Maryland after the Stuart Restoration.-Navigation Act.—
Boundary Disputes.-Liberality of Religion.-Agitation to Es-
tablish Anglicanism.-Maryland under William and Mary.-
English Church Established.-Not Oppressive. -Fate of Virginia
after the Restoration.-Virginia's Spirit, Numbers, Resources.
-Causes of Bacon's Rebellion.-Evil of the Navigation Acts.
-Worthless Officials.-Course of the Rebellion.- Result.—
Dulness of the Subsequent History.-William and Mary College.
-Governor Spotswood.-Blackbeard.-Carolina.-Its Constitu-
tion. Conflict of Parties.-Georgia.

CHAPTER VI. GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS

IN THE COLONIES

119

Origin of American Political Institutions. -Local Self-gov-
ernment. Representation.-Relation of Colonies to England.
-Classification of Colonies.-Changes.-Conflict of Legal Views.
-Colonists' Contentions.-Taxation.

CHAPTER VII. SOCIAL CULTURE IN COLO-

NIAL TIMES

123

Population of the Colonies at Different Dates.-Differences
according to Sections.—Intellectual Ability.-Free Thought.—
Political Bent.-English Church in the Colonies.-Its Clergy.-
In New York.-The New England Establishment.-Hatred to
Episcopacy.-Counter-hatred.-Colleges and Schools.-News-
papers.-Libraries.-Postal System:-Learned Professions.—
Epidemics.-Scholars and Artists.-Travelling.-Manufactures
and Commerce.-Houses. --Food and Dress.-Wigs.-Opposi-
tion to Them.- Social Cleavage. - Redemptioners. — Penal
Legislation.-Philadelphia Leads in Social Science.

The French in the Heart of the Continent.-Groseilliers, Rad-
isson, La Salle.-Joliet and Marquette Reach the Mississippi.-

Baudin and Du Lhut.-La Salle Descends to the Gulf.—" Chi-
cago."-The Portages.-La Salle's Expedition from France to
the Mississippi.-Its Fate.-French, Indians, and English.-
France's Advantage.-Numbers of each Race in America.—
Causes of England's Colonial Strength.-King William's War.
-The Schenectady Massacre. -Other Atrocities.-Anne's War.
-Deerfield.-Plans for Striking Back.-Second Capture of Port
Royal.-Rasle's Settlement Raided. —George's War.—Capture of
Louisburg.-Saratoga Destroyed. -Scheme to Retaliate.-Fail-
ure.-French Vigilance and Aggression.

Struggle Inevitable.-George Washington.-Fights at Great
Meadows.-War Begun.-English Plans of Campaign.-Brad-
dock's March.-Defeat and Death.-Prophecy Regarding Wash-
ington.—The "Evangeline" History.-Loudon's Incompetence.
-Pitt at the Head of Affairs.-Will Take Canada.-Louisburg
Recaptured." Pittsburgh."-Triple Movement upon Canada.
-The Plains of Abraham.-Quebec Capitulates.-Peace of Paris,
-Conspiracy of Pontiac.

PERIOD III

REVOLUTION AND THE OLD CONFEDER-

ATION

1763-1789

RESULTS OF THE FRENCH AND IN-

CHAPTER I.
DIAN WAR
154
How Important.-Vergennes's Prophecy.-England in Debt.
-Tempted to Tax Colonies.-Colonies Strengthened.-Mili-
tary Experience Gained.-Leaders Trained.-Fighting Power
Revealed.-Best of All, Union.-How Developed.-Nothing
but War could have done This.-Scattered Condition of Popu-
lation Then.-Difficulties of Communication.-Other Centrifu-

gal Influences.-France no longer a Menace to the Colonies.
But a Natural Friend and Ally.-Increase of Territory at the
Colonies' Disposal.

Character of the Young King.-Policy.-Advisers.-Indefinite
Causes Separating Colonies from England.-England Blind to
These.-Ignorant of the Colonies.-Stricter Enforcement of Navi-
gation Laws.-Writs of Assistance.-James Otis.-Stamp Act.
-Opposition.-Vigorous and Widespread Retaliation by Non-
importation.-England Recedes.-Her Side of the Question.—
Lord Mansfield's Argument.-Pitt's.-Constitutional and Histori-
cal Considerations not Sufficient.-George III.'s Case Better
Legally than Practically.-Natural Rights.-Townshend's Duties.
-Massachusetts Opposition.-Samuel Adams.-Committees of
Correspondence.-The Billeting Act.-Boston Massacre.-State-
ment of Grievances.-The Tea.-Coercion Resolved Upon.—
First Continental Congress.-Drifting into War.

Slow Growth of Desire for Independence.-Why.-Early
Schemes of Union. -New York Convention of 1690.-Albany
Convention of 1754.-Franklin's Plan for a Confederation of
Colonies. Even in 1774 no Hint of Independence.—Hardly in
1775.-Swift Change at Last.-All the Colonies Turn to the New
Idea. Causes.-Dickinson and Harrison.-The King's Barbar-
ity. The Gaspé Affair.-Capture of Fort William and Mary.-
Paine's "Common Sense."-Declaration of Independence Moot-
ed.-Debated.-Drafted.-Passed and Signed.--Jefferson.-
How far he Followed Earlier Utterances. -Effect of the Declara-
tion.-Anarchy in the Colonies. -New State Governments.-
New Constitutions.-Their Provisions.-Changes from the Old
Order.-General Character of the Documents.

General Gage in Boston.-Lexington.-Concord.-The Re-
treat.-Siege of Boston.-Bunker Hill.-Warren's Fall.-Losses
of the two Sides. -Washington Commander-in-Chief. — His
Character.-Difficulties.-Bad Military System.-Gage Evacu-
ates Boston. -Moultrie's Defence of Charleston Harbor.-New
York the Centre of Hostilities.-Long Island Given Up.-New
York City also.-Forts Washington and Lee Captured.-Re-
treat Across New Jersey.-Splendid Stroke at Trenton.—Prince-
ton.-Brandywine and Germantown.-The Winter at Valley
Forge. Hardships. -Steuben's Arrival and Drill.-Battle of
Monmouth.

CHAPTER V. THE NORTHERN CAMPAIGN.

. 189

On to Canada.-Ethan Allen takes "Old Ti."-Montgomery's
Advance.—Benedict Arnold's.—They Attack Quebec - Mont-
gomery Falls.-Morgan in the Lower Town.-The Siege Raised.
-Retreat.-Burgoyne's Advance.-The British Plan.-Ticon-
deroga Again in British Hands. -On to Fort Edward.-St.
Leger's Expedition.-Battle of Oriskany.-St. Leger Driven
Back.—Baume's Expedition.--Battle of Bennington.—Stark.--
-Burgoyne in a Cul-de-sac.-Gates Succeeds Schuyler.-First
Battle of Bemis's Heights or Stillwater.-Burgoyne's Position
Critical. No Tidings from Clinton.-Second Battle -Arnold
the Hero.-The Briton Retreats.-Capitulates.Little Thanks
to Gates.-Importance of Burgoyne's Surrender.

Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley.-Battle of Rhode
Island.-Raids.-Wayne takes Stony Point.-Paul Jones and
his Naval Victory.-The War in the South.-Lincoln Surren-
ders.-All South Carolina Gone.-Clinton's Severity.-Bravely
withstood by Southern Leaders and People.-Washington Sends
Aid.-Gates and De Kalb.-Battle of Camden.-Exit Gates.-
De Kalb's Valor and Death.-Arnold's Treason.-The South

-

Prostrate.-Colonial Victory of King's Mountain.-General
Greene to the South.-His History.-His Plan. -Morgan Beats
Carleton at Cowpens. Cornwallis Sweeps Northward.
Greene's Skilful Retreat.-Battle of Guilford Court-house.-
Cornwallis to Virginia. -The Carolinas and Georgia Recovered.
-Washington to Yorktown.-French Aid.-Cornwallis Sur-
renders.-Effects.

CHAPTER VII. PEACE

PAGE

. 205

Peace Sentiment in England. -Reasons.-Ill Conduct of the
War.-Expense.-Vain Concession.-France Aids America.-
Spain Too.-Lord North Wavers.-Holland Joins the Colonies.
-Cornwallis's Surrender.-Franklin in France.-Influence
and Skill.—Joy.-Negotiations for a Treaty of Peace.—The
Treaty Signed. -Its Provisions.-Peace a Benediction.-Cessa-
tion of Hostilities.-Redcoats Depart.-New York Evacuated.
-Washington's Adieu to the Army.-Resigns his Commission.
-Re-visits Mount Vernon.

CHAPTER VIII. AMERICAN MANHOOD IN THE

REVOLUTION

. 213

Character of Revolutionary Soldiers.-Causes.-Physical
Basis and Previous Training.-Bunker Hill.-Moultrie.-Mary-
landers at Long Island.-At Monmouth.-Nathan Hale.-An-
dré.-Paul Jones and his Exploit.-Ethan Allen.-Prescott.—
"Old Put."-Richard Montgomery.-General Greene.-Stark.
-Dan Morgan.-Other Generals.-Colonel Washington. - De
Kalb.-Robert Morris, Financier.-Franklin Diplomatist.-
Washington.-Military Ability.-Mental and Moral Character-
istics. Honesty.-Modesty.-Encomia upon Him.

CHAPTER IX. THE OLD CONFEDERATION.

223

The Revolutionary Congress.-The Articles of Confedera-
tion.-Synopsis.-Congress.-Its Powers.-Advantages of the
Confederation.-Critical State of Affairs after the War.-State
Sovereignty.-Antagonized by Existence of the Articles.-