disasters.-Inauguration of the Permanent Government of the Confederate States.-

Gloomy scene in Capitol Square.-President Davis' speech.-Commentary of a

Richmond journal.-Causes of popular animation in the Confederacy.-Develop-

ment of the enemy's design upon slavery.-History of the Anti-slavery measures

of Lincoln's administration.-His early declaration of non-interference with sla-

very. Mr. Seward in 1860.-Lincoln's statement, March 4th, 1861.-Diplomatic

declaration, April, 1861.-Early affectations of Lincoln's Administration on the

subject of slavery.-M'Clellan's address.-M'Dowell's order.-Revocation of the

emancipation measures of Fremont and Hunter.-First act of Anti-slavery legisla-

tion at Washington.-Lovejoy's resolution.-The Anti-slavery clause in the Confis-

cation Act. Three notable measures of anti-slavery legislation.-Commencement

of the Emancipation policy in the District of Columbia.-Explanation of the ascen-

dancy of the Abolition party during the war.—The new Confederate Congress.—

Its vigour. The old Provisional Congress.-Its measures.-Its echoes to Federal

legislation. The sequestration law.-Silly and demagogical military legislation.—

The "Sixty Days' furlough" law.-Alarm of Gen. Johnston.-Indisposition of

Confederate volunteers to re-enlist.-The Conscription law of the Confederate

States. Its timely passage.-Its provisions and effect. Other military acts of the

Confederate Congress.-Re-organization of the army.-Destruction of Southern

cotton and tobacco.-Authorization of partisan service.-Alternations of Confede-

rate victory and defeat.-The Trans-Mississippi.-Battle of Elk Horn.-Van Dorn's

command.-An obstinate fight.-Death of M'Culloch.-The Confederate success

indecisive and imperfect.-Reasons for Van Dorn's retreat.-Confederate designs

upon Missouri abandoned for the present.-Transfer of Van Dorn's and Price's

forces.-Naval fight in Hampton Roads.-The Virginia and the Monitor-Lack of

naval enterprise in the Confederacy.-The privateer service.-Construction of the

Virginia. Confederate squadron in the James River.-Federal fleet off Fortress

Monroe.-Fearful enterprise of the Virginia.-Sinking of the Cumberland.— Gal-

lantry of her crew.-A thrilling ccene of heroic devotion.—Surrender of the Con-

gress.-Frightful scenes of carnage.-Perfidious conduct of the enemy.-The

Virginia engages the Minnesota.-Wonderful results of the first day's fight.—

Second day's fight.-Apparition of the Monitor.-A singular scene of naval com-

bat.-A drawn battle.-Excitement about iron vessels.-Discussion in the news-

papers. Addition of Ironclads to the Federal navy.-What M'Clellan thought of

the Virginia.-Capture of Newbern, &c.-Objects of Burnside's expedition.-

Branch's command at Newbern.-The Confederate works on the Neuse River.-

Retreat of Branch.-Federal occupation of Newbern.-Capture of Fort Macon.-

The entire coast of North Carolina in possession of the enemy.-The sea-coast

an unimportant part of the Confederate defences..

CHAPTER XIV.

214

The new line of Confederate defence south of Nashville.-Its objects.-Co-operation

of Johnston and Beauregard.-Capture of Island No. 10 by the enemy.-Gen.

Polk's evacuation of Columbus.--M'Cown's occupation of Island No. 10 and

New Madrid.-Condition of the defences at these places.-Pope moving on

New Madrid.-Smallness of M'Cown's force.-Pope's strength in artillery.—

His occupation of Point Pleasant.-A terrific bombardment.-Evacuation of New

Madrid.-Effect of this movement.-Bombardment of Island No. 10.-Gallant

defence of Rucker's battery.-Transfer of a portion of M'Cown's forces to Fort

Pillow. His preparations for retreat.-Gen. Mackall assigned to the defence of

the Island.-Canal cut by the enemy across the Peninsula.-Two gunboats pass

the Island.-Mackall's surrender.-Wretched management of the evacuation of

the Island.-Great loss of Confederate artillery.-The Battle of Shiloh.-Concen-

tration of Confederate forces at Corinth.-Grant's lines at Pittsburg.-Buell

advancing from Nashville.-Design of the Confederates to attack before the

junction of these forces.-Unfortunate loss of a day in the march.-The Confed-

erate plan of battle.-The enemy driven from his encampments.-Splendid and

irresistible charge of the Confederates.-Tragical death of Gen. Johnston.-The

Confederates press on in their career of victory.-Grant in the last extremity of

defeat. He retreats to the banks of the Tennessee.-Beauregard's order for a

cessation of the conflict.-A fatal halt.-Explanation of it.-Beauregard's great

mistake.-Demoralization of his troops by plunder.-Buell's forces across the

Tennessee. The second day's action.-The Confederates fall back.-Overwhelm-

ing force of the enemy.-Odds of the second day's battle.-The enemy does not

attempt a pursuit.-A frightful sum of carnage.-Beauregard's claim of success.

-Federal interpretation of the battle.-Exultation at Washington.-Death of

Johnston, a serious loss to the Confederacy.-Sketch of his military life.-

President Davis' tribute to the fallen hero.-His obsequies in New Orleans......232

The military situation of the lower Mississippi.-The fall of New Orleans.-A long

train of secret history of the Confederate Administration.-Sense of security in

New Orleans. Strange errour of the Richmond authorities.-Gen. Lovell's corres-

pondence with the War Department.-Startling disclosures.-Naval structures for

the defence of New Orleans.-Secretary Mallory's statement to the Confederate

Congress.-Testimony of Gov. Moore, of Louisiana.-His interposition with the ship-

builders.-The ironclads Mississippi and Louisiana.-Condition of the defences of

New Orleans in April, 1862.-The river obstructed by a raft.-Farragut's fleet at

the mouth of the Mississippi.-Festivity in New Orleans.-Bombardment of Forts

Jackson and St. Philip.-Passage of the forts by the enemy's vessels.-The Con-

federate gunboats all destroyed.-Confusion and panic in New Orleans.—Great

conflagration in the city.-A scene of terrible grandeur.-Lovell's evacuation of

New Orleans.-Disorder in New Orleans.-Farragut's correspondence with Mayor

Monroe.-Why the Mayor protracted the correspondence.-A new hope of de-

fence.-Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.--Gen. Duncan's speech on

the Levee.-Farragut's ultimatum.-Hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over New

Orleans. What the fall of New Orleans involved.--Note:--Gen. Lovell's reasons

for evacuating New Orleans.-Rule of Butler in the conquered city.-Character

and person of "The Tyrant of New Orleans."-"The woman-order."-Arrest of

Mayor Monroe and of various citizens.-Butler on female secessionists.-His

opinion of "she-adders."--Confiscation, fines, and plunder.-Butler's decoy for

assassins. The hanging of Mumford. His speech on the gallows.-General ex-

perience in the Confederacy of the enemy's atrocity.-New codes and methods

of war.-Progress of Federal cruelty.......
245

CHAPTER XVI.

More than one-third of the Federal forces operating against Richmond.-M'Clellan's

opinion of his army.-Its numerical strength.-Official statement of Confederate

forces in North Virginia.-Lincoln's order of the 22d February.-M'Clellan's dis-

sent. When Johnston determined to change his line on the Potomac.-His prepa

rations for retreat.-How it was accomplished.-M'Clellan's advance.-Discovery

of Johnston's evacuation of Manassas and Centreville.-He crosses the Rappahan-

nock and waits for the enemy. He penetrates M'Clellans's designs.-Federal

council of war at Fairfax Court-house.-Shifting of the scenes of war in Virginia.

-The Battle of Kernstown.-How "Stonewall " Jackson came to fight this battle.

-Great numerical superiourity of the enemy.-The contest at the Stone Fence.-

Jackson falls back to Cedar Creek.-Magruder's line on the Peninsula.-A fearful

crisis.-M'Clellan held in check by eleven thousand Confederates.-Outwitted again

by Johnston.-Retreat of the Confederates up the Peninsula.-Strategic merit of the

movement.-Battle of Williamsburg.-Longstreet's division engaged.-Success of

the Confederates.-M'Clellan's whole army in peril.-His flank movement on

Johnston's retreat.-Engagement at Barhamsville.-The line of the Chickahominy.

Johnston's brilliant strategy.-Evacuation of Norfolk.-Destruction of the Virginia.

-Her last challenge to the enemy.-A galling spectacle.-Commodore Tatnall

orders her destruction.-A court of inquiry.-Naval engagement at Drewry's

Bluff.-A feeble barrier to Richmond.-Repulse of the Federal fleet.-What it

proved. M'Clellan's investment of the line of the Chickahominy.-Defences of

Richmond.-Scenes around the Federal capital.—Alarm and excitement of its

people. The exodus from Richmond.-Public meeting in the City Hall.-Noble

resolution of the Legislature of Virginia.-Re-animation of the people and the

authorities.-President Davis' early opinion of the effect of the fall of Richmond.

-Appeals of the Richmond press.-Jackson's campaign in the Valley of Virginia-

Jackson determines on the aggressive.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of

the Blue Ridge.-Affair at M'Dowell.-Jackson deceives Banks-Surprises his

rear-guard at Front Royal.-Banks' race to Winchester.-Scenes of retreat through

Winchester.-Banks' quick time to the Potomac.-Extent of Jackson's success.—

Fruits of two days' operations of the Confederates.-Jackson passes between the

columns of Fremont and Shields.-Death of Turner Ashby.-Jackson's tribute to

him.-Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic.-Ewell defeats Fremont.-The

field of Port Republic.-Ewell's arrival saves the day.-Critical and splendid

action of two Virginia regiments.-Close of the Valley campaign.-Jackson's

almost marvellous success.-His halt at Weyer's Cave..

CHAPTER XVII.

261

The tardiness of McClellan.-How the Confederates availed themselves of it.-Their

concentration of forces at Richmond.-Strength of these forces.-Position of the

two armies. The Chickahominy and the roads crossing it.-Battle of "Seven

Pines."-Failure of Gen. Huger to attack.-Gallant charge of the troops of Long-

street and Hill.-Gen. Johnston wounded.-The affair of the next day.-Important

change of military command.-Secret history of the attempt to limit the military

power of President Davis.-A plan of Confederate politicians.-Plot against the

President's power.-The new affice of Commanding-general of the Confederates.

How made nominal by President Davis.-Gen. Robert E. Lee appointed to this

office. His appearance and manners.-The Seven Days' Battles around Richmond

Lee's plan of operations.-Jackson's withdrawal from the Valley masked.-Battles

of Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam.-Repulse of the Confederates at Beaver Dam

Creek.-Jackson flanks the enemy's position.—McClellan's retreat to Gaines'

Mills. Its strategic design.-Extraordinary strength of the new position.-Gen.

Lee waiting for the great battle.-Battle of Gaines' Mills.-Heroic fight of Hill's

division. The ene y gains ground.-An urgent message to Longstreet.-Jackson

appears.-Final charge of the day. Its fierce grandeur.-Vietory of the Confed-

erates.-McClellan retreats towards the James River.-Failure of Magruder and

Huger to intercept him.-The great errour which they committed.-Battle of

Savage Station.-McClellan crosses White Oak Swamp.-Failure of Huger's attack.

-Another opportunity lost.-Battle of Frazier's Farm.-Hill and Longstreet's

troops only engaged.-Battle of Malvern Hill.-McClellan's position on the Hill.-

His numerous artillery. The attack of the Confederate left not supported.---

Magruder's impetuous and desperate charge.-The sublime scenery of the contest.

-Failure of the attack.-McClellan continues his retreat to Harrison's Landing.—

Fruits of the Confederate success.-Gen. Lee's explanation of McClellan's escape.-

Estimate of the victory by Lee and Stonewall Jackson.-Richmond erect and

exultant
278

CHAPTER XVIII.

Effect of McClellan's defeat in the North.-Organization of another Federal army

under Gen. Pope.-Political significance of Pope's appointment.-New measures of

violence in the war.-McClellan's ideas of the conduct of the war.-His 66 Harri-

son-Bar Letter."-Divisions of sentiment in the North as to the character and

measures of the war.-Position of the Democratic party.-The Radicals in Congress.

-Their Anti-slavery design.-Their theory of revenge upon the South.-Cardinal

errour of this political school.-Declaration of Wendell Phillips.-System of

spoliation and disfranchisement in the South.-Gen. Pope's address to his army in

Virginia. His war upon non-combatants.-Legalization of plunder.-Irruption of

the Northern spoilsmen into Virginia.-Pope's military lines.-Gen. Lee between

two forces-He sends Jackson against Pope.-He threatens McClellan's communi-

cations.-Battle of Cedar Run.-Banks again deceived by Jackson.-A rapid and

severe engagement.-Gen. Lee moves out to the lines of the Rappahannock.—Ad-

venturous movement of Jackson to reach Pope's rear.-His perilous position.—

He is apparently in the jaws of destruction.-The affair of Manassas and Bristoe

Station. The second battle of Manassas.-Longstreet's march to reinforce Jackson.

-His passage of Thoroughfare Gap.-His timely and critical arrival on the field

of battle.-A close contest.-Fighting at ten baces.-The battle of the first day

not decisive.-Disposition of the two armies for the great contest of the second

day. Jackson at close quarters. He drives the enemy.-The whole Confederate

line of battle advancing.-A sublime spectacle.-Scenes on the banks of Bull Run.

-Pope retreats to Centreville and thence towards Washington.-Jackson strikes

him again.-Engagement at Ox Hill.-Pope's immense losses. His absurd claim

of victory.-Ludicrous correspondence between Pope and Halleck.-Rapid and

brilliant change in the fortunes of the Confederacy.-The war transferred from the

interiour to the frontier.-Alarm in the North.-Popularity in the Confederacy of

an offensive war.-A true statement of Gen. Lee's designs in crossing the Upper

Potomac and invading Maryland.-Why he did not move upon Washington and

Alexandria. His proclamation at Frederick.-Weak response of the Marylanders.

-Explanation of this.-Capture of Harper's Ferry, &c.-How Jackson invested it.

-M'Clellan at the head of the Federal army. His inactivity. He becomes

acquainted with Lee's plans by a curious accident.-He presses forward to relieve

Harper's Ferry-Fight in Boonesboro' Gap.-Gen. Lee retires to Sharpsburg.

Meanwhile Jackson completes the reduction of Harper's Ferry.-Battle of Sharps-

burg. Comparative strength of the two armies.-Fluctuation of the tide of

battle on the Confederate left.-Repulse of the enemy.-The Confederate centre is

-

broken and recovers.-The enemy gets possession of the bridge over the Antietam.

-The day closes with the enemy repulsed at all points, and a victory for the Con-

federates.-Why Gen. Lee did not renew the battle the next day.-Why he

retreated.-M'Clellan's claim of victory.-How it was an afterthought.-Lee's

army recruiting in Virginia....

CHAPTER XIX.

295

The Western theatre of the war.-Valley of the Mississippi.—Evacuation of Corinth.—

Important objects of the movement.-Its success.-The Halleck-Pope dispatch.-

An enormous falsehood.-Gen. Beauregard's comments on it.-Capture of Memphis.

-An unequal fight on the river.-Bombardment of Vicksburg.-Great importance

of this point.-Preparations for its defence by Van Dorn.-The ironclad Arkansas.

-She runs the gauntlet of the enemy's fleet.-Thrilling scene of the adventure.

-Failure of the first attempt of the enemy upon Vicksburg.-Engagement at

Baton Rouge.-Success of Breckinridge's attack.-He waits for the iron-clad

Arkansas. She becomes unmanageable and is fired by her crew.—Withdrawal of

Breckinridge from Baton Rouge.-Confederate occupation of Port Hudson.-The

Kentucky campaign.-Gen. Bragg in command of the Confederate army in the

West.-How Gen. Beauregard was retired.-Bragg's plan of operations against

Kentucky.-Morgan's raid.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of the Alle-

ghany Mountains.-Co-operation of Kirby Smith with Bragg's column.-Battle of

Richmond.-Kirby Smith in a position to threaten both Cincinnati and Louisville.—

Bragg's movement to intercept Buell.-The latter concentrating at Bowling Green.

-Great success of Bragg's movements so far.-His boastful dispatch to Richmond.

-His political object in invading Kentucky.-His proclamation at Glasgow.-Sur-

render of the Federal garrison at Mumfordsville.-Bragg's whole army between

Nashville and Louisville.-His splendid opportunity.-He does not use it.-He

permits Buell to pass to Louisville without a battle.-His weak excuse for a fatal

errour-The Federals now able to resume the offensive in Kentucky.-Bragg's

uncertain movements.-His disarranged plan of battle.-Gen. Polk's disobedience

of orders.-Battle of Perryville.-Bragg's unfortunate distribution of forces.-

Misapprehension of Kirby Smith.-Withers' division not in the fight.-The enemy

driven.-Arrival of another of his corps upon the field.-Bragg retires upon

Bryantsville. He determines to evacuate Kentucky.-Retreat through Cumberland

Gap.-Disappointment at Richmond.-Errours of the Kentucky campaign.-How

far it was a Confederate success.- -Its large captures.-North Alabama and Middle

Tennessee redeemed.-Bragg in front of Nashville.-Operations in the Southwest.

-Battle of Corinth.-Movements of Van Dorn and Price.-The affair of Iuka-

Van Dorn's reasons for attacking Corinth.-Gallant and impetuous charge of Price's

troops. The second day's fight.-Mismanagement of the attack on the enemy's

works.-Terrible slaughter at College Hill.-The Confederates repulsed.-Affair

on the Hatchie River.-Van Dorn's retreat.-Review of the summer and autumn

campaigns of 1862.-Glory of the Confederate arms.-Reflection of the London

Times on the "New Nationality."....
319

CHAPTER XX.

The two main theatres of the war.-Operations in Virginia.-Battle of Fredericksburg.

-Preliminary movements of the two armies.-Expedition of Stuart's cavalry into

Pennsylvania.-Removal of M'Clellan.-The true reasons for it.-Gen. Burnside's

"On to Richmond."-His movement towards Fredericksburg.-The surrender of