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he recorded his observations on rarities he had discovered, both philosophicall and mathematicall." James and his crew suffered terribly, for they passed a winter in those high latitudes, and returned in 1632. In the following year he published The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Capt. Thomas James for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage to the South Sea. James, THOMAS LEMUEL, journalist; born in Utica, N. Y., March 29, 1831; proprietor of the Madison County Journal, published at Hamilton, N. Y., 185161; took an active interest in politics, serving the State and nation in various capacities; was appointed postmaster of New York City in 1873; Postmaster-General, March 6, 1881; and resigned in 1882, when he organized and became president of the Lincoln National Bank, New York City.

History at the University of Chicago. He is the author of William Usselina, Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies; History of Historical Writing in America; Dictionary of United States History, etc. He is also the editor of Essays on Constitutional History of the United States; and The Correspondence of John C. Calhoun.

Jamestown. On May 13, 1607, more than 100 Englishmen landed on a slightly elevated peninsula on the right bank of the River of Powhatan," Virginia, 40 or 50 miles from its mouth; chose the spot for the capital of a new colony; cleared the trees from the ground; and began the building of a village, which, in compliment to their King (James I.), they named Jamestown. They also gave his name to the river. The spot is more of an island than a peninsula, for the marshy isthmus that connects it with the mainland is often covered with water. The Rev. Robert Hunt, the pastor of the colony, preached a sermon and invoked the blessings of God upon their undertaking. Then, in the warm sunshine, and among Psychology: Briefer the shadowy woods and the delicious perCourse; The Will to Believe, and other fume of flowers, the sound of the metal

James, WILLIAM, psychologist; born in New York City, Jan. 11, 1842; was educated in private schools and at the Law rence Scientific School. In 1872 he became Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University. He is the author of Principles of Psychology;

Essays in Popular

Philosophy. He was appointed Gifford lecturer on natural religion in the University of Edinburgh for 1899-1901.

Jameson, JOHN FRANKLIN, educator; born in Boston, Sept. 19, 1859; graduated at Amherst in 1879. In 1895, when the American Historical Review was founded, he became its managing editor. In

the same year, when the Historical Manuscript Commis- axe was first heard in Virginia. The sion was instituted, he was made its first tree was felled for a dwelling on the chairman, and served as such till 1899. spot first settled, permanently, by EnglishHe was Professor of History at Brown men in America. The Indians were at University in 1888-1900. In the latter first hostile, and the settlement built a year he accepted a call to the chair of stockade. Their first church edifice there

was very simple. "When I first went like a barn "-was burned while Captain to Virginia," says Captain Smith, "I Smith was a prisoner among the Indians, well remember we did hang an awning and he found the settlers building a house (which was an old sail) to three or four for the president of the council. When, not long after, he was installed in that office, he ordered the "building of the palace to be stayed, as a thing Matapa needless," and the church to be rebuilt at once. Iames towne

(From Capt. John Smith's Historie of Virginia.)

Commissioners under the new charter arrived at Jamestown in the spring of 1610. Of the 490 persons left there by Smith the previous autumn, only sixty remained alive. They had refused to follow the admonitions of Smith to provide food for the winter, but relied upon the neighboring Indians to supply them. When Smith departed, the Indians showed hostility and withheld corn and game. They matured a plan for the destruction of the settlers at Jamestown, when POCAHONTAS (q. v.), like an angel of mercy, hastened to the settlement under cover of darkness, warned them of their danger, put them on their guard, and saved them. Terrible had been the sufferings of the colonists through the winter. More than 400 had perished by famine and sickness in the space of six months. It was long after referred to by the survivors as "the starving time." The settlers were in the depths of despair when the commissioners arrived. Sir Thomas Gates, who was acting governor, saw no other way to save the

trees to shadow us from the sun; our lives of the starving men than to abandon walls were rails of wood, our seats un- the settlement, sail to Newfoundland, and hewed trees, till we cut planks; our pul- distribute them among the fishermen pit a bar of wood nailed to two neighbor- there. They were embarked in four pining trees; in foul weather we shifted naces, but, at dawn, they met Lord Delainto an old, rotten tent, for we had few ware, with ships, supplies, and emigrants, better. . . . This was our church till at the mouth of the river. All turned we built a homely thing, like a barn, set back and, landed at deserted Jamestown, upon crotchets, covered with rafts, sedge, they stood in silent prayer and thanksand earth; so were also the walls. The giving on the shore, and then followed best of our houses were of the like curios- Rev. Mr. Buckle (who had succeeded Mr. ity, but, for the most part, of far worse Hunt) to the church, where he preached workmanship, that could neither well de- a sermon in the evening twilight. The fend wind nor rain. Yet we had daily congregation sang anthems of praise, and common prayer morning and evening, were listened to by crouching savages in every Sunday two sermons, and every the adjacent woods. In that little chapel three months communion till our minister at Jamestown Pocahontas was baptized died." The church-" the homely thing, and married a few years later. The fire

that consumed the first church also de- colony was 4,000 strong and shipped to stroyed a large portion of the town England 40,000 pounds of tobacco. This and surrounding palisades. There seems was raised with the aid of many bound to have been another destructive fire apprentices-boys and girls picked up in there afterwards, for Smith, speaking the streets of London and sent out-and of the arrival of Governor Argall, in of many "disorderly persons" sent by 1617, says: "In Jamestown he found order of the King." but five or six houses, the church down, Suddenly a great calamity overtook the the palisades broken, the bridge [across colony. Powhatan was dead, and his sucthe marsh] in pieces, the well of fresh cessor, OPECHANCANOUGH (q. v.), always water spoiled, and the storehouse used hostile, planned a blow for the extermina

tion of the white people. It fell with terrible force late in March, 1622, and eighty plantations were reduced to eight. The settlers at Jamestown escaped the calamity through the good offices of Chanco, a friendly Indian, who gave them timely warning of the plot, and they were prepared for defence. Jamestown became

for a church." In the same year Smith's Generall Historie recalls a statement by John Rolfe: "About the last of August came a Dutch man-of-war and sold us 20 Negars." A more desirable accession came in 1621 through the shipment by the company of "respectable young women for wives of those colonists who would pay the cost of transporta- a refuge from the storm for the western tion "-at first 120 lbs. of tobacco, af- settlements. Sickness and famine terwards 150 lbs. In July, 1620, the sued, and the colony was greatly reduced

en