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peg the increase in population has been so great that the municipal equipment of the city is in arrears, and extraordinary exertions and large outlays are now being made to bring the water supply, the sewerage system, and the street department up to the needs of the city. Even the railway companies, which are usually supposed to look far ahead, have found themselves behindhand and not quite ready for all the business-passenger and freight-which the rapid development of the prairie country is bringing to them. The new station of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company at Winnipeg is, as a station, almost as magnificent as Broad Street Station, Philadelphia. It was opened a few months ago, before it was fully complete. It still lacks a train-shed, and, large as it is, it has already been found too small, and the building of an annex is now to go on side by side with the completion of the main station. East of the city of Ottawa there is only a single track of rails; but the handling of the increasing grain crops for the Canadian West now raises 85,000,000 bushels-has rendered necessary the double-tracking of the four hundred miles of railway which lie between Winnipeg and Fort William, where most of the grain is transferred from cars to steamers for conveyance down the Great Lakes to Canadian and American ports. So far, the Dominion Government has so organized its immigration propaganda as to bring into the country only people intending to settle on the land. Manufacturers have long urged that the Government should help them in recruiting skilled labor for the factories. The Government, however, will not change its policy; and consequently, at the annual convention of the Canadian Manufacturers' Association at Winnipeg, the Association decided to take this work into its own hands and begin at once a propaganda in Great Britain in the interest of the factories and workshops of the Dominion.

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roic missionary work. It is true that the man could hardly be regarded as a conventional missionary; for Dr. Grenfell, who is now a Companion of St. Michael and St. George, fills many offices on the Labrador coast, as readers of The Outlook know. He is a surgeon, mastermariner, a magistrate, an agent of Lloyds in running down rascals who wreck their vessels for the insurance, a manager of a string of co-operative stores, a general opponent of all fraud and oppression, a fighter against the drink evil, which finds peculiarly helpless victims among the fisher-folk, an upholder of all good, and a friend and comrade to everybody who comes in contact with him. He takes his new honor with a characteristic spirit, for he values it, not as a tribute to himself personally, but as a sanction which will give him power in his struggle with unscrupulous traders, heartless dealers in rum, and all sorts of malefactors who find on that coast easy prey and safe quarters. He is now planning to introduce reindeer into that country. These animals will furnish food, clothing, transportation in place of dog-teams, material for manufacture, and consequently new opportunities for industrial development for all the people. Dr. Grenfell has already received several hundred dollars for this purpose. A hundred dollars will purchase and transport a deer. About five thousand dollars will furnish him a herd to begin with. The main part, however, of Dr. Grenfell's work is his bearing of health and strength to the sick and injured by means of medicine, surgery, and nursing. He has charge of four hospitals, and, by means of his hospital ship and his dog-teams, makes his rounds among the sparse and needy. population, and everywhere he goes he carries with words, and, better still, by his life, the message of his simple, genuine, and untheological religious faith. Dr. Grenfell is now in this country, where he has many friends. Interest in his work has spread to many places. There is a committee for New England, represented at 14 Beacon Street, Boston, by Miss E. E. White. In New York there is the Grenfell Association, with a Board of Directors composed of representative men, of whom Dr. Henry van

1907

THE WEEK

Dyke is the President; the office of the Secretary of the Grenfell Association is at 287 Fourth Avenue; the Treasurer, Mr. Eugene Delano, 59 Wall Street, receives and acknowledges contributions. The friends of Dr. Grenfell are planning to form a National organization, so that the support of his work may be unified. Dr. Grenfell is speaking in various cities; his visit will continue On January until some time in March.

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15, in the evening, a meeting under the auspices of the Grenfell Association will be held in Carnegie Hall, New York City. Dr. van Dyke will preside, and Dr. Grenfell himself will give an account of his work, or, as he terms it, his " jolly good fun," in Labrador. He is not a martyr in any ordinary sense of the word; and his self-sacrifice is not of the kind that expresses itself in terms of affliction or deprivation. His spirit is that of the soldier who loves the battle. He ought to receive the heartiest and the most persistent kind of support.

An Experiment in Scientific Christianity

Following quickly upon the report that a Western bishop would revive the mediæval ceremony of unction as a cure for illness, and incidentally as a counter-agent to Christian Science, comes the news of a significant enterprise at Emmanuel Church, Boston. The Rev. Dr. Elwood Worcester, rector of this parish, is endeavoring to put to humane, religious service the best results of scientific research in the treatment of spiritual and certain physical ailments by psychical To launch the project, Dr. J. J. Putnam and Dr. Richard Cabot, of the Harvard Medical School, joined with Dr. Worcester and his colleague, Dr. McComb, in speaking at two Sunday evening meetings in November at the parish These talks were preliminary to the formation of a class, the members of which may meet the rector and a medical specialist in neurology at the church on a specified week-day from this time forth. The consultations and treatment thus freely offered are, by a careful provision, to interfere in no wise with the work of the patients' own physicians,

means.

rooms.

if they are already under medical care.
The purpose is rather to supplement and
Applicants for aid
extend this work.
A library of
will receive the advice considered best
for their special needs.
the most helpful books relating to sug-
gestion and psycho-therapeutics in their
more and less simple forms will be
Such obvious
generously employed.
measures as setting the applicants to
some unselfish work which shall bring
them into healthier relations with their
fellow-beings will form an important ele-
ment in the work. Indeed, this lifting
of the sufferer out of himself by the
agencies of ambition, affection, and re-
ligion was pointed out by Dr. Cabot as
one of the most effective means of cure.
In this day of growing recognition of the
close relation between body and mind
it was to be expected that a concrete
attempt would be made toward the in-
telligent yoking of the efforts of those
who minister to the parallel needs of
mankind. The scientific psychologist
and the progressive clergyman can each
bring so much to the other that the won-
der is that they have stood so long apart.
The distinctive note of the movement in
Boston is the combination of sound re-
ligious teaching with sound scientific
theory and practice. Both here and in
England, where it has just been learned
that a similar pioneer enterprise is on
foot, the movement is worth watching.
It is modestly and reverently undertaken,
with a full realization that experiment
alone can test its value.

University
Leadership

Soon after assuming the presidency of Yale, six years ago, Dr. Hadley in

emphasized moral various addresses leadership as a proper and desirable function of universities as well as of churches. He gave practical illustration of this idea three years ago in his published lectures on the " Relation Between Freedom and Responsibility." These set forth the ethical basis of democracy, and the present low standard of public ethics as needing correction by the culture of a social conscience in the citizen, rather than by improving social machinery. In his recent lectures before

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the New Yale School of Philanthropy on the Basis of Public Morals" he has again illustrated the same idea, in a discussion of modern ethical ideals, and the ethics of trade, of corporate management, and of political activity. In these lectures Dr. Hadley fully recognized the fact that there has been a betterment of business practices since the moral anarchy that set in subsequently to the Civil War. "The late insurance scandals," said he, "were a pious regard to the Ten Commandments, compared to the doings of that time in 'Effe.'" But while heroism and altruism remain the ideals of conduct in private life, he found their base opposites still common. in business and political life. No legis lative devices could be relied on to extirpate them, but only the moralization of the individual conscience by an interest for the common good in the light of common sense. The stress of every lecture was on the pernicious effect of all policies of self-interest, which is seen in the current evils that result wherever private advantage is preferred to fidelity to a public trust. These appear in the gambling and extortion observable when modern trade in its larger forms is perverted from its legitimate end of supplying public needs. They appear when corporations by selfish insistence on legal rights invite legal spoliation. They ap pear even in the National Legislature when parts of the country" extort constitutional blackmail" for not opposing National interests. The cure is not in new laws, but new minds, rational and unselfish ideals of good. The note of moral leadership has repeatedly come from Yale. Twenty years ago Professor Sumner in a little book declared it time to call out all the moral reserves" to check the progress of moral decay. More recently Professor Ladd in another book gave warning of a moral crisis impending in the lack of moral energy in the churches. The keynote of President Hadley's inaugural address was fidelity to the moral ideals of democracy and Christianity. Since then he has kept the work of moral invigoration continuously in view by his addresses to the student community, as well as to other audiences. A conspicuous instance was

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his last baccalaureate, noticed as such by The Outlook at the time. It is hardly disputable that the churches need to do more than they have done in such endeavors to correct the low ideals of commercialism and industrialism. It is a wholesome example that the University sets them for the exercise of the moral leadership that is traditionally and naturally theirs.

The Pueblo School-House Plan

A new suggestion with regard to the schoolhouse comes to us from Pueblo, Colorado. Its main object is health, but the educational features are by no means lost sight of. It is the application of the group system to educational facilities. Beginning with a central hall or auditorium, the needs of the community are met by the addition of new buildings on either side of this hall from time to time. A whole block is utilized, and the additions are made to meet the requirements of the situation. The number of school-rooms may be made always to meet the demand, which is not the case with a building of many rooms. The many-roomed building is usually ahead or behind the needs of the district; there are vacant rooms intended for future requirements, or crowded rooms waiting for the school board to build. Under the new plan there is less waste room. There is less chance of fire, and in case of fire there is less chance for loss of property or damage by water, and the danger to pupils is reduced to a minimum. Light and ventilation may be obtained from any direction. There are no large hallways to accumulate dirt. There is less work for the janitor, and there is no sweeping of dust and other refuse from one floor down upon another. A recess may be taken out-of-doors at any time without disturbing other classes. There is a greater field for individuality on the part of both teachers and pupils. The view from the ground floor is more attractive to children, being nearer to nature. The artistic possibilities are greater. Those who advocate the Pueblo plan of single-story, detached school buildings ask, "If life, health, and econ

1907

WHAT FRANCE HAS DONE

omy be worth considering, is there any excuse for still erecting the four, eight, twelve, and sixteen-room buildings except the trouble of getting out of a rut?" The following extracts from letters of teachers in Pueblo who are teaching in one-room buildings will serve to emphasize the practical value of the plan suggested:

Because of its being organized on the family plan, I prefer a cottage school. The teacher is able to take part in all the exercises, not only class exercises, but also games.

Each room can be independent in regard to discipline and recreation without disturbing others, thus giving teacher and pupil more outdoor life and exercise.

Children are less liable to be exposed to contagious diseases when the buildings are separate.

The plan makes it possible for the children to pass outside often for fresh air, rest, and nature study work, painting, or gardening.

Games, exercises, music, and other work can be given without being heard in the other rooms.

It gives better opportunity to study the individual child when you can be with him both in the room and on the grounds.

There is much less nervous strain upon the teacher in accomplishing the same amount of work.

What France

Done

the violation of international obligations, with the repudiation of a national debt, with irreligion and blasphemy. How much of this is true? What has France really done? In answering this question some things must be kept clearly in mind.

In the first place, this conflict has not been a battle between Roman Catholics France is a Roman and Protestants. Catholic nation. There are thirty-six Roman Catholics to one Protestant. If Protestants had attempted to carry through this policy, they could have been overwhelmingly outvoted. The Jews likewise are few in number. This has been a battle of Catholics with Catholics. It is partly a battle between Catholics who have left the Church and Catholics who are still in it; it is still more a battle between the Catholic monarchists and the Catholic republicans, between Catholics at Rome and those in France.

On

Secondly, this question, so far as it has been decided for France, has been decided by the French people through their representatives in parliament. the other hand, the final Catholic policy has been decided by one man—the Pope at Rome. Again and again the prin

Has ciple involved has been referred to the

From week to week the readers of The Outlook have been informed of all the important phases of the great conflict which for the last four years has been going on in France.

Not since the French Revolution and the establishment of the Third Republic has France taken a step so important for her national life. The magnitude of the event can scarcely be overestimated. Great principles are involved which were long since settled in our own land, and we believe settled rightly and finally. No people are in a better position to judge dispassionately the situation in France than the American people, and none are more interested in knowing what has taken place. The value set upon American public opinion is seen in the efforts which are being made to influence it. France has been charged with persecution, spoliation, and robbery, with

French people in general elections. In spite of the complications of French politics and the number and tendencies of French parties, the Separation Law has been sustained by overwhelming votes. The Catholics, on the contrary, have been much divided. Speaking generally, the monarchists have opposed the bill; the republicans have sustained it.

A group of twenty-three of the most eminent Catholics in France, among whom were Brunetière, Anatole LeroyBeaulieu, and others of equal distinction in letters and law, in a letter over own signatures, addressed the their bishops of France, and, while deprecating the character and spirit of the law, urged the bishops to accept it and to organize under it. The fact that a number of eminent Catholic laymen should venture to influence the bishops matter of national importance in a made them the subjects of violent attack from the ultramontane organs;

they were dubbed "green cardinals," because so many of the signers were privileged to wear on their coat the green palm of the French Academy. The bishops, however, were not uninfluenced by this appeal. Some of them, like the Archbishop of Rouen, had independently upheld the law. It is probable that in the Assembly of Bishops, by a large majority, a decision was reached in favor of organizing under the new law. Thus if the question for the Catholic Church in France could have been decided by the suffrage of its most distinguished laymen or by that of the bishops, the vote would have been for submission. In France, however, while the affairs of the nation are settled by popular suffrage and by representative government, the affairs of the Church are settled by an appeal to the Pope, who has disregarded the bishops and the law.

A writer in the Catholic World, of New York, describing the situation before the Pope's decision, says: "The lay Catholics of France were then divided into two camps: on the one side there were those who were called submissionists,' and on the other the advocates of resistance. The hierarchy and the clergy were equally divided." So long as the Holy See had made no definite pronouncement concerning the policy which French Catholics ought to adopt, they were very much divided on the question, but unanimity instantly reigned on the day when Pope Pius X. formally indicated a definite policy."

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This unanimity is not the unanimity of conviction, but of obedience. It is the unanimity with which soldiers obey a general even when they know he is wrong. A distinguished prelate of the Catholic Church in this country has publicly said that if Leo XIII. had been in the papal chair the deadlock would not have occurred. Another Catholic equally eminent has said that the present Pope knows nothing of international politics, does not understand France, and is guided by a small clique at Rome. It is not alone American Protestants who doubt the wisdom of governing a Church so that the ripest conviction of its most eminent men, both lay and clerical, is

set aside by the edict of one man in a foreign land; many French Catholics have left the Church because they cannot be loyal to an authority that does not command their convictions. They refuse to accept the formula of M. Brunetière to obey the Pope in the dark if they cannot obey him in the light. The most pathetic aspect of the religious situation in France is not due to the action of the Government, which has not closed the churches; it is due to the fact that thousands on thousands of Catholics have left the Church because they decline longer to accept its dogmas or its authority. They are orphaned Catholics without a religious home. They cannot be recalled by decrees or anathemas.

Catholics, both regular and nominal, in France may concede the right of the Pope to decree as to vestments and doctrines, and to decide questions that are purely religious; but a majority of the thirty-six millions of Catholics have decided that they will not longer maintain a political alliance with the Pope or recognize in any official way the doctrine of his temporal sovereignty. Under this conviction, France has abolished the Concordat between the Pope and the State.

In doing this has France violated an international obligation? It is not difficult to answer this question both from the standpoint of ethics and of international law. The Concordat was an agreement made between Napoleon I. and the Pope in 1801, with reference to the status of the Catholic Church in France. There is not a clause in it that indicates that it was in the nature of a perpetual contract. Indeed, there is a clause which indicates the contrary. It was provided that if at any time the successor of the First Consul should not be a Catholic, there should be a new agreement.

In refusing to regard the Pope any longer as a foreign potentate, France has taken a step which Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel took for Italy years ago, in spite of Napoleon III. At the last Hague Conference the existence of the Pope as a sovereign was not even recognized. France may well claim that it

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