tled by arbitration; The Mexican War, Carolina resolutions were introduced de- etc. He died in Bedford, N. Y., Oct. 14, claring the treaty "highly injurious to 1858. the general interests of the United Jayhawkers and Red Legs, names apStates"; when the friends of the treaty, plied to Free-State men who, during the finding themselves in a minority, declared Kansas conflict in 1854-59, began a series the legislature had no business to interfere of reprisals for outrages committed by

people to the constituted authorities as the surest means of enjoying and perpetuating the invaluable blessings of our free and representative government." The general court of Rhode Island expressed their confidence in the general government and rejected the Virginia resolutions for amendments to the Constitution. So, also, did the legislature of New York.

pro-slavery men, but ultimately practical- Adelphi Theatre, London, and, although ly became bandits.

Jayne, HORACE, biologist; born in Philadelphia, March 5, 1859; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1879, and at its medical school in 1882; studied biology at Leipzig and Jena in 1883-84; and, returning to the United States, was first appointed lecturer in biology in the University of Pennsylvania, and subsequently Professor of Vertebrate Morphology there. For a number of years he was dean of the faculty. In 1900 he was director of the Wistar Institute of the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of Mammalian Anatomy; Revision of the Dermestidæ of North America; Abnormities Observed in North American Coleoptera, etc.

Jeannette, VOYAGE OF THE. See DE

LONG.

Jeffers, WILLIAM NICHOLSON, naval officer; born in Gloucester county, N. J., Oct. 6, 1824; joined the navy in 1840; served in the war with Mexico, and also through the Civil War; was promoted commodore in February, 1878. His pub lications include Short Methods in Navigation; Theory and Practice of Naval Gunnery; Inspection and Proof of Cannon; Marine Surveying; Ordnance Instructions for United States Navy, etc. He died in Washington, D. C., July 23, 1883.

Jefferson, the name proposed to be given to what is now the State of Colorado, in 1858, when an attempt was made to establish a provisional government. The scheme failed in consequence of conflicting claims on the part of the surrounding Territories. When, however, Congress created the new Territory in 1861, the name Colorado was given to it.

he has since played in many of the most popular comedies of the day, and in various parts of the world, he will be remembered longest for his presentations of that character. Mr. Jefferson has also distinguished himself as an orator and a painter. For many years his chief diversions were fishing and painting, and in 1899 he permitted an exhibition of sixteen of his landscape-paintings in oil in the national capital. He published an autobiography in 1890.

As the representative of the dramatic profession, Mr. Jefferson was invited by the faculty of Yale University to deliver a lecture on Dramatic Art, which was given on April 27, 1892, in the course of which he says:

If I am asked to reason from my knowledge and engraft it on the history of the past, I would unhesitatingly declare that the stage is in a much better condition now than it ever was before. The social and moral status of the whole world has undoubtedly improved, and gone hand in hand with scientific and material progress; and permit me to assure you that the stage in this respect has not been idle, but that, to my knowledge, it has in the march of improvement kept pace foot by foot with every social advance.

Even the coarse dramas of the olden time were in keeping with the conditions of the social and literary society that surrounded it. Those plays that appealed to the lowest tastes were not only welcome but demanded by the court of Charles. Old Pepys, who lived during this time, says in his diary: "I went last night to see A Midsummer Night's Dream; it was a great waste of time, and I hope I Jefferson, JOSEPH, actor; born in Phila- shall never again be condemned to see delphia, Pa., Feb. 20, 1829; is descended such a poor play. Ah, give me a comfrom several generations of actors; made edy of Ethelridge, and let us have no more his first appearance on the stage when of this dull, vague Shakespeare." It was three years old; played in the old Span- not, therefore, that there were no good ish theatre in Matamoras, Mexico, two plays, but that the vicious public wanted days after that city was taken by the bad ones, and while rakes and unprinAmericans; and in 1857 established his cipled gallants and vile women were the reputation as a comedian by his perform- heroes and heroines of the stage, the ance as Asa Trenchard in Our American plays of Shakespeare had been written for Cousin, in New York City. In 1865 he a hundred years. Such lovely creatures appeared for the first time in his inimi- as Rosalind, Desdemona, Beatrice, Ophelia, table rôle of Rip Van Winkle, in the Imogene, Portia, and Juliet, together with

their noble mates, Orlando, Benedict, Ham- And so the people insisted that the actors let, Romeo, and a host of pure and mar- should give them an exhibition of the vellous creations, were moulding on the licentious times rather than the splendid shelves, because the managers had suffered lessons of Shakespeare. As the social bankruptcy for daring to produce them. world improved in its tastes the drama Shakespeare says that the actors are "the followed it-nay, in some instances has abstract and brief chronicles of the times." led it.

JEFFERSON, THOMAS

Jefferson, THOMAS, third President of the United States; born in Shadwell, Va., April 2, 1743; was educated at the College of William and Mary; studied law under George Wythe; and was admitted to the bar in 1767. From 1769 to 1775 he was an active member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. In that body he introduced a bill empowering masters to manumit their slaves. On Jan. 1, 1771,

View of the Rights of British America, which, it is believed, procured for him a place in the list of American traitors denounced by the British Parliament. He had taken an active part against the Boston port bill. Mr. Jefferson took his seat in the Continental Congress in June, 1775, when he was thirty-two years of age. In that body he served on the most important committees, and in drawing up state papers. On the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, to Mr. Jefferson was assigned the duty of writing that important paper, which he advocated and signed. True to the proclivities of his nature in favor of human liberty, he introduced a clause censuring slavery, which was stricken out. In October, 1776, he retired from Congress to take part in his own State affairs, and for two years and a half was employed in revising the laws of Virginia and procuring some wise enactments, such as abolishing the laws of primogeniture, giving freedom to convicts, etc. During the entire Revolutionary War Jefferson was very active in his own State, serving as its governor from June, 1779, to 1781. At the time of his retirement from the chair, Cornwallis, invading Virginia, desolated Jefferson's estate at Elk Hill, and he and his family narrowly escaped capture. Mr. Jefferson was again in Congress in 1783, and, as chairman of a committee, reported to that body the definite treaty of peace with Great Britain. Assisting the suggestions of Gouverhe married Martha Skelton, a rich and neur Morris, he proposed and carried a beautiful young widow of twenty-three. bill establishing the decimal system of He was a member of the committee of currency. In 1785 he succeeded Dr. correspondence of Virginia, which he as- Franklin as minister at the French Court, sisted in forming, and was engaged in where he remained until 1789, when he active public life until his retirement returned and took a seat in Washingfrom the Presidency of the United States. ton's cabinet as Secretary of State. In 1774 he wrote his famous Summary In France he had published his Notes