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disasters.-Inauguration of the Permanent Government of the Confederate States.-
Gloomy scene in Capitol Square.-President Davis' speech.-Commentary of a
Richmond journal.-Causes of popular animation in the Confederacy.-Develop-
ment of the enemy's design upon slavery.-History of the Anti-slavery measures
of Lincoln's administration.-His early declaration of non-interference with sla-
very. Mr. Seward in 1860.-Lincoln's statement, March 4th, 1861.-Diplomatic
declaration, April, 1861.-Early affectations of Lincoln's Administration on the
subject of slavery.-M'Clellan's address.-M'Dowell's order.-Revocation of the
emancipation measures of Fremont and Hunter.-First act of Anti-slavery legisla-
tion at Washington.-Lovejoy's resolution.-The Anti-slavery clause in the Confis-
cation Act. Three notable measures of anti-slavery legislation.-Commencement
of the Emancipation policy in the District of Columbia.-Explanation of the ascen-
dancy of the Abolition party during the war.—The new Confederate Congress.—
Its vigour. The old Provisional Congress.-Its measures.-Its echoes to Federal
legislation. The sequestration law.-Silly and demagogical military legislation.—
The "Sixty Days' furlough" law.-Alarm of Gen. Johnston.-Indisposition of
Confederate volunteers to re-enlist.-The Conscription law of the Confederate
States. Its timely passage.-Its provisions and effect. Other military acts of the
Confederate Congress.-Re-organization of the army.-Destruction of Southern
cotton and tobacco.-Authorization of partisan service.-Alternations of Confede-
rate victory and defeat.-The Trans-Mississippi.-Battle of Elk Horn.-Van Dorn's
command.-An obstinate fight.-Death of M'Culloch.-The Confederate success
indecisive and imperfect.-Reasons for Van Dorn's retreat.-Confederate designs
upon Missouri abandoned for the present.-Transfer of Van Dorn's and Price's
forces.-Naval fight in Hampton Roads.-The Virginia and the Monitor-Lack of
naval enterprise in the Confederacy.-The privateer service.-Construction of the
Virginia. Confederate squadron in the James River.-Federal fleet off Fortress
Monroe.-Fearful enterprise of the Virginia.-Sinking of the Cumberland.— Gal-
lantry of her crew.-A thrilling ccene of heroic devotion.—Surrender of the Con-
gress.-Frightful scenes of carnage.-Perfidious conduct of the enemy.-The
Virginia engages the Minnesota.-Wonderful results of the first day's fight.—
Second day's fight.-Apparition of the Monitor.-A singular scene of naval com-
bat.-A drawn battle.-Excitement about iron vessels.-Discussion in the news-
papers. Addition of Ironclads to the Federal navy.-What M'Clellan thought of
the Virginia.-Capture of Newbern, &c.-Objects of Burnside's expedition.-
Branch's command at Newbern.-The Confederate works on the Neuse River.-
Retreat of Branch.-Federal occupation of Newbern.-Capture of Fort Macon.-
The entire coast of North Carolina in possession of the enemy.-The sea-coast
an unimportant part of the Confederate defences..
CHAPTER XIV.
214
The new line of Confederate defence south of Nashville.-Its objects.-Co-operation
of Johnston and Beauregard.-Capture of Island No. 10 by the enemy.-Gen.
Polk's evacuation of Columbus.--M'Cown's occupation of Island No. 10 and
New Madrid.-Condition of the defences at these places.-Pope moving on
New Madrid.-Smallness of M'Cown's force.-Pope's strength in artillery.—
His occupation of Point Pleasant.-A terrific bombardment.-Evacuation of New
Madrid.-Effect of this movement.-Bombardment of Island No. 10.-Gallant
defence of Rucker's battery.-Transfer of a portion of M'Cown's forces to Fort
Pillow. His preparations for retreat.-Gen. Mackall assigned to the defence of
the Island.-Canal cut by the enemy across the Peninsula.-Two gunboats pass
the Island.-Mackall's surrender.-Wretched management of the evacuation of
the Island.-Great loss of Confederate artillery.-The Battle of Shiloh.-Concen-
tration of Confederate forces at Corinth.-Grant's lines at Pittsburg.-Buell
advancing from Nashville.-Design of the Confederates to attack before the
junction of these forces.-Unfortunate loss of a day in the march.-The Confed-
erate plan of battle.-The enemy driven from his encampments.-Splendid and
irresistible charge of the Confederates.-Tragical death of Gen. Johnston.-The
Confederates press on in their career of victory.-Grant in the last extremity of
defeat. He retreats to the banks of the Tennessee.-Beauregard's order for a
cessation of the conflict.-A fatal halt.-Explanation of it.-Beauregard's great
mistake.-Demoralization of his troops by plunder.-Buell's forces across the
Tennessee. The second day's action.-The Confederates fall back.-Overwhelm-
ing force of the enemy.-Odds of the second day's battle.-The enemy does not
attempt a pursuit.-A frightful sum of carnage.-Beauregard's claim of success.
-Federal interpretation of the battle.-Exultation at Washington.-Death of
Johnston, a serious loss to the Confederacy.-Sketch of his military life.-
President Davis' tribute to the fallen hero.-His obsequies in New Orleans......232
The military situation of the lower Mississippi.-The fall of New Orleans.-A long
train of secret history of the Confederate Administration.-Sense of security in
New Orleans. Strange errour of the Richmond authorities.-Gen. Lovell's corres-
pondence with the War Department.-Startling disclosures.-Naval structures for
the defence of New Orleans.-Secretary Mallory's statement to the Confederate
Congress.-Testimony of Gov. Moore, of Louisiana.-His interposition with the ship-
builders.-The ironclads Mississippi and Louisiana.-Condition of the defences of
New Orleans in April, 1862.-The river obstructed by a raft.-Farragut's fleet at
the mouth of the Mississippi.-Festivity in New Orleans.-Bombardment of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip.-Passage of the forts by the enemy's vessels.-The Con-
federate gunboats all destroyed.-Confusion and panic in New Orleans.—Great
conflagration in the city.-A scene of terrible grandeur.-Lovell's evacuation of
New Orleans.-Disorder in New Orleans.-Farragut's correspondence with Mayor
Monroe.-Why the Mayor protracted the correspondence.-A new hope of de-
fence.-Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.--Gen. Duncan's speech on
the Levee.-Farragut's ultimatum.-Hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over New
Orleans. What the fall of New Orleans involved.--Note:--Gen. Lovell's reasons
for evacuating New Orleans.-Rule of Butler in the conquered city.-Character
and person of "The Tyrant of New Orleans."-"The woman-order."-Arrest of
Mayor Monroe and of various citizens.-Butler on female secessionists.-His
opinion of "she-adders."--Confiscation, fines, and plunder.-Butler's decoy for
assassins. The hanging of Mumford. His speech on the gallows.-General ex-
perience in the Confederacy of the enemy's atrocity.-New codes and methods
of war.-Progress of Federal cruelty....... 245
CHAPTER XVI.
More than one-third of the Federal forces operating against Richmond.-M'Clellan's
opinion of his army.-Its numerical strength.-Official statement of Confederate
forces in North Virginia.-Lincoln's order of the 22d February.-M'Clellan's dis-
sent. When Johnston determined to change his line on the Potomac.-His prepa
rations for retreat.-How it was accomplished.-M'Clellan's advance.-Discovery
of Johnston's evacuation of Manassas and Centreville.-He crosses the Rappahan-
nock and waits for the enemy. He penetrates M'Clellans's designs.-Federal
council of war at Fairfax Court-house.-Shifting of the scenes of war in Virginia.
-The Battle of Kernstown.-How "Stonewall " Jackson came to fight this battle.
-Great numerical superiourity of the enemy.-The contest at the Stone Fence.-
Jackson falls back to Cedar Creek.-Magruder's line on the Peninsula.-A fearful
crisis.-M'Clellan held in check by eleven thousand Confederates.-Outwitted again
by Johnston.-Retreat of the Confederates up the Peninsula.-Strategic merit of the
movement.-Battle of Williamsburg.-Longstreet's division engaged.-Success of
the Confederates.-M'Clellan's whole army in peril.-His flank movement on
Johnston's retreat.-Engagement at Barhamsville.-The line of the Chickahominy.
Johnston's brilliant strategy.-Evacuation of Norfolk.-Destruction of the Virginia.
-Her last challenge to the enemy.-A galling spectacle.-Commodore Tatnall
orders her destruction.-A court of inquiry.-Naval engagement at Drewry's
Bluff.-A feeble barrier to Richmond.-Repulse of the Federal fleet.-What it
proved. M'Clellan's investment of the line of the Chickahominy.-Defences of
Richmond.-Scenes around the Federal capital.—Alarm and excitement of its
people. The exodus from Richmond.-Public meeting in the City Hall.-Noble
resolution of the Legislature of Virginia.-Re-animation of the people and the
authorities.-President Davis' early opinion of the effect of the fall of Richmond.
-Appeals of the Richmond press.-Jackson's campaign in the Valley of Virginia-
Jackson determines on the aggressive.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of
the Blue Ridge.-Affair at M'Dowell.-Jackson deceives Banks-Surprises his
rear-guard at Front Royal.-Banks' race to Winchester.-Scenes of retreat through
Winchester.-Banks' quick time to the Potomac.-Extent of Jackson's success.—
Fruits of two days' operations of the Confederates.-Jackson passes between the
columns of Fremont and Shields.-Death of Turner Ashby.-Jackson's tribute to
him.-Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic.-Ewell defeats Fremont.-The
field of Port Republic.-Ewell's arrival saves the day.-Critical and splendid
action of two Virginia regiments.-Close of the Valley campaign.-Jackson's
almost marvellous success.-His halt at Weyer's Cave..
CHAPTER XVII.
261
The tardiness of McClellan.-How the Confederates availed themselves of it.-Their
concentration of forces at Richmond.-Strength of these forces.-Position of the
two armies. The Chickahominy and the roads crossing it.-Battle of "Seven
Pines."-Failure of Gen. Huger to attack.-Gallant charge of the troops of Long-
street and Hill.-Gen. Johnston wounded.-The affair of the next day.-Important
change of military command.-Secret history of the attempt to limit the military
power of President Davis.-A plan of Confederate politicians.-Plot against the
President's power.-The new affice of Commanding-general of the Confederates.
How made nominal by President Davis.-Gen. Robert E. Lee appointed to this
office. His appearance and manners.-The Seven Days' Battles around Richmond
Lee's plan of operations.-Jackson's withdrawal from the Valley masked.-Battles
of Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam.-Repulse of the Confederates at Beaver Dam
Creek.-Jackson flanks the enemy's position.—McClellan's retreat to Gaines'
Mills. Its strategic design.-Extraordinary strength of the new position.-Gen.
Lee waiting for the great battle.-Battle of Gaines' Mills.-Heroic fight of Hill's
division. The ene y gains ground.-An urgent message to Longstreet.-Jackson
appears.-Final charge of the day. Its fierce grandeur.-Vietory of the Confed-
erates.-McClellan retreats towards the James River.-Failure of Magruder and
Huger to intercept him.-The great errour which they committed.-Battle of
Savage Station.-McClellan crosses White Oak Swamp.-Failure of Huger's attack.
-Another opportunity lost.-Battle of Frazier's Farm.-Hill and Longstreet's
troops only engaged.-Battle of Malvern Hill.-McClellan's position on the Hill.-
His numerous artillery. The attack of the Confederate left not supported.---
Magruder's impetuous and desperate charge.-The sublime scenery of the contest.
-Failure of the attack.-McClellan continues his retreat to Harrison's Landing.—
Fruits of the Confederate success.-Gen. Lee's explanation of McClellan's escape.-
Estimate of the victory by Lee and Stonewall Jackson.-Richmond erect and
exultant 278
CHAPTER XVIII.
Effect of McClellan's defeat in the North.-Organization of another Federal army
under Gen. Pope.-Political significance of Pope's appointment.-New measures of
violence in the war.-McClellan's ideas of the conduct of the war.-His 66 Harri-
son-Bar Letter."-Divisions of sentiment in the North as to the character and
measures of the war.-Position of the Democratic party.-The Radicals in Congress.
-Their Anti-slavery design.-Their theory of revenge upon the South.-Cardinal
errour of this political school.-Declaration of Wendell Phillips.-System of
spoliation and disfranchisement in the South.-Gen. Pope's address to his army in
Virginia. His war upon non-combatants.-Legalization of plunder.-Irruption of
the Northern spoilsmen into Virginia.-Pope's military lines.-Gen. Lee between
two forces-He sends Jackson against Pope.-He threatens McClellan's communi-
cations.-Battle of Cedar Run.-Banks again deceived by Jackson.-A rapid and
severe engagement.-Gen. Lee moves out to the lines of the Rappahannock.—Ad-
venturous movement of Jackson to reach Pope's rear.-His perilous position.—
He is apparently in the jaws of destruction.-The affair of Manassas and Bristoe
Station. The second battle of Manassas.-Longstreet's march to reinforce Jackson.
-His passage of Thoroughfare Gap.-His timely and critical arrival on the field
of battle.-A close contest.-Fighting at ten baces.-The battle of the first day
not decisive.-Disposition of the two armies for the great contest of the second
day. Jackson at close quarters. He drives the enemy.-The whole Confederate
line of battle advancing.-A sublime spectacle.-Scenes on the banks of Bull Run.
-Pope retreats to Centreville and thence towards Washington.-Jackson strikes
him again.-Engagement at Ox Hill.-Pope's immense losses. His absurd claim
of victory.-Ludicrous correspondence between Pope and Halleck.-Rapid and
brilliant change in the fortunes of the Confederacy.-The war transferred from the
interiour to the frontier.-Alarm in the North.-Popularity in the Confederacy of
an offensive war.-A true statement of Gen. Lee's designs in crossing the Upper
Potomac and invading Maryland.-Why he did not move upon Washington and
Alexandria. His proclamation at Frederick.-Weak response of the Marylanders.
-Explanation of this.-Capture of Harper's Ferry, &c.-How Jackson invested it.
-M'Clellan at the head of the Federal army. His inactivity. He becomes
acquainted with Lee's plans by a curious accident.-He presses forward to relieve
Harper's Ferry-Fight in Boonesboro' Gap.-Gen. Lee retires to Sharpsburg.
Meanwhile Jackson completes the reduction of Harper's Ferry.-Battle of Sharps-
burg. Comparative strength of the two armies.-Fluctuation of the tide of
battle on the Confederate left.-Repulse of the enemy.-The Confederate centre is
-
broken and recovers.-The enemy gets possession of the bridge over the Antietam.
-The day closes with the enemy repulsed at all points, and a victory for the Con-
federates.-Why Gen. Lee did not renew the battle the next day.-Why he
retreated.-M'Clellan's claim of victory.-How it was an afterthought.-Lee's
army recruiting in Virginia....
CHAPTER XIX.
295
The Western theatre of the war.-Valley of the Mississippi.—Evacuation of Corinth.—
Important objects of the movement.-Its success.-The Halleck-Pope dispatch.-
An enormous falsehood.-Gen. Beauregard's comments on it.-Capture of Memphis.
-An unequal fight on the river.-Bombardment of Vicksburg.-Great importance
of this point.-Preparations for its defence by Van Dorn.-The ironclad Arkansas.
-She runs the gauntlet of the enemy's fleet.-Thrilling scene of the adventure.
-Failure of the first attempt of the enemy upon Vicksburg.-Engagement at
Baton Rouge.-Success of Breckinridge's attack.-He waits for the iron-clad
Arkansas. She becomes unmanageable and is fired by her crew.—Withdrawal of
Breckinridge from Baton Rouge.-Confederate occupation of Port Hudson.-The
Kentucky campaign.-Gen. Bragg in command of the Confederate army in the
West.-How Gen. Beauregard was retired.-Bragg's plan of operations against
Kentucky.-Morgan's raid.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of the Alle-
ghany Mountains.-Co-operation of Kirby Smith with Bragg's column.-Battle of
Richmond.-Kirby Smith in a position to threaten both Cincinnati and Louisville.—
Bragg's movement to intercept Buell.-The latter concentrating at Bowling Green.
-Great success of Bragg's movements so far.-His boastful dispatch to Richmond.
-His political object in invading Kentucky.-His proclamation at Glasgow.-Sur-
render of the Federal garrison at Mumfordsville.-Bragg's whole army between
Nashville and Louisville.-His splendid opportunity.-He does not use it.-He
permits Buell to pass to Louisville without a battle.-His weak excuse for a fatal
errour-The Federals now able to resume the offensive in Kentucky.-Bragg's
uncertain movements.-His disarranged plan of battle.-Gen. Polk's disobedience
of orders.-Battle of Perryville.-Bragg's unfortunate distribution of forces.-
Misapprehension of Kirby Smith.-Withers' division not in the fight.-The enemy
driven.-Arrival of another of his corps upon the field.-Bragg retires upon
Bryantsville. He determines to evacuate Kentucky.-Retreat through Cumberland
Gap.-Disappointment at Richmond.-Errours of the Kentucky campaign.-How
far it was a Confederate success.- -Its large captures.-North Alabama and Middle
Tennessee redeemed.-Bragg in front of Nashville.-Operations in the Southwest.
-Battle of Corinth.-Movements of Van Dorn and Price.-The affair of Iuka-
Van Dorn's reasons for attacking Corinth.-Gallant and impetuous charge of Price's
troops. The second day's fight.-Mismanagement of the attack on the enemy's
works.-Terrible slaughter at College Hill.-The Confederates repulsed.-Affair
on the Hatchie River.-Van Dorn's retreat.-Review of the summer and autumn
campaigns of 1862.-Glory of the Confederate arms.-Reflection of the London
Times on the "New Nationality.".... 319
CHAPTER XX.
The two main theatres of the war.-Operations in Virginia.-Battle of Fredericksburg.
-Preliminary movements of the two armies.-Expedition of Stuart's cavalry into
Pennsylvania.-Removal of M'Clellan.-The true reasons for it.-Gen. Burnside's
"On to Richmond."-His movement towards Fredericksburg.-The surrender of