and Physics building, Judging pavilion, Machinery Hall, Macdonald Hall and Macdonald Institute. Altogether there is a present investment of one million dollars of which $175,000 is due to the generosity of Sir W. C. Macdonald of Montreal. The work of the College proper has been directed along the line of teaching agriculture to boys and men who come from the farm and conducting experiments in all branches of agricultural research with the object of helping Ontario farmers to make more money on their own farms. In this work there were engaged in 1910, in addition to the President, 15 professors, 2 associate professors, 9 lecturers, and 7 demonstrators. Various courses are conducted. The College is in affiliation with the University of Toronto and there is a four year course which carries with it the degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor of the Science of Agriculture). There is also a two years' course which is rewarded with an associate diploma. To reach those who cannot spare the time for either of these short course classes in special subjects, extending from two weeks to three months, are conducted during the winter term. The General Courses were taken by 24 students in 1874, 180 in 1894 and 458 in 1911 while the total attendance rose from 366 in 1899 to 1,557 in 1911.

On July 24, 1875, the Hon. S. C. Wood, Provincial Treasurer, became also Commissioner of Agriculture; the Hon. James Young succeeded him in both posts from June 2nd to November 1st, 1883; the Hon. A. M. Ross then held the dual position until May 1st, 1888, when the Department of Agriculture was organized under a separate Minister and with wide powers. Meanwhile, in 1880, Mr. Wood had obtained the appointment of an Agricultural Commission to inquire into agricultural resources, conditions and progress and also grain-growing, stock-raising, dairying, fruit-growing, bee-keeping, forestry, etc., and the functions of the Bureau of Agriculture. The Commissioners were the Hon. S. C. Wood (Chairman), T. Ballantyne, J. B. Aylesworth, W. Brown, John Watson, Thomas Stock, A. Wilson, John Dryden, W. Saunders, E. H. Hilborn, J. P. Wiser, E. Byrne, John McMullan, W. Whitelaw, R. Gibson, F. Malcolm, E. Stock and A. H. Dymond. They heard many witnesses and their published Report in 1881 contained an elaborate synopsis of evidence and a valuable study of conditions though specific recommendations were avoided.

An immediate result of the information thus gained was the establishment of a Bureau of Industries in 1882, under the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the commencement of a series of yearly statistical publications which have been of great value; as well as an ever-increasing issue of pamphlets and Bulletins dealing with all phases of farm work and agricultural progress, in most instructive form, and totalling in 1910 an issue of 135,000 copies. Besides these publications the Bureau in later years published the

annual Reports of the Ontario Agricultural College, the Agricultural and Horticultural Societies, the Farmers and Women's Institutes, the Experimental Union and Vegetable, Live Stock, Poultry, Dairymen's, Entomological, Fruit-Growers, Corn-Growers and Bee-keepers organizations, totalling in 1910 243,500 copies. With the change in Departmental matters and the appointment in 1888 of Mr. Archibald Blue and then in 1891 of Mr. C. C. James as Deputy Minister of Agriculture—as well as Secretary of the Bureau of Industries-progress was marked in every direction and a systematized, scientific, and also popular method of treating and aiding agriculture developed in the Province. The first Minister under the new regime was the Hon. Charles Drury appointed on May 1, 1888. On Sept. 29th, 1890, he was succeeded by the Hon. John Dryden who held office in various re-organizations of the Government until 1905, when on Feb. 8 Mr. Nelson Monteith, B.S.A., became Minister of Agriculture in the Whitney Administration. On Oct. 6, 1908, he was succeeded by the Hon. James S. Duff. During these years and following Confederation the amount voted for what might be called educational agriculture grew slowly, as the ensuing table will indicate, in the earlier years of the period, and swiftly in the later portion, to a total of nearly $12,000,000:

Of the organizing work done during these years there was much of detail and much in the way of accomplishment. The Farmers Institute system started in 1885 in connection with the Agricultural College, and grew until it had to be placed under a Superintendent with, in 1910, a membership of 21,662; the work of the Agricultural College in conducting experiments which were explained in published Bulletins became of great scientific and practical working value to the farmer; the Experimental Union, formed in 1879, developed a system of co-operative work with thousands sharing in its benefits; the Travelling Dairies, started in 1891 as an experiment and intended to show farmers how to make butter, proved very successful and was followed in 1893 by the opening of a Dairy School at Guelph with, eventually, large buildings and crowded attendance; the Women's Institutes, started in 1897, numbered in 1910 600 branches with 14,000

members. There was also steady development in agricultural methods through yearly grants, general Government encouragement, wide diffusion of useful literature, and the obvious usefulness of voluntary Associations.

The Dominion Shorthorn Breeders Association was formed in 1886, the Dominion Ayrshire Breeders in 1888, the Dominion Hereford Breeders in 1890, the Holstein-Fresian Association of Canada in 1884, the Canadian Jersey Cattle Breeders Association in 1894, the Clydesdale Horse Association in 1886, the Shire Horse Association in 1890, the Canadian Hackney Horse Association in 1892, the Canadian Horse Breeders in 1895, the Dominion Cattle Breeders in 1892, the Dominion Sheep Breeders in 1889, the Dominion Swine Breeders in 1889, the Dairymen's Association of Western Ontario and that of Eastern Ontario by a division in 1877 of the Canadian Dairymen's Association formed at Ingersoll in 1867. The Creameries Association of Ontario was formed in 1886, the Poultry Association of Ontario in 1874, the Eastern Poultry Association in 1884, the Beekeeper's Association of Ontario in 1880, the Ontario Good Roads Association in 1894. The Fruit-Growers Association of Ontario was formed as far back as 1859 and it was chiefly instrumental in obtaining the organization, in 1894, of Fruit Experiment Stations in the Province.

Such is the general record of Government and public aid to Agriculture in Ontario. Since the creation of the present Department individual Ministers have done much to improve its usefulness and develop its scope of operations while the Deputy Minister of 20 years (C. C. James, c.M.G., who was in 1912 succeeded by W. B. Roadhouse) had been always at his post of study, an expert in improved methods and the practice of new ideas. It is difficult here to more than indicate the progressive work performed by Mr. James in these years but it was one which came to be widely known and greatly appreciated. The spread of knowledge amongst farmers, dairymen, fruit-raisers, and all branches of the great agricultural industry; the diffusion of practical working plans for increasing production, improving and utilizing the soil, bettering social life and conditions, promoting organization and thought and study amongst farmers, making dairy products better and the packing cleaner and more honest in all lines; the establishment of demonstration fruit orchards, of experimental work in every direction and the practical demonstration of new methods by trained men; the promotion of immigration amongst those suited for farm work-such have been some of the educational ideals and practical accomplishments of the Department in recent years.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF

THE STANDARD BANK OF CANADA

This important Canadian Banking institution was originally organized (Feb. 18, 1873) at Toronto as the St. Lawrence Bank with an authorized capital of $1,000,000, a subscribed capital of $760,000 and a paid-up capital of $426,130. Its original incorporators under an Act becoming law on June 14, 1872, were J. C. Fitch, Francis Shanly, John Hoskin, Q.c., Thomas Dick, Robert Hay, W. F. Allen and Samuel Burden. The first Board of Directors was composed as follows: Hon. T. N. Gibbs and John Cowan, Oshawa, R. C. Jamieson, Montreal, J. C. Fitch, Capt. Thos. Dick and A. Thornton Todd, Toronto, and W. F. Allen, Bowmanville. Mr. Fitch was elected President, Hon. T. N. Gibbs Vice-President and K. F. Lockhart was appointed Cashier. The Bank commenced business on Mar. 23rd, 1873, in a wholesale warehouse building at the corner of Jordan and Melinda Streets, and during its first months of operation 11 branches were opened. The 1st annual meeting was held in Toronto on 15th July, 1874, and the Report for the year ending June 30th showed profits of $33,136 with two dividends of 8 per cent. in 16 months, a paid-up capital of $426,130, total deposits of $457,687, notes in circulation of $368,252 and notes and bills discounted of $1,015,699. The total Assets were $1,335,164 and the Liabilities to the public $897,458. The Directors were re-elected. In this year the St. Lawrence was the first Bank in Canada to open small savings bank accounts.

The 2nd annual meeting (July 7, 1875) showed a marked contraction in business resulting largely from the general stringency in monetary affairs and wide commercial depression, the total deposits were $282,663 and the discounts $1,040,513, the dividend was passed and some branches were closed. Dr. G. D. Morton replaced Captain Dick on the Directorate, Mr. Fitch resigned the Presidency and Hon. T. N. Gibbs was elected in his place with W. F. Cowan as Vice-President. Re-organization followed as the result of a Special Meeting of shareholders held on Jan. 11, 1876. Mr. Lockhart resigned and Mr. J. L. Brodie, then Manager of the Royal Canadian Bank, Montreal, and one-time Manager of the Chartered Bank of India at Bombay, was appointed his successor. He at once proceeded to re-organize the entire institution and change its name to that of The Standard Bank of Canada, which was done by an Act of Parliament assented to on April

12, 1876. The paid-up capital was reduced 25 per cent. and the shares changed from $100 to $50 in value each share-holder receiving one and one-half shares of the Standard for one share in the St. Lawrence Bank.

The 1st annual general meeting of what was practically a new Bank was held in Toronto on July 12, 1876, with statements showing a balance on the old Profit and Loss Account, after reducing capital and writing off losses, as $19,858 with profits for the half-year ending June 30 totalling $21,826. Of this $20,000 was transferred to Contingent Account and a half-yearly dividend of 3 per cent. declared. The new Board was elected as follows: Hon. T. N. Gibbs, M.P. (President), W. F. Cowan (Vice-President), W. F. Allen, A. Thornton Todd, W. H. Gibbs, M.P., R. C. Jamieson and Dr. G. D. Morton. From this time, until 1894, under Mr. Brodie's management, the Bank grew steadily in business and in financial standing. The Cashier (who in the latter year had become Managing-Director) died suddenly on June 18 and it may, therefore, be fitting to summarize here the progress of the institution during his period of control:

Following the re-organization there had been some years of national depression, but with continued cautious management of the institution, until in 1881 the first increase in Stock was found necessary and was disposed of at a premium of 5 per-cent. The succeeding 1883 increase was taken at a premium of 15 per cent. The new Directors during this period were John Burns, Fred. Wyld, A. J. Somerville and T. R. Wood. In 1883 W. F. Cowan succeeded Mr. Gibbs as President, on the latter's death, and John Burns was elected Vice-President. New Branches had also been opened at Campbellford, Brighton, Bowmanville, Parkdale, Brantford, Chatham, Stouffville and Brussels. Meanwhile, in 1876 the Head Office had been moved to the south-west corner of Yonge and Wellington Streets, where it remained until 1885 when