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"Popular Sovereignty."—"A short cut to all the ends of Black Republicanism."
-Douglas as a demagogue.—The true issues in the Kansas controversy.-Import-
ant passages in the Congressional debate.—Settlement of the Kansas question.—
Douglas' foundation of a new party. His demagogueical appeals.-The true situa-
tion.-Loss of the sectional equilibrium.-Serious temper of the South.-"The
John Brown raid."-Identity of John Brown's provisional constitution and or-
dinances with the subsequent policy of the Republican Party.-Curious fore-
shadow of Southern subjugation.-The descent on Harper's Ferry.-Capture and
execution of Brown. His declaration.-Northern sympathy with him.-Alarming
tendency of the Republican Party to the Ultra-Abolition school.-"The Helper
Book."-Sentiments of Sixty-eight Northern congressmen.-The conceit and in-
solence of the North.-Affectation of Republicans that the Union was a concession
to the South.-Hypocrisy of this party.-Indications of the coming catastrophe of
disunion. The presidential canvass of 1860.-Declarations of the Democratic
Party. The Charleston Convention.-Secession of the Southern delegates.-The
different presidential tickets.-Election of Abraham Lincoln.-Analysis of the
vote.-How his election was a "sectional" triumph.-Ominous importance of it
in that view.-Arguments for sustaining Lincoln's election.-Seward's argument
in the Senate.-Lincoln's election a geographical one.-How there was no longer
protection for the South in the Union.-The Anti-slavery power compact and in-
vincible.-Another apology for Lincoln's election.-Fallacy of regarding it as a
transfer of the Administration in equal circumstances from the South to the North.
-How the South had used its lease of political power.-Senator Hammond's tri-
bute.-Power in the hands of the North equivalent to sectional despotism.-The
North "acting in mass."-The logical necessity of disunion.....
CHAPTER V.
64
Preparations of South Carolina to withdraw from the Union.-Passage of her Ordinance
of Secession.-The Federal force in Charleston Harbour evacuates Fort Moultrie,
and occupies Sumter.-Description of Fort Sumter.-How the Secession of South
Carolina was entertained in the North.-The levity and inconsistency of the North
with respect to this event.-Doctrine of Secession, and Northern precedents.—
Record of Massachusetts.-Mr. Quincy's declaration in Congress.-A double justifi-
cation of the withdrawal of the Southern States from the Union.-The right of Self-
government. Opinion of Mr. Lincoln.-Opinion of the New York "Tribune."-
Opinion of Mr. Seward.-The Secession question in the Cotton States.-Hesitation
of Georgia.-Project of Alexander H. Stephens.-Secession of all the Cotton States.
-Seizure of Federal forts and arsenals.-Fort Pickens.-Senator Yulee's letter.-
The scenes of Secession transferred to Washington.-Resignation of Southern Sena-
tors.-Jefferson Davis' farewell speech to the Federal Senate.-Senator Clay's bill
of indictment against the Republican party.-The Convention at Montgomery.—
Constitution of the Confederate States.-Jefferson Davis chosen President.—His per-
sonal history. His character.-Why the public opinion about him was so divided
and contradictory.-Measures looking to pacification.-Three avenues through
which it was expected.-Early prospects of pacification in Congress.-The Republi-
can "ultimatum."-"The Crittenden compromise."-Measures of compromise and
peace in Congress exclusively proposed by the South, and deliberately defeated by
the North.-The Peace Conference. Its failure.-Disposition of the, Border Slave
States. How mistaken by the North.-The Virginia Convention.-How the Secession
party gained in it.-The record of Virginia on the subject of State Rights.-Presi-
dent Buchanan on the Secession question.-His weak character and undecided
policy. How over-censured by the North.-Gen. Scott's intermeddling.-His im-
practicable advice.-President Buchanan's perfidy in the Moultrie-Sumter affair.—
His interview with the South Carolina delegation.—A second deception.-The "Star
of the West" affair.-The situation at the close of Buchanan's administration.-
The country waiting for the Signal of Combat...
CHAPTER VI.
82
Character of Abraham Lincoln in history.-Absurd panegyric.-The personal and
political life of the new President.-His journey to Washington.-His speech at
Philadelphia. The flight from Harrisburg.-Alarm in Washington.-Military dis-
play in the capital.-Ceremony of inauguration.-Criticism of Lincoln's address.—
What the Republican party thought of it.-Serious pause at Washington.-State-
ment of Horace Greeley.-How the Inaugural Address was received in the Seceded
States.-Visit of Confederate Commissioners to Washington.-Seward's pledge to
Judge Campbell.-The Commissioners deceived.-Military and Naval expeditions
from New York.-Consultation of the Cabinet on the Sumter question.-Capt.
Fox's visit to Charleston.-His project.-Objections of Gen. Scott.—Singular article
in a New York journal.-Lincoln's hesitation.-His final device.-Seward's game
with the Commissioners.-The reduction of Fort Sumter.-Description of the Con-
federate works for the reduction of Sumter. -Beauregard demands the surrender
of the Fort.-The bombardment.-The fort on fire.-The Federal fleet takes no
part in the fight.-The surrender.-Great excitement in the North.-Its true
meaning. The crusade against the South.-Dr. Tyng's exhortation.-Conduct of
Northern Democrats.-Dickinson, Everett, and Cochrane.-President Lincoln's
Proclamation. His pacific protests to the Virginia Commissioners.-Secession of
Virginia. Discontent in the Western counties.-Second secessionary movement of
the Southern States.-Violent acts of the Washington Administration.-Prepara-
tions of the Confederate Government for War.-Rush of volunteers to arms.-Pre-
sident Davis' estimate of the military necessity.-Removal of the seat of govern-
ment to Richmond.-Activity of Virginia.-Robert E. Lee.-His attachment to the
Union. Why he joined the Confederate cause.-His speech in the State House at
Richmond. His organization of the military force of Virginia.-Military council
in Richmond.—The early reputation of Lee..... 100
CHAPTER VII.
In what sense Virginia seceded from the Union.-A new interpretation of the war of
the Confederates.-Influence of Virginia on the other Border States.-Replies of
these States to Lincoln's requisition for troops.-Secession of Tennessee, Arkansas,
and North Carolina.-Seizure of Federal forts in North Carolina.-Movements in
Virginia to secure the Gosport navy-yard and Harper's Ferry.-Their success.—
Burning of Federal ships.-Attitude of Maryland.-The Baltimore riot.--Chase of
Massachusetts soldiers.-Excitement in Baltimore.-Timid action of the Maryland
Legislature. Military despotism in Maryland.-Arrests in Baltimore.-A Reign of
Terrour. Light estimation of the war in the North.-Why the Federal Government
sought to belittle the contest.-Lincoln's view of the war as a riot.-Seward's
Letter to the European Governments.-Early action of England and France with
respect to the war.-Mr. Gregory's letter to the London Times.-Northern conceit
about the war.-Prophecies of Northern journals.-A "Three months' war."-Ells-
worth and Billy Wilson.-Martial rage in the North.-Imperfect appreciation of the
Crisis in the South.-Early ideas of the war at Montgomery.-Secret history of the
Confederate Constitution.-Southern opinion of Yankee soldiers.-What was
thought of "King Cotton."-Absurd theories about European recognition.-Lost
Opportunities of the Confederate Government.-Blindness and littleness of mind
North and South.-Reflection on public men in America.-Comparison of the re-
sources of the Northern and Southern States.-The Census of 1860.-Material ad-
vantages of the North in the war.-The question of subsistence.-Poverty of the
South in the material and means of war.-How the Confederacy was supplied with
small arms.-Peculiar advantages of the South in the war.-The military value
of space.-Lessons of history.-The success of the Southern Confederacy, a question
only of resolution and endurance.-Only two possible causes of failure. .120
Mr. Lincoln's remark about the wolf.-His designs upon Virginia.-Federal occupation
of Alexandria.-Tragedy at the Marshall House.-Jackson, the martyr.-The affair
of Great Bethel.-Easy victory of the Confederates.-Exaggerations of Southern
newspapers.-Apparent lull of hostilities.-New demonstrations of public opinion
in the North.-Financial difficulties at Washington.-Popular clamour against
President Lincoln and Gen. Scott.-Early indications of the real objects of the war.
-The rights of humanity.-Virginia the great theatre of the war.-The Grand
Army of the North.-Consultation of President Davis and Beauregard and Lee.—
Beauregard's line of defence in Northern Virginia.-Sketch of General Beauregard.
-His person and manners.-His opinion of the Yankee.-The Army of the Potomac
and the Army of the Shenandoah.-Gen. Johnson's evacuation of Harper's Ferry.-
"Stonewall" Jackson's first affair with the enemy.-Johnston amusing the
enemy.-Affair of Rich Mountain.-McClellan's march into Northwestern Virginia.
-Rosecrans' capture of the Confederate force on Rich Mountain.-Retreat of the
Confederates from Laurel Hill.-Death of Gen. Garnett.-Extent of the disaster to
the Confederates.-The "Grand Army" advancing on Manassas.-Johnston's move-
ment to Beauregard's line.-The Battle of Manassas.-The affair of 18th July.--
Longstreet's gallant defence.-Theatre of the great battle.-Beauregard's change
of purpose, and his plan of battle.-The Stone Bridge.-The "Big Forest.”—The
Confederates flanked. The day apparently lost for them. The scene at the
Henry House.-Timely arrival of Jackson.-Gen. Beauregard disconcerted.—Ride
from the Hill to the Henry House.-The battle restored.-The bloody plateau.—
Three stages in the battle. The last effort of the enemy. The strange flag.-
Arrival of Kirby Smith.-The grand and final Charge.-Rout and panic of the
enemy. The fearful race to the Potomac.-Scenes of the retreat.-Failure of the
Confederates to pursue, or to advance upon Washington.-A lost opportunity...134
The victory of Manassas, a misfortune for the Confederates.-Relaxation in Rich-
mond.-Plotting among Confederate leaders for the Presidential succession.-
Beauregard's political letter.-Active and elastic spirit of the North.-Resolution
of the Federal Congress.-Energy of the Washington Administration.-Its immense
preparations for the prosecution of the war.-The Missouri campaign. The politics
of Missouri.-Sterling Price and his party.-Imprudence and violence of the Federal
authorities in Missouri.-Correspondence between Gens. Price and Harney.-Gov.
Jackson's proclamation.-Military condition of Missouri. Her heroic choice.—
Affair at Booneville.-Composition of the patriot army of Missouri.-Engagement
at Carthage.-Confederate reinforcements under McCulloch.--Disagreement be-
tween Price and McCulloch.-Noble conduct of Price.-The Battle of Oak Hill.—
McCulloch surprised.-A fierce fight.-Death of Gen. Lyon.-The Federals de-
feated. Withdrawal of McCulloch's forces into Arkansas.-Operations in Northern
Missouri.-Fremont in command of the Federal forces in Missouri.-His proclama-
tion emancipating the slaves.-Its novelty and brutality.-Repudiated at Washing-
ton.-The siege of Lexington.-Its surrender to Price.-Gallantry of Col. Mulligan.
-Critical position of Price.-His disappointment of Confederate succour.-His
adroit retreat.-Missouri's ordinance of secession.-Fremont superseded.-Three
military messengers in pursuit of him.-Excitement in his camp.-Price at Spring-
field.-Close of the first campaign in Missouri.-The campaign, a chapter of
wonders.-Missouri manhood.-The Western Virginia campaign.-Resources and
wealth of the Western section of Virginia.-Wise's command.-The enemy in the
Kanawha Valley.-Wise's retreat to Lewisburg.-The Floyd brigade.—Advance of
the joint forces towards the Gauley.-The affair at Cross Lanes.-Movement of
Rosecrans.-Affair of Carnifax Ferry.-Floyd and Wise fall back towards Sewell
Mountain.-An unfortunate Quarrel of Commanders.-Operations of Gen. Lee in
Northwestern Virginia.-His failure at Cheat Mountain.-Col. Rust's part in the
affair.-Movement of Lee to the line of Lewisburg.-How Rosecrans escaped from
him.-Engagement of the Greenbrier River.-Gen. H. R. Jackson's success.-
Failure of the Western Virginia campaign.-Gen. Lee's new command.........152
CHAPTER X.
The Congress in Washington.-New development of Northern policy.-Lincoln's po-
litical discovery. His remarkable measures of War.-An era of despotism.-
Violent acts of Congress.-The seed of Abolition.-Suspension of the habeas
corpus.-Curious apology for it.-Military arrests.-A "Confidential" document
from McClellan.-Curious disposition of the Northern people to surrender their
liberties.-Conservatism of the Confederate cause.-Lincoln's view of State
"Neutrality" in the war.-Application of it to Kentucky.-The elections in Ken-
tucky. The Confederates anticipate the Federal occupation of Kentucky.-Zolli-
coffer's command.-Polk's command.-Justification of the Confederate occupation.
-Claims and designs of the Federals in Kentucky.-Polk's occupation of Columbus.
-His proffer of withdrawal.-Arrests in Kentucky.-Despotic and brutal legisla-
tion.-Distinguished refugees.-Breckinridge's address.-Early military movements
in Kentucky.-Zollicoffer's operations.-Buckner's occupation of Bowling Green.-
The Battle of Belmont.-Movement of U. S. Grant.-Gen. Pillow's command en-
gaged at disadvantage.-The Confederates driven back.-Timely reinforcements.-
Sudden conversion of a defeat into a victory.-Retreat of Grant. His official
misrepresentation of the day.-Prospect of the war in the West... ..175
CHAPTER XI.
The fickle public of the North.-Gen. Scott.-The clamour for McClellan.-His exalta-
tion in the newspapers.-The theatrical and sensational mind of the North.-
Advance of the Confederates towards the Potomac.-McClellan's designs.-The
Confederates fall back to Centreville.-The Battle of Leesburg.-McClellan's move-
ment on the Confederate left.-Evans' brigade.-Fortunate capture of a Federal
courier. The Federals cross the Potomac and occupy Ball's Bluff.-Splendid
charge of the Confederates.-Death of Col. Baker.-The enemy driven into the
River. An appalling spectacle of death.-Misrepresentations in Washington.—
Morale of M'Clellan's army.-The affair at Dranesville.-Defeat of Stuart
"Stonewall" Jackson's new command.-His expedition from Winchester.-Ter-
rible sufferings of his command.-His demonstration at Bath.-His movement to
Romney, and return to Winchester.-Close of the First Year's Campaign in Vir-
1
ginia.-Naval operations in 1861.-The enemy's immense advantage in his navy.-
Statistics of the Federal navy.-Improvidence of the Confederates in coast and
river defences.-Secretary Mallory.-The Confederacy to lose all her sea-ports.—
Two naval expeditions down the Carolina coast.-Engagement at Hatteras Inlet.—
An unequal combat.-The Port Royal expedition.-Capture of Port Royal.-Value
of this Federal success.-The "Trent" affair.-Capture of Commissioners Mason
and Slidell.-An English commander's protest.-Great indignation in England.--
Preparations there for war.-Conceit and exultation of the North.-Tributes and
attentions to Capt. Wilkes.-Concern among the Confederates.-What Richmond
orators said.-Seward's correspondence with the British Government.-His col-
lapse. The last resort of demagogueism.-Disappointment of the Confederates in
the termination of the "Trent" affair.-Earl Russell's declaration in Parliament.—
Mr. Gregory's reply.-The Treaty of Paris and the Federal blockade......... 185
CHAPTER XII.
General character of the military events of the year 1862.-The Confederate situation
in Kentucky.-Gen. A. S. Johnston's command and position.-Battle of Fishing
Creek.-The Confederate right in Kentucky.-Gen. Crittenden's command in ex-
treme straits. Difficulty in subsisting it.-The decision to give battle to the
enemy.-Zollicoffer's brigade.-The contested hill.-Death of Zollicoffer.-Defeat
of the Confederates.-Crittenden crosses the Cumberland.-His losses.-Import-
ance of the disaster.-Designs of the enemy in Western Kentucky.-Popular de-
lusion as to Johnston's strength.-Hopelessness of his defence.-Official apathy in
Richmond.-Beauregard's conference with Johnston.--The Tennessee and Cumber-
land rivers.-The avenue to Nashville.-Grant's ascent of the Tennessee.-Cap-
ture of Fort Henry.-Noble and gallant conduct of Gen. Tilghman.-Battle of Fort
Donelson.-Johnston's reasons for making a battle there.--Commands of Buckner,
Pillow, and Floyd.-Site and strength of the fort.-Battle of the trenches.-En-
gagement of the gunboats.-Two days' success of the Confederates.-Suffering of
the troops from cold.-Exposure of the wounded.-Federal reinforcements.-The
Confederate council of war.-Plan of attack, to extricate the garrison.-A fierce
and terrible conflict.-The Federals forced back towards the Wynn's Ferry Road.
-The opportunity of exit lost.-Gen. Buckner's explanation.-A commentary
on military hesitation.-How the day was lost.-Nine hours of combat-Scenes
on the battle-field.-Council of Confederate generals.-Gen. Pillow's proposition.—
Literal report of the conversation of Gens. Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner.-A sur-
render determined.-Escape of Floyd and Pillow.-Buckner's letter to Grant.-
Johnston's movement to Nashville.-Excitement there.-Retreat of Johnston's
command to Murfreesboro'.-Panic in Nashville.-Capture of Roanoke Island by the
enemy.-Burnside's expedition.-Gen. Wise's estimate of the importance of Roan-
oke Island. His correspondence and interviews with Secretary Benjamin.-De-
fences of the Island.-Naval engagement.-Commodore Lynch's squadron.-Land-
ing of the enemy on the Island.-Defective reconnoissance of the Confederates.-
Their works flanked.-The surrender.-Pursuit of the Confederate gunboats.-
Extent of the disaster.-Censure of the Richmond authorities.-Benjamin accused
by the Confederate Congress..... 198
CHAPTER XIII.
True causes of the Confederate disasters in the second year of the war.-The enemy's
"Anaconda plan."-Rebukes to the vanity of the Confederates.-The sum of their